Diagnostic accuracy of an artificial intelligence online engine in migraine: A multi‐center study

Objective This study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self‐administered, Computer‐based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi‐structured interview (SSI) by a headache specialist, both using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD‐3) criteria...

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Published inHeadache Vol. 62; no. 7; pp. 870 - 882
Main Authors Cowan, Robert P., Rapoport, Alan M., Blythe, Jim, Rothrock, John, Knievel, Kerry, Peretz, Addie M., Ekpo, Elizabeth, Sanjanwala, Bharati M., Woldeamanuel, Yohannes W.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.07.2022
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0017-8748
1526-4610
1526-4610
DOI10.1111/head.14324

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Abstract Objective This study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self‐administered, Computer‐based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi‐structured interview (SSI) by a headache specialist, both using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD‐3) criteria. Background Delay in accurate diagnosis is a major barrier to headache care. Accurate computer‐based algorithms may help reduce the need for SSI‐based encounters to arrive at correct ICHD‐3 diagnosis. Methods Between March 2018 and August 2019, adult participants were recruited from three academic headache centers and the community via advertising to our cross‐sectional study. Participants completed two evaluations: phone interview conducted by headache specialists using the SSI and a web‐based expert questionnaire and analytics, CDE. Participants were randomly assigned to either the SSI followed by the web‐based questionnaire or the web‐based questionnaire followed by the SSI. Participants completed protocols a few minutes apart. The concordance in migraine/probable migraine (M/PM) diagnosis between SSI and CDE was measured using Cohen’s kappa statistics. The diagnostic accuracy of CDE was assessed using the SSI as reference standard. Results Of the 276 participants consented, 212 completed both SSI and CDE (study completion rate = 77%; median age = 32 years [interquartile range: 28–40], female:male ratio = 3:1). Concordance in M/PM diagnosis between SSI and CDE was: κ = 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75–0.91). CDE diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity = 90.1% (118/131), 95% CI: 83.6%–94.6%; specificity = 95.8% (68/71), 95% CI: 88.1%–99.1%. Positive and negative predictive values = 97.0% (95% CI: 91.3%–99.0%) and 86.6% (95% CI: 79.3%–91.5%), respectively, using identified migraine prevalence of 60%. Assuming a general migraine population prevalence of 10%, positive and negative predictive values were 70.3% (95% CI: 43.9%–87.8%) and 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1%–99.3%), respectively. Conclusion The SSI and CDE have excellent concordance in diagnosing M/PM. Positive CDE helps rule in M/PM, through high specificity and positive likelihood ratio. A negative CDE helps rule out M/PM through high sensitivity and low negative likelihood ratio. CDE that mimics SSI logic is a valid tool for migraine diagnosis.
AbstractList This study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self-administered, Computer-based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi-structured interview (SSI) by a headache specialist, both using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3) criteria.OBJECTIVEThis study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self-administered, Computer-based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi-structured interview (SSI) by a headache specialist, both using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3) criteria.Delay in accurate diagnosis is a major barrier to headache care. Accurate computer-based algorithms may help reduce the need for SSI-based encounters to arrive at correct ICHD-3 diagnosis.BACKGROUNDDelay in accurate diagnosis is a major barrier to headache care. Accurate computer-based algorithms may help reduce the need for SSI-based encounters to arrive at correct ICHD-3 diagnosis.Between March 2018 and August 2019, adult participants were recruited from three academic headache centers and the community via advertising to our cross-sectional study. Participants completed two evaluations: phone interview conducted by headache specialists using the SSI and a web-based expert questionnaire and analytics, CDE. Participants were randomly assigned to either the SSI followed by the web-based questionnaire or the web-based questionnaire followed by the SSI. Participants completed protocols a few minutes apart. The concordance in migraine/probable migraine (M/PM) diagnosis between SSI and CDE was measured using Cohen's kappa statistics. The diagnostic accuracy of CDE was assessed using the SSI as reference standard.METHODSBetween March 2018 and August 2019, adult participants were recruited from three academic headache centers and the community via advertising to our cross-sectional study. Participants completed two evaluations: phone interview conducted by headache specialists using the SSI and a web-based expert questionnaire and analytics, CDE. Participants were randomly assigned to either the SSI followed by the web-based questionnaire or the web-based questionnaire followed by the SSI. Participants completed protocols a few minutes apart. The concordance in migraine/probable migraine (M/PM) diagnosis between SSI and CDE was measured using Cohen's kappa statistics. The diagnostic accuracy of CDE was assessed using the SSI as reference standard.Of the 276 participants consented, 212 completed both SSI and CDE (study completion rate = 77%; median age = 32 years [interquartile range: 28-40], female:male ratio = 3:1). Concordance in M/PM diagnosis between SSI and CDE was: κ = 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-0.91). CDE diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity = 90.1% (118/131), 95% CI: 83.6%-94.6%; specificity = 95.8% (68/71), 95% CI: 88.1%-99.1%. Positive and negative predictive values = 97.0% (95% CI: 91.3%-99.0%) and 86.6% (95% CI: 79.3%-91.5%), respectively, using identified migraine prevalence of 60%. Assuming a general migraine population prevalence of 10%, positive and negative predictive values were 70.3% (95% CI: 43.9%-87.8%) and 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1%-99.3%), respectively.RESULTSOf the 276 participants consented, 212 completed both SSI and CDE (study completion rate = 77%; median age = 32 years [interquartile range: 28-40], female:male ratio = 3:1). Concordance in M/PM diagnosis between SSI and CDE was: κ = 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-0.91). CDE diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity = 90.1% (118/131), 95% CI: 83.6%-94.6%; specificity = 95.8% (68/71), 95% CI: 88.1%-99.1%. Positive and negative predictive values = 97.0% (95% CI: 91.3%-99.0%) and 86.6% (95% CI: 79.3%-91.5%), respectively, using identified migraine prevalence of 60%. Assuming a general migraine population prevalence of 10%, positive and negative predictive values were 70.3% (95% CI: 43.9%-87.8%) and 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1%-99.3%), respectively.The SSI and CDE have excellent concordance in diagnosing M/PM. Positive CDE helps rule in M/PM, through high specificity and positive likelihood ratio. A negative CDE helps rule out M/PM through high sensitivity and low negative likelihood ratio. CDE that mimics SSI logic is a valid tool for migraine diagnosis.CONCLUSIONThe SSI and CDE have excellent concordance in diagnosing M/PM. Positive CDE helps rule in M/PM, through high specificity and positive likelihood ratio. A negative CDE helps rule out M/PM through high sensitivity and low negative likelihood ratio. CDE that mimics SSI logic is a valid tool for migraine diagnosis.
This study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self-administered, Computer-based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi-structured interview (SSI) by a headache specialist, both using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3) criteria. Delay in accurate diagnosis is a major barrier to headache care. Accurate computer-based algorithms may help reduce the need for SSI-based encounters to arrive at correct ICHD-3 diagnosis. Between March 2018 and August 2019, adult participants were recruited from three academic headache centers and the community via advertising to our cross-sectional study. Participants completed two evaluations: phone interview conducted by headache specialists using the SSI and a web-based expert questionnaire and analytics, CDE. Participants were randomly assigned to either the SSI followed by the web-based questionnaire or the web-based questionnaire followed by the SSI. Participants completed protocols a few minutes apart. The concordance in migraine/probable migraine (M/PM) diagnosis between SSI and CDE was measured using Cohen's kappa statistics. The diagnostic accuracy of CDE was assessed using the SSI as reference standard. Of the 276 participants consented, 212 completed both SSI and CDE (study completion rate = 77%; median age = 32 years [interquartile range: 28-40], female:male ratio = 3:1). Concordance in M/PM diagnosis between SSI and CDE was: κ = 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-0.91). CDE diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity = 90.1% (118/131), 95% CI: 83.6%-94.6%; specificity = 95.8% (68/71), 95% CI: 88.1%-99.1%. Positive and negative predictive values = 97.0% (95% CI: 91.3%-99.0%) and 86.6% (95% CI: 79.3%-91.5%), respectively, using identified migraine prevalence of 60%. Assuming a general migraine population prevalence of 10%, positive and negative predictive values were 70.3% (95% CI: 43.9%-87.8%) and 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1%-99.3%), respectively. The SSI and CDE have excellent concordance in diagnosing M/PM. Positive CDE helps rule in M/PM, through high specificity and positive likelihood ratio. A negative CDE helps rule out M/PM through high sensitivity and low negative likelihood ratio. CDE that mimics SSI logic is a valid tool for migraine diagnosis.
ObjectiveThis study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self‐administered, Computer‐based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi‐structured interview (SSI) by a headache specialist, both using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD‐3) criteria.BackgroundDelay in accurate diagnosis is a major barrier to headache care. Accurate computer‐based algorithms may help reduce the need for SSI‐based encounters to arrive at correct ICHD‐3 diagnosis.MethodsBetween March 2018 and August 2019, adult participants were recruited from three academic headache centers and the community via advertising to our cross‐sectional study. Participants completed two evaluations: phone interview conducted by headache specialists using the SSI and a web‐based expert questionnaire and analytics, CDE. Participants were randomly assigned to either the SSI followed by the web‐based questionnaire or the web‐based questionnaire followed by the SSI. Participants completed protocols a few minutes apart. The concordance in migraine/probable migraine (M/PM) diagnosis between SSI and CDE was measured using Cohen’s kappa statistics. The diagnostic accuracy of CDE was assessed using the SSI as reference standard.ResultsOf the 276 participants consented, 212 completed both SSI and CDE (study completion rate = 77%; median age = 32 years [interquartile range: 28–40], female:male ratio = 3:1). Concordance in M/PM diagnosis between SSI and CDE was: κ = 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75–0.91). CDE diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity = 90.1% (118/131), 95% CI: 83.6%–94.6%; specificity = 95.8% (68/71), 95% CI: 88.1%–99.1%. Positive and negative predictive values = 97.0% (95% CI: 91.3%–99.0%) and 86.6% (95% CI: 79.3%–91.5%), respectively, using identified migraine prevalence of 60%. Assuming a general migraine population prevalence of 10%, positive and negative predictive values were 70.3% (95% CI: 43.9%–87.8%) and 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1%–99.3%), respectively.ConclusionThe SSI and CDE have excellent concordance in diagnosing M/PM. Positive CDE helps rule in M/PM, through high specificity and positive likelihood ratio. A negative CDE helps rule out M/PM through high sensitivity and low negative likelihood ratio. CDE that mimics SSI logic is a valid tool for migraine diagnosis.
Objective This study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self‐administered, Computer‐based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi‐structured interview (SSI) by a headache specialist, both using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD‐3) criteria. Background Delay in accurate diagnosis is a major barrier to headache care. Accurate computer‐based algorithms may help reduce the need for SSI‐based encounters to arrive at correct ICHD‐3 diagnosis. Methods Between March 2018 and August 2019, adult participants were recruited from three academic headache centers and the community via advertising to our cross‐sectional study. Participants completed two evaluations: phone interview conducted by headache specialists using the SSI and a web‐based expert questionnaire and analytics, CDE. Participants were randomly assigned to either the SSI followed by the web‐based questionnaire or the web‐based questionnaire followed by the SSI. Participants completed protocols a few minutes apart. The concordance in migraine/probable migraine (M/PM) diagnosis between SSI and CDE was measured using Cohen’s kappa statistics. The diagnostic accuracy of CDE was assessed using the SSI as reference standard. Results Of the 276 participants consented, 212 completed both SSI and CDE (study completion rate = 77%; median age = 32 years [interquartile range: 28–40], female:male ratio = 3:1). Concordance in M/PM diagnosis between SSI and CDE was: κ = 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75–0.91). CDE diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity = 90.1% (118/131), 95% CI: 83.6%–94.6%; specificity = 95.8% (68/71), 95% CI: 88.1%–99.1%. Positive and negative predictive values = 97.0% (95% CI: 91.3%–99.0%) and 86.6% (95% CI: 79.3%–91.5%), respectively, using identified migraine prevalence of 60%. Assuming a general migraine population prevalence of 10%, positive and negative predictive values were 70.3% (95% CI: 43.9%–87.8%) and 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1%–99.3%), respectively. Conclusion The SSI and CDE have excellent concordance in diagnosing M/PM. Positive CDE helps rule in M/PM, through high specificity and positive likelihood ratio. A negative CDE helps rule out M/PM through high sensitivity and low negative likelihood ratio. CDE that mimics SSI logic is a valid tool for migraine diagnosis.
Author Sanjanwala, Bharati M.
Rapoport, Alan M.
Cowan, Robert P.
Blythe, Jim
Ekpo, Elizabeth
Rothrock, John
Knievel, Kerry
Woldeamanuel, Yohannes W.
Peretz, Addie M.
AuthorAffiliation 1 Division of Headache and Facial Pain, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
2 Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
4 Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
6 Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
3 Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
5 Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 6 Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
– name: 1 Division of Headache and Facial Pain, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
– name: 2 Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
– name: 4 Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
– name: 5 Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
– name: 3 Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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  givenname: Robert P.
  surname: Cowan
  fullname: Cowan, Robert P.
  organization: Stanford University School of Medicine
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  fullname: Rapoport, Alan M.
  organization: University of California
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  surname: Blythe
  fullname: Blythe, Jim
  organization: University of Southern California
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  organization: The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
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  organization: Barrow Neurological Institute
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  givenname: Addie M.
  surname: Peretz
  fullname: Peretz, Addie M.
  organization: Stanford University School of Medicine
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Elizabeth
  surname: Ekpo
  fullname: Ekpo, Elizabeth
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  organization: Stanford University School of Medicine
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  givenname: Yohannes W.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4879-6098
  surname: Woldeamanuel
  fullname: Woldeamanuel, Yohannes W.
  email: ywoldeam@stanford.edu
  organization: Stanford University School of Medicine
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35657603$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2022 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Headache Society
2022 The Authors. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Headache Society.
2022. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml – notice: 2022 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Headache Society
– notice: 2022 The Authors. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Headache Society.
– notice: 2022. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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IngestDate Sun Oct 26 04:04:02 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 13:54:11 EDT 2025
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Issue 7
Keywords diagnostic accuracy study
diagnosis
online engine
migraine
semi-structured interview
artificial intelligence
Language English
License Attribution-NonCommercial
2022 The Authors. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Headache Society.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
cc-by-nc
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c4484-6393e18c63bbea3a9ff1d788e59682371833b21cffd14fbdf22d48751af232003
Notes Funding information
The authors are thankful to The SunStar Foundation for financially sponsoring this study. YWW is a recipient of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health under award number 1K01NS124911‐01. The funding sources had no role in the design of this study, its execution, analyses, interpretation of the data, or decision to submit results.
ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
ObjectType-Undefined-3
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Study concept and design: Robert P. Cowan, Alan M. Rapoport, Jim Blythe, Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel. Acquisition of data: Robert P. Cowan, John Rothrock, Kerry Knievel, Addie M. Peretz, Elizabeth Ekpo, Bharati M. Sanjanwala, Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel. Analysis and interpretation of data: Robert P. Cowan, Jim Blythe, Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel. Drafting of the manuscript: Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel. Revising it for intellectual content: Robert P. Cowan, Alan M. Rapoport, Jim Blythe, John Rothrock, Kerry Knievel, Addie M. Peretz, Elizabeth Ekpo, Bharati M. Sanjanwala, Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel. Final approval of the completed manuscript: Robert P. Cowan, Alan M. Rapoport, Jim Blythe, John Rothrock, Kerry Knievel, Addie M. Peretz, Elizabeth Ekpo, Bharati M. Sanjanwala, Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel.
ORCID 0000-0003-4879-6098
OpenAccessLink https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14324
PMID 35657603
PQID 2699594995
PQPubID 24968
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Snippet Objective This study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self‐administered, Computer‐based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and...
This study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self-administered, Computer-based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi-structured...
ObjectiveThis study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self‐administered, Computer‐based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and...
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SubjectTerms Accuracy
Algorithms
Artificial intelligence
Confidence intervals
Diagnosis
diagnostic accuracy study
Headache
Headaches
Likelihood ratio
Migraine
online engine
Questionnaires
semi‐structured interview
Sensitivity
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Title Diagnostic accuracy of an artificial intelligence online engine in migraine: A multi‐center study
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