Microscopic image analysis techniques for the morphological characterization of pharmaceutical particles: Influence of the software, and the factor algorithms used in the shape factor estimation

The present report highlights the difficulties of particle shape characterizations of multiparticulate systems obtained using different image analysis techniques. The report describes and discusses a number of shape factors that are widely used in pharmaceutical research. Using photographs of 16 pel...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inEuropean journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics Vol. 67; no. 3; pp. 766 - 776
Main Authors Almeida-Prieto, Sergio, Blanco-Méndez, José, Otero-Espinar, Francisco J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01.11.2007
Elsevier Science
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0939-6411
1873-3441
DOI10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001

Cover

Abstract The present report highlights the difficulties of particle shape characterizations of multiparticulate systems obtained using different image analysis techniques. The report describes and discusses a number of shape factors that are widely used in pharmaceutical research. Using photographs of 16 pellets of different shapes, obtained by extrusion–spheronization, we investigated how shape factor estimates vary depending on method of calculation, and among different software packages. The results obtained indicate that the algorithms used (both for estimation of basic dimensions such as perimeter and maximum diameter, and for estimation of shape factors on the basis of these basic dimensions) have marked influences on the shape factor values obtained. These findings suggest that care is required when comparing results obtained using different image analysis programs.
AbstractList The present report highlights the difficulties of particle shape characterizations of multiparticulate systems obtained using different image analysis techniques. The report describes and discusses a number of shape factors that are widely used in pharmaceutical research. Using photographs of 16 pellets of different shapes, obtained by extrusion–spheronization, we investigated how shape factor estimates vary depending on method of calculation, and among different software packages. The results obtained indicate that the algorithms used (both for estimation of basic dimensions such as perimeter and maximum diameter, and for estimation of shape factors on the basis of these basic dimensions) have marked influences on the shape factor values obtained. These findings suggest that care is required when comparing results obtained using different image analysis programs.
The present report highlights the difficulties of particle shape characterizations of multiparticulate systems obtained using different image analysis techniques. The report describes and discusses a number of shape factors that are widely used in pharmaceutical research. Using photographs of 16 pellets of different shapes, obtained by extrusion-spheronization, we investigated how shape factor estimates vary depending on method of calculation, and among different software packages. The results obtained indicate that the algorithms used (both for estimation of basic dimensions such as perimeter and maximum diameter, and for estimation of shape factors on the basis of these basic dimensions) have marked influences on the shape factor values obtained. These findings suggest that care is required when comparing results obtained using different image analysis programs.The present report highlights the difficulties of particle shape characterizations of multiparticulate systems obtained using different image analysis techniques. The report describes and discusses a number of shape factors that are widely used in pharmaceutical research. Using photographs of 16 pellets of different shapes, obtained by extrusion-spheronization, we investigated how shape factor estimates vary depending on method of calculation, and among different software packages. The results obtained indicate that the algorithms used (both for estimation of basic dimensions such as perimeter and maximum diameter, and for estimation of shape factors on the basis of these basic dimensions) have marked influences on the shape factor values obtained. These findings suggest that care is required when comparing results obtained using different image analysis programs.
Author Almeida-Prieto, Sergio
Blanco-Méndez, José
Otero-Espinar, Francisco J.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Sergio
  surname: Almeida-Prieto
  fullname: Almeida-Prieto, Sergio
– sequence: 2
  givenname: José
  surname: Blanco-Méndez
  fullname: Blanco-Méndez, José
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Francisco J.
  surname: Otero-Espinar
  fullname: Otero-Espinar, Francisco J.
  email: ffrotero@usc.es
BackLink http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=19198363$$DView record in Pascal Francis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17499492$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9ks9u1DAQxi1URLeFF-CAfIETCXbsxDHqBVX8qVTEBc6W1xlvvEriYDug8ng8Gc7uUiQOPY01-n0z42_mAp1NfgKEnlNSUkKbN_sS9vO2rAgRJeElIfQR2tBWsIJxTs_Qhkgmi4ZTeo4uYtwTQrio2yfonAouJZfVBv3-7Ezw0fjZGexGvQOsJz3cRRdxAtNP7vsCEVsfcOoBjz7MvR_8zhk9YNProE2C4H7p5PyEvcVzzo3awJIOyKxDfgwQ3-KbyQ4LTAZWbC0WvU0_dYDXuWV3yNhcLXfSw84Hl_ox4iVCh9105Hs93zMQUx537foUPbZ6iPDsFC_Rtw_vv15_Km6_fLy5fndbGF6TVAgmLKO8YhUxXJqqrjRrrewkg-yWqLZt9qchghhtjOy4rY2tW5ujFttG1OwSvTrWnYNfTUlqdNHAMOgJ_BJV03LaVIJn8MUJXLYjdGoOedJwp_66noGXJ0DHbJINejIu_uMklS1rWObaI7euKAawyrh0-HMK2g2KErUegtqr9RDUegiKcJUPIUur_6T31R8SXR1FkG384SCoaNy6sc4FMEl13j0k_wMx09Ch
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_S1773_2247_10_50047_9
crossref_primary_10_1590_S1984_82502010000400009
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_powtec_2020_01_045
crossref_primary_10_1208_s12249_020_01902_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_xphs_2024_08_003
crossref_primary_10_1590_s2175_97902017000400216
crossref_primary_10_3390_powders3010003
crossref_primary_10_3109_21691401_2015_1041637
crossref_primary_10_1208_s12248_014_9611_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijpharm_2021_120401
crossref_primary_10_1002_jps_24382
crossref_primary_10_1089_zeb_2017_1451
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apt_2015_05_004
crossref_primary_10_1088_0029_5515_54_7_073010
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejpb_2014_01_008
crossref_primary_10_1017_S143192761601062X
crossref_primary_10_1155_2013_298958
crossref_primary_10_1177_1420326X13515897
crossref_primary_10_1080_00914037_2013_854231
crossref_primary_10_1088_0031_8949_2011_T145_014021
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbpol_2015_02_058
crossref_primary_10_3390_min13010091
crossref_primary_10_5194_acp_11_8231_2011
crossref_primary_10_1029_2019GL086592
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1600_0889_2011_00550_x
crossref_primary_10_1002_jps_23745
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_addr_2011_11_004
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejps_2018_08_027
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejps_2021_105717
crossref_primary_10_1155_2016_5937932
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejpb_2007_09_012
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11064_017_2193_0
crossref_primary_10_1080_02726351_2021_1879981
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma16206632
crossref_primary_10_1039_C7LC00138J
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apt_2022_103803
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jddst_2017_03_031
crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics14061299
crossref_primary_10_1039_c1an15364a
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijpharm_2009_12_034
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_powtec_2013_04_048
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_powtec_2013_11_035
crossref_primary_10_3109_03639045_2013_767827
crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics13050685
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_powtec_2016_08_045
crossref_primary_10_1002_mame_201900856
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jddst_2017_12_015
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jfoodeng_2010_08_020
Cites_doi 10.1016/S0928-0987(01)00210-X
10.1002/jps.10572
10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04754-0
10.1016/0378-5173(95)04293-8
10.1002/jps.20337
10.1016/S0939-6411(97)00094-5
10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04846-6
10.1016/0378-5173(93)90212-X
10.1007/BF01111154
10.3109/03639048609048047
10.1002/jps.2600841022
10.1016/0378-5173(92)90196-9
10.1023/A:1016237509740
10.1002/jps.2600791018
10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00372-0
10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00302-6
10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb05493.x
10.1016/S0928-0987(00)00196-2
10.1081/DDC-100102215
10.1016/0378-5173(93)90231-4
10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04845-4
10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03710.x
10.1016/0378-5173(94)90299-2
10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01179.x
10.3109/10837459609031427
10.3109/03639048909052536
10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03745.x
10.3109/10837459709022608
10.1016/j.powtec.2004.04.044
10.1016/0378-5173(93)90230-D
10.1016/0378-5173(95)04408-6
10.1002/jps.20507
10.1248/cpb.49.1383
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2007 Elsevier B.V.
2007 INIST-CNRS
Copyright_xml – notice: 2007 Elsevier B.V.
– notice: 2007 INIST-CNRS
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
IQODW
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7X8
DOI 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001
DatabaseName CrossRef
Pascal-Francis
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList
MEDLINE
MEDLINE - Academic
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology
EISSN 1873-3441
EndPage 776
ExternalDocumentID 17499492
19198363
10_1016_j_ejpb_2007_04_001
S0939641107001373
Genre Journal Article
Comparative Study
GroupedDBID ---
--K
--M
.~1
0R~
1B1
1RT
1~.
1~5
29G
4.4
457
4G.
53G
5GY
5VS
7-5
71M
8P~
AABNK
AACTN
AAEDT
AAEDW
AAIAV
AAIKJ
AAKOC
AALRI
AAOAW
AAQFI
AAQXK
AATCM
AAXUO
AAYOK
ABFNM
ABFRF
ABGSF
ABJNI
ABMAC
ABUDA
ABXDB
ABYKQ
ABZDS
ACDAQ
ACGFO
ACIUM
ACRLP
ADBBV
ADEZE
ADMUD
ADUVX
AEBSH
AEFWE
AEHWI
AEKER
AENEX
AFKWA
AFTJW
AFXIZ
AGHFR
AGRDE
AGUBO
AGYEJ
AIEXJ
AIKHN
AITUG
AJBFU
AJOXV
ALCLG
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMFUW
AMRAJ
ASPBG
AVWKF
AXJTR
AZFZN
BKOJK
BLXMC
C45
CS3
DOVZS
DU5
EBS
EFJIC
EFLBG
EJD
EO8
EO9
EP2
EP3
FDB
FEDTE
FGOYB
FIRID
FNPLU
FYGXN
G-Q
GBLVA
HVGLF
HZ~
IHE
J1W
KOM
M41
MO0
N9A
O-L
O9-
OAUVE
OGGZJ
OVD
OZT
P-8
P-9
P2P
PC.
Q38
R2-
RIG
ROL
RPZ
SDF
SDG
SES
SEW
SPCBC
SSP
SSU
SSZ
T5K
TEORI
UNMZH
~G-
AATTM
AAXKI
AAYWO
AAYXX
ABWVN
ACLOT
ACRPL
ACVFH
ADCNI
ADNMO
AEIPS
AEUPX
AFJKZ
AFPUW
AGQPQ
AIGII
AIIUN
AKBMS
AKRWK
AKYEP
ANKPU
APXCP
CITATION
EFKBS
~HD
AGCQF
AGRNS
BNPGV
IQODW
SSH
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7X8
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c450t-737f3142320c49c252a38f9d93e44172b80006070cacc9d4f5cf58f4f5a7b6753
IEDL.DBID AIKHN
ISSN 0939-6411
IngestDate Tue Sep 30 22:58:15 EDT 2025
Wed Feb 19 02:09:29 EST 2025
Mon Jul 21 09:14:25 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 22:59:31 EDT 2025
Wed Oct 01 01:43:22 EDT 2025
Fri Feb 23 02:28:05 EST 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Keywords Spheronization
Image analysis
Shape analysis
Granulation
Morphology
Extrusion
Pellets
Pellet
Shape
Pharmaceutical technology
Algorithm
Characterization
Particle
Software
Pellet(dosage form)
Language English
License https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0
CC BY 4.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c450t-737f3142320c49c252a38f9d93e44172b80006070cacc9d4f5cf58f4f5a7b6753
Notes ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-1
content type line 23
PMID 17499492
PQID 68416274
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 11
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_68416274
pubmed_primary_17499492
pascalfrancis_primary_19198363
crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_ejpb_2007_04_001
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejpb_2007_04_001
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_ejpb_2007_04_001
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2007-11-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2007-11-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 11
  year: 2007
  text: 2007-11-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2000
PublicationPlace Amsterdam
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Amsterdam
– name: Netherlands
PublicationTitle European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics
PublicationTitleAlternate Eur J Pharm Biopharm
PublicationYear 2007
Publisher Elsevier B.V
Elsevier Science
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier B.V
– name: Elsevier Science
References Shah, Kabadi, Pope, Augsburger (bib29) 1995; 12
Eriksson, Alderborn, Podczeck, Newton (bib35) 1997; 148
Lövgren, Lundberg (bib37) 1989; 15
Bergeron, Laurin, Tawashi (bib1) 1986; 12
Neau, Chow, Hileman, Durrani (bib15) 1996; 131
Bouwman, Bosmaa, Vonkb, Wesselinghc, Frijlink (bib39) 2004; 146
Neau, Chow, Hileman, Durrani, Gheyas, Evans (bib16) 2000; 199
Wan, Heng, Liew (bib18) 1993; 96
Cox (bib26) 1927; 1
Schmidt, Linder, Kleinebudde (bib34) 1997; 44
Junnila, Heinämäki, Yliruusi (bib13) 1998; 8
Rashid, Heinämäki, Antikainen, Yliruusi (bib17) 1999; 25
Hausner (bib32) 1966; 14
Podczeck, Newton (bib9) 1994; 46
Vervaet, Baert, Risha, Remon (bib22) 1994; 107
Barber (bib2) 1996
Iyer, Augsburger, Pope, Shah (bib31) 1996; 2
Hellén, Yliruusi (bib10) 1993; 96
Deasy, Law (bib24) 1997; 148
Linder, Kleinebudde (bib28) 1994; 46
Schneiderhöhn (bib38) 1954; 4
Cavallari, Rodriguez, Albertini, Passerini, Rosetti, Fini (bib5) 2005; 94
Kleinebudde (bib33) 1995; 84
Hileman, Upasdrashta, Neau (bib14) 1997; 2
Baert, Remon, Knight, Newton (bib20) 1992; 86
Koo, Heng (bib36) 2001; 49
Awad, Charrueau, Allain, Chaumeil (bib25) 2002; 12
Wu, Ho, Sheu (bib27) 2001; 12
Ramadan, Tawashi (bib30) 1990; 79
Vermen, Rombaut, Kinget (bib4) 1997; 146
Barret (bib3) 1980; 27
Baert, Fanara, Remon, Massart (bib19) 1992; 44
Vervaet, Remon (bib21) 1996; 133
Almeida-Prieto, Blanco-Méndez, Otero-Espinar (bib7) 2006; 95
Exner, Link (bib23) 1977; 9
Passerinia, Albertinia, González-Rodrı´guez, Cavallaria, Rodriguez (bib6) 2002; 15
Almeida-Prieto, Blanco-Méndez, Otero-Espinar (bib8) 2004; 93
Podczeck, Rahman, Newton (bib12) 1999; 192
Baert, Vermeersch, Remon, Smeyers-Verbeke, Massart (bib11) 1993; 96
Eriksson (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib35) 1997; 148
Cox (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib26) 1927; 1
Baert (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib20) 1992; 86
Bergeron (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib1) 1986; 12
Podczeck (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib12) 1999; 192
Rashid (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib17) 1999; 25
Passerinia (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib6) 2002; 15
Hausner (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib32) 1966; 14
Kleinebudde (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib33) 1995; 84
Lövgren (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib37) 1989; 15
Barber (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib2) 1996
Iyer (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib31) 1996; 2
Vervaet (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib21) 1996; 133
Vervaet (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib22) 1994; 107
Wu (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib27) 2001; 12
Koo (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib36) 2001; 49
Awad (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib25) 2002; 12
Schmidt (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib34) 1997; 44
Podczeck (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib9) 1994; 46
Deasy (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib24) 1997; 148
Neau (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib16) 2000; 199
Neau (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib15) 1996; 131
Exner (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib23) 1977; 9
Vermen (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib4) 1997; 146
Linder (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib28) 1994; 46
Hellén (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib10) 1993; 96
Almeida-Prieto (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib7) 2006; 95
Shah (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib29) 1995; 12
Cavallari (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib5) 2005; 94
Junnila (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib13) 1998; 8
Wan (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib18) 1993; 96
Ramadan (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib30) 1990; 79
Almeida-Prieto (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib8) 2004; 93
Baert (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib11) 1993; 96
Schneiderhöhn (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib38) 1954; 4
Bouwman (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib39) 2004; 146
Barret (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib3) 1980; 27
Baert (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib19) 1992; 44
Hileman (10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib14) 1997; 2
References_xml – volume: 79
  start-page: 929
  year: 1990
  end-page: 933
  ident: bib30
  article-title: Effect of surface geometry and morphic features on the flow characteristics of microsphere suspensions
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
– volume: 25
  start-page: 605
  year: 1999
  end-page: 611
  ident: bib17
  article-title: Effects of process variables on the size, shape, and surface characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose beads prepared in a centrifugal granulators
  publication-title: Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.
– volume: 96
  start-page: 225
  year: 1993
  end-page: 229
  ident: bib11
  article-title: Study of parameters important in the spheronisation process
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 2
  start-page: 325
  year: 1996
  end-page: 331
  ident: bib31
  article-title: Extrusion/spheronization-effect of moisture content and spheronization time on pellet characteristics
  publication-title: Pharm. Develop. Technol.
– volume: 4
  start-page: 172
  year: 1954
  end-page: 191
  ident: bib38
  article-title: Eine vergleichende studie über methoden zur quantitativen bestimmung von abrundung und form an sandkörnern
  publication-title: Heidelb. Beitr. Miner. Petrogr.
– volume: 8
  start-page: 221
  year: 1998
  end-page: 226
  ident: bib13
  article-title: Effects of surface-active agent on the size, shape and hardness of microcrystalline cellulose/maize starch pellets prepared by an extrusion/spheronization technique
  publication-title: STP Pharma Sci.
– volume: 94
  start-page: 1124
  year: 2005
  end-page: 1134
  ident: bib5
  article-title: Thermal and fractal analysis of diclofenac/Gelucire 50/13 microparticles obtained by ultrasound-assisted atomization
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
– volume: 1
  start-page: 179
  year: 1927
  end-page: 183
  ident: bib26
  article-title: A method of assigning numerical and percentage values to the degree of roundness of sand grains
  publication-title: J. Paleolimnol.
– volume: 84
  start-page: 1259
  year: 1995
  end-page: 1264
  ident: bib33
  article-title: Use of a power-consumption-controlled extruder in the development of pellet formulations
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
– volume: 2
  start-page: 43
  year: 1997
  end-page: 52
  ident: bib14
  article-title: Drug solubility effects on predicting optimum conditions for extrusion and spheronization of pellets
  publication-title: Pharm. Dev. Technol.
– volume: 146
  start-page: 21
  year: 1997
  end-page: 29
  ident: bib4
  article-title: Shape and surface smoothness of pellets made in a rotary processor
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 107
  start-page: 29
  year: 1994
  end-page: 39
  ident: bib22
  article-title: The influence of the extrusion screen on pellet quality using an instrumented basket extruder
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 146
  start-page: 66
  year: 2004
  end-page: 72
  ident: bib39
  article-title: Which shape factor(s) best describe granules?
  publication-title: Powder Technol.
– volume: 44
  start-page: 169
  year: 1997
  end-page: 176
  ident: bib34
  article-title: Comparison between a twin-screw extruder and a rotary ring die press I. Influence of formulation variables
  publication-title: Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.
– volume: 96
  start-page: 217
  year: 1993
  end-page: 223
  ident: bib10
  article-title: Process variables of instant granulator and spheroniser: III. Shape and shape distributions of pellets
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 148
  start-page: 201
  year: 1997
  end-page: 209
  ident: bib24
  article-title: Use of extrusion–spheronization to develop an improved oral dosage form of indomethacin
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– year: 1996
  ident: bib2
  article-title: Image Analysis (Automated Microscopy) for Particle Analysis in Liquid and Surface Borne Particle Measurement Handbook
– volume: 148
  start-page: 149
  year: 1997
  end-page: 154
  ident: bib35
  article-title: Comparison between and evaluation of same methods for the assessment of the sphericity of pellets
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 71
  year: 2002
  end-page: 78
  ident: bib6
  article-title: Preparation and characterisation of ibuprofen–poloxamer 188 granules obtained by melt granulation
  publication-title: Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.
– volume: 14
  start-page: 75
  year: 1966
  end-page: 84
  ident: bib32
  article-title: Characterization of the powder particle shape
  publication-title: Planseeber. Pulvermet.
– volume: 95
  start-page: 348
  year: 2006
  end-page: 357
  ident: bib7
  article-title: Microscopic image analysis techniques for the morphological characterization of pharmaceutical particles: influence of process variables
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 2375
  year: 1989
  end-page: 2392
  ident: bib37
  article-title: Determination of sphericity of pellets prepared by extrusion/spheronization and the impact of some process parameters
  publication-title: Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.
– volume: 131
  start-page: 7
  year: 1996
  end-page: 55
  ident: bib15
  article-title: Fabrication and characterization of extruded and spheronized beads containing Carbopol
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 44
  start-page: 676
  year: 1992
  end-page: 678
  ident: bib19
  article-title: Correlation of extrusion forces, raw materials and sphere characteristics
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
– volume: 192
  start-page: 123
  year: 1999
  end-page: 138
  ident: bib12
  article-title: Evaluation of a standardised procedure to assess the shape of pellets using image analysis
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 133
  start-page: 29
  year: 1996
  end-page: 37
  ident: bib21
  article-title: Influence of impeller design method of screen perforation and perforation geometry on the quality of pellets made by extrusion–spheronization
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 27
  start-page: 291
  year: 1980
  end-page: 303
  ident: bib3
  article-title: The shape of rock particles, a critical review
  publication-title: Sedimentology
– volume: 12
  start-page: 915
  year: 1986
  end-page: 926
  ident: bib1
  article-title: Effect of particle morphology in selecting pharmaceutical excipients
  publication-title: Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.
– volume: 12
  start-page: 496
  year: 1995
  end-page: 507
  ident: bib29
  article-title: Physico-mechanical characterization of the extrusion–spheronization process. Part II: rheological determinants for successful extrusion and spheronization
  publication-title: Pharm. Res.
– volume: 199
  start-page: 129
  year: 2000
  end-page: 140
  ident: bib16
  article-title: Formulation and process considerations for beads containing Carbopol
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 9
  start-page: 131
  year: 1977
  end-page: 133
  ident: bib23
  article-title: Image analysis for characterization of size and shape distribution of load powders
  publication-title: Powder Metall. Int.
– volume: 12
  start-page: 417
  year: 2001
  end-page: 425
  ident: bib27
  article-title: A statistical design to evaluate the influence of manufacturing factors on the material properties and functionalities of microcrystalline cellulose
  publication-title: Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.
– volume: 46
  start-page: 2
  year: 1994
  end-page: 7
  ident: bib28
  article-title: Use of powdered cellulose for the production of pellets by extrusion/spheronization
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
– volume: 96
  start-page: 59
  year: 1993
  end-page: 65
  ident: bib18
  article-title: Spheronization conditions on spheroid shape and size
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 86
  start-page: 187
  year: 1992
  end-page: 192
  ident: bib20
  article-title: A comparison between the extrusion forces and sphere quality of a gravity feed extruder and a ram extruder
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1383
  year: 2001
  end-page: 1387
  ident: bib36
  article-title: The influence of microcrystalline cellulose grade on shape and shape distribution of pellets produced by extrusion–spheronization
  publication-title: Chem. Pharm. Bull.
– volume: 46
  start-page: 82
  year: 1994
  end-page: 85
  ident: bib9
  article-title: A shape factor to characterize the quality of spheroids
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
– volume: 93
  start-page: 621
  year: 2004
  end-page: 634
  ident: bib8
  article-title: Image analysis of the shape of granulated powder grains
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
– volume: 12
  start-page: 157
  year: 2002
  end-page: 162
  ident: bib25
  article-title: Formulation and evaluation of bioadhesive pellets containing different carbomers made by extrusion–spheronization
  publication-title: STP Pharma Sci.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 71
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib6
  article-title: Preparation and characterisation of ibuprofen–poloxamer 188 granules obtained by melt granulation
  publication-title: Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/S0928-0987(01)00210-X
– volume: 93
  start-page: 621
  year: 2004
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib8
  article-title: Image analysis of the shape of granulated powder grains
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
  doi: 10.1002/jps.10572
– volume: 146
  start-page: 21
  issue: 1
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib4
  article-title: Shape and surface smoothness of pellets made in a rotary processor
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04754-0
– volume: 131
  start-page: 7
  year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib15
  article-title: Fabrication and characterization of extruded and spheronized beads containing Carbopol® 974 P NF resin
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04293-8
– volume: 94
  start-page: 1124
  issue: 5
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib5
  article-title: Thermal and fractal analysis of diclofenac/Gelucire 50/13 microparticles obtained by ultrasound-assisted atomization
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
  doi: 10.1002/jps.20337
– volume: 44
  start-page: 169
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib34
  article-title: Comparison between a twin-screw extruder and a rotary ring die press I. Influence of formulation variables
  publication-title: Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.
  doi: 10.1016/S0939-6411(97)00094-5
– year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib2
– volume: 148
  start-page: 201
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib24
  article-title: Use of extrusion–spheronization to develop an improved oral dosage form of indomethacin
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04846-6
– volume: 96
  start-page: 59
  year: 1993
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib18
  article-title: Spheronization conditions on spheroid shape and size
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90212-X
– volume: 4
  start-page: 172
  year: 1954
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib38
  article-title: Eine vergleichende studie über methoden zur quantitativen bestimmung von abrundung und form an sandkörnern
  publication-title: Heidelb. Beitr. Miner. Petrogr.
  doi: 10.1007/BF01111154
– volume: 12
  start-page: 915
  year: 1986
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib1
  article-title: Effect of particle morphology in selecting pharmaceutical excipients
  publication-title: Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.
  doi: 10.3109/03639048609048047
– volume: 84
  start-page: 1259
  year: 1995
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib33
  article-title: Use of a power-consumption-controlled extruder in the development of pellet formulations
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
  doi: 10.1002/jps.2600841022
– volume: 86
  start-page: 187
  year: 1992
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib20
  article-title: A comparison between the extrusion forces and sphere quality of a gravity feed extruder and a ram extruder
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90196-9
– volume: 12
  start-page: 496
  year: 1995
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib29
  article-title: Physico-mechanical characterization of the extrusion–spheronization process. Part II: rheological determinants for successful extrusion and spheronization
  publication-title: Pharm. Res.
  doi: 10.1023/A:1016237509740
– volume: 9
  start-page: 131
  year: 1977
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib23
  article-title: Image analysis for characterization of size and shape distribution of load powders
  publication-title: Powder Metall. Int.
– volume: 79
  start-page: 929
  year: 1990
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib30
  article-title: Effect of surface geometry and morphic features on the flow characteristics of microsphere suspensions
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
  doi: 10.1002/jps.2600791018
– volume: 199
  start-page: 129
  year: 2000
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib16
  article-title: Formulation and process considerations for beads containing Carbopol® 947 P, NF resin made by extrusion–spheronization
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00372-0
– volume: 192
  start-page: 123
  year: 1999
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib12
  article-title: Evaluation of a standardised procedure to assess the shape of pellets using image analysis
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00302-6
– volume: 44
  start-page: 676
  year: 1992
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib19
  article-title: Correlation of extrusion forces, raw materials and sphere characteristics
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb05493.x
– volume: 12
  start-page: 417
  year: 2001
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib27
  article-title: A statistical design to evaluate the influence of manufacturing factors on the material properties and functionalities of microcrystalline cellulose
  publication-title: Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/S0928-0987(00)00196-2
– volume: 12
  start-page: 157
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib25
  article-title: Formulation and evaluation of bioadhesive pellets containing different carbomers made by extrusion–spheronization
  publication-title: STP Pharma Sci.
– volume: 25
  start-page: 605
  year: 1999
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib17
  article-title: Effects of process variables on the size, shape, and surface characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose beads prepared in a centrifugal granulators
  publication-title: Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1081/DDC-100102215
– volume: 96
  start-page: 225
  year: 1993
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib11
  article-title: Study of parameters important in the spheronisation process
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90231-4
– volume: 148
  start-page: 149
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib35
  article-title: Comparison between and evaluation of same methods for the assessment of the sphericity of pellets
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04845-4
– volume: 46
  start-page: 2
  year: 1994
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib28
  article-title: Use of powdered cellulose for the production of pellets by extrusion/spheronization
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03710.x
– volume: 107
  start-page: 29
  year: 1994
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib22
  article-title: The influence of the extrusion screen on pellet quality using an instrumented basket extruder
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90299-2
– volume: 14
  start-page: 75
  year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib32
  article-title: Characterization of the powder particle shape
  publication-title: Planseeber. Pulvermet.
– volume: 27
  start-page: 291
  year: 1980
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib3
  article-title: The shape of rock particles, a critical review
  publication-title: Sedimentology
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01179.x
– volume: 2
  start-page: 325
  year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib31
  article-title: Extrusion/spheronization-effect of moisture content and spheronization time on pellet characteristics
  publication-title: Pharm. Develop. Technol.
  doi: 10.3109/10837459609031427
– volume: 15
  start-page: 2375
  year: 1989
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib37
  article-title: Determination of sphericity of pellets prepared by extrusion/spheronization and the impact of some process parameters
  publication-title: Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.
  doi: 10.3109/03639048909052536
– volume: 46
  start-page: 82
  year: 1994
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib9
  article-title: A shape factor to characterize the quality of spheroids
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03745.x
– volume: 2
  start-page: 43
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib14
  article-title: Drug solubility effects on predicting optimum conditions for extrusion and spheronization of pellets
  publication-title: Pharm. Dev. Technol.
  doi: 10.3109/10837459709022608
– volume: 146
  start-page: 66
  year: 2004
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib39
  article-title: Which shape factor(s) best describe granules?
  publication-title: Powder Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2004.04.044
– volume: 96
  start-page: 217
  year: 1993
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib10
  article-title: Process variables of instant granulator and spheroniser: III. Shape and shape distributions of pellets
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90230-D
– volume: 133
  start-page: 29
  year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib21
  article-title: Influence of impeller design method of screen perforation and perforation geometry on the quality of pellets made by extrusion–spheronization
  publication-title: Int. J. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04408-6
– volume: 1
  start-page: 179
  year: 1927
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib26
  article-title: A method of assigning numerical and percentage values to the degree of roundness of sand grains
  publication-title: J. Paleolimnol.
– volume: 95
  start-page: 348
  year: 2006
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib7
  article-title: Microscopic image analysis techniques for the morphological characterization of pharmaceutical particles: influence of process variables
  publication-title: J. Pharm. Sci.
  doi: 10.1002/jps.20507
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1383
  year: 2001
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib36
  article-title: The influence of microcrystalline cellulose grade on shape and shape distribution of pellets produced by extrusion–spheronization
  publication-title: Chem. Pharm. Bull.
  doi: 10.1248/cpb.49.1383
– volume: 8
  start-page: 221
  year: 1998
  ident: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001_bib13
  article-title: Effects of surface-active agent on the size, shape and hardness of microcrystalline cellulose/maize starch pellets prepared by an extrusion/spheronization technique
  publication-title: STP Pharma Sci.
SSID ssj0004758
Score 2.1186762
Snippet The present report highlights the difficulties of particle shape characterizations of multiparticulate systems obtained using different image analysis...
SourceID proquest
pubmed
pascalfrancis
crossref
elsevier
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 766
SubjectTerms Algorithms
Biological and medical sciences
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical - methods
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical - standards
Extrusion
General pharmacology
Granulation
Image analysis
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - standards
Medical sciences
Morphology
Particle Size
Particulate Matter - standards
Pellets
Pharmaceutical technology. Pharmaceutical industry
Pharmacology. Drug treatments
Powders
Shape analysis
Software
Spheronization
Title Microscopic image analysis techniques for the morphological characterization of pharmaceutical particles: Influence of the software, and the factor algorithms used in the shape factor estimation
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.001
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17499492
https://www.proquest.com/docview/68416274
Volume 67
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: Elsevier SD Complete Freedom Collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1873-3441
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0004758
  issn: 0939-6411
  databaseCode: ACRLP
  dateStart: 19970101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: ScienceDirect (Elsevier)
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1873-3441
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0004758
  issn: 0939-6411
  databaseCode: .~1
  dateStart: 19970101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: ScienceDirect Freedom Collection Journals
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1873-3441
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0004758
  issn: 0939-6411
  databaseCode: AIKHN
  dateStart: 19970101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVLSH
  databaseName: Elsevier Journals
  customDbUrl:
  mediaType: online
  eissn: 1873-3441
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0004758
  issn: 0939-6411
  databaseCode: AKRWK
  dateStart: 19970101
  isFulltext: true
  providerName: Library Specific Holdings
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LT9wwELZguVSqqr67bdn6UHHpppvEdhxzQwi0tAIhFSRukdex2SA2iTa7qrj0x_WX1RM7m3KAA6dI0TgPZzIPe75vEPoaC5uhKc0DpqgIaG5oIGjOAiOpVkTB1g8AhU_Pkukl_XHFrrbQYYeFgbJKb_udTW-ttT8z8bM5qYti8svm4iKhkL-05JhkG-1Y_5OmA7RzcPJzetbDI3nbphPkAxjgsTOuzEvf1DPPZAg82tFD_ul5LRs7a8a1u3g4Hm390vFL9MIHlPjAPfMrtKXL12jv3DFS343xRQ-wasZ4D5_3XNV3b9DfUyjIA2hKoXCxsMYFS09Tgjf0rg22kS22kSJeVPazdOYSqw3Zs8Ny4srgev7_Gjmuu8K7fXzStUMBMbhYYz3Ab7nUY3vLvD3jmv9geXtdLYvVfNHgdaNzXJROfm7fo5MBchCHunyLLo-PLg6ngW_rECjKwlXACTckgg3i0OqHilksSWpELoiGfmjxLG1ZYniopFIip4Ypw1Jjj5LPbH5D3qFBWZX6A8K5JlInJieGppQymzuqkDDKQ5mGMonkEEXdx8yU5zyH1hu3WVfcdpOBAkAzTp6FFCr8hujbZkztGD8elWadjmT39DazLunRcaN7CtXfSkQiJQkZoi-dhmX2j4dtHFnqat1kCewUx5wO0XuneP1YbvNXKuKPT3yoT-hZu3TdQi0_o8Fquda7NuZazUZo-_ufaOT_rH9ygjAP
linkProvider Elsevier
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9swDBa67rABw7D3skfLw9DL4sWxJMvabShWpFtTFFgK9GYosrS4aGwjTjD0sh-3XzbRsuP10B52MiBQli1RFCmSHwn5EElnoWkjAq6ZDFhmWSBZxgOrmNFUo-sHE4Wnp_HknH274Bc75LDLhcGwylb2e5neSOu2ZdTO5qjK89EPZ4vLmKH90oBj0nvkPuORQAvs0-8-zoOJpkgnUgdI3mbO-CAvc1nNWxxDRNEe33Y6PapU7ebM-mIXt2ujzal09IQ8btVJ-OK_-CnZMcUzcnDm8aivhzDr06vqIRzAWY9Uff2c_JliOB4mpuQa8qUTLaBakBLYgrvW4PRacHoiLEu3KJ2wBL2FevaZnFBaqBb_3pBD1YXdfYbjrhgKkuHLaif_f6mVGbohs6bFl_4BdfWzXOXrxbKGTW0yyAtPv3D_0dEgNIjPuXxBzo--zg4nQVvUIdCMh-tAUGHpGN3DoeMOHfFI0cTKTFKD1dCiedJgxIhQK61lxizXlifWPZWYO-uGviS7RVmY1wQyQ5WJbUYtSxjjznLUIeVMhCoJVTxWAzLuFjPVLeI5Ft64SrvQtssUGQBLcYo0ZBjfNyAft30qj_dxJzXveCS9wbWpO5Du7Ld3g6H6oeRYJjSmA7LfcVjq9js6cVRhyk2dxugnjgQbkFee8fq-wlmvTEZv_vOj9smDyWx6kp4cn35_Sx42l9hN0uU7srtebcx7p32t53vN7voLCeEw1w
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Microscopic+image+analysis+techniques+for+the+morphological+characterization+of+pharmaceutical+particles%3A+Influence+of+the+software%2C+and+the+factor+algorithms+used+in+the+shape+factor+estimation&rft.jtitle=European+journal+of+pharmaceutics+and+biopharmaceutics&rft.au=Almeida-Prieto%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Blanco-M%C3%A9ndez%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Otero-Espinar%2C+Francisco+J.&rft.date=2007-11-01&rft.pub=Elsevier+B.V&rft.issn=0939-6411&rft.eissn=1873-3441&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=766&rft.epage=776&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ejpb.2007.04.001&rft.externalDocID=S0939641107001373
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0939-6411&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0939-6411&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0939-6411&client=summon