A roadmap to integrate astrocytes into Systems Neuroscience

Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, be...

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Published in	Glia Vol. 68; no. 1; pp. 5 - 26
Main Authors	Kastanenka, Ksenia V., Moreno‐Bote, Rubén, De Pittà, Maurizio, Perea, Gertrudis, Eraso‐Pichot, Abel, Masgrau, Roser, Poskanzer, Kira E., Galea, Elena
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.01.2020 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects	Algorithms Animals Astrocytes Astrocytes - chemistry Astrocytes - physiology Brain Brain - cytology Brain - physiology Brain Chemistry - physiology Calcium Calcium ions Circuits Coding Computational neuroscience Decoding dimensionality reduction energy‐efficient coding Exploration Humans Information processing Learning algorithms Machine learning Nervous system Neural networks Neuromodulation Neurons - chemistry Neurons - physiology Neurosciences Neurosciences - methods Neurosciences - trends Optogenetics - methods Population studies predictive coding Reflexes Sensory integration Statistical analysis Systems Biology - methods Systems Biology - trends dimensionality reduction astrocytes predictive coding decoding energy-efficient coding
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	0894-1491 1098-1136 1098-1136
DOI	10.1002/glia.23632

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Abstract	Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well‐documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub‐serve coding and higher‐brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems‐like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca2+ transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of subseconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte–neuronal circuits, is, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy‐efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca2+ and brain coding may represent a leap forward toward novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease. Main Points Astrocytes may use Ca2+ signals to perform canonical computations in complex behaviors on a time scale of sub-seconds to seconds. Statistical tools from Systems Neuroscience could be used to unravel variables and algorithms encoded by astrocytic Ca2+.
AbstractList	Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well-documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub-serve coding and higher-brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems-like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of subseconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte-neuronal circuits, is, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy-efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca and brain coding may represent a leap forward toward novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease. Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well-documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub-serve coding and higher-brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems-like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca2+ transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of subseconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte-neuronal circuits, is, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy-efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca2+ and brain coding may represent a leap forward toward novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease.Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well-documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub-serve coding and higher-brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems-like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca2+ transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of subseconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte-neuronal circuits, is, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy-efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca2+ and brain coding may represent a leap forward toward novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease. Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well‐documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub‐serve coding and higher‐brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems‐like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca2+ transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of subseconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte–neuronal circuits, is, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy‐efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca2+ and brain coding may represent a leap forward toward novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease. Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well‐documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub‐serve coding and higher‐brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems‐like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca2+ transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of subseconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte–neuronal circuits, is, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy‐efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca2+ and brain coding may represent a leap forward toward novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease. Main Points Astrocytes may use Ca2+ signals to perform canonical computations in complex behaviors on a time scale of sub-seconds to seconds. Statistical tools from Systems Neuroscience could be used to unravel variables and algorithms encoded by astrocytic Ca2+. Systems Neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well-documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub-serve coding and higher-brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems-like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca2+ transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of sub-seconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte-neuronal circuits, are, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy-efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca2+ and brain coding may represent a leap forward towards novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease. Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well‐documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub‐serve coding and higher‐brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems‐like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca 2+ transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of subseconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte–neuronal circuits, is, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy‐efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca 2+ and brain coding may represent a leap forward toward novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease.
Author	Perea, Gertrudis De Pittà, Maurizio Poskanzer, Kira E. Moreno‐Bote, Rubén Eraso‐Pichot, Abel Kastanenka, Ksenia V. Galea, Elena Masgrau, Roser
AuthorAffiliation	4. BCAM Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, 48009 Bilbao, Spain 3. ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain 8. Equally contributing authors 2. Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain 7. Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA 5. Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain 6. Departament de Bioquímica, Institut de Neurociències i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain 1. Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02129, USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 8. Equally contributing authors – name: 5. Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain – name: 3. ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain – name: 7. Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA – name: 1. Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02129, USA – name: 6. Departament de Bioquímica, Institut de Neurociències i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain – name: 2. Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain – name: 4. BCAM Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Ksenia V. surname: Kastanenka fullname: Kastanenka, Ksenia V. email: kkastanenka@mgh.harvard.edu organization: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School – sequence: 2 givenname: Rubén surname: Moreno‐Bote fullname: Moreno‐Bote, Rubén organization: ICREA – sequence: 3 givenname: Maurizio surname: De Pittà fullname: De Pittà, Maurizio organization: BCAM Basque Center for Applied Mathematics – sequence: 4 givenname: Gertrudis orcidid: 0000-0001-5924-9175 surname: Perea fullname: Perea, Gertrudis organization: CSIC – sequence: 5 givenname: Abel surname: Eraso‐Pichot fullname: Eraso‐Pichot, Abel organization: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – sequence: 6 givenname: Roser orcidid: 0000-0002-6722-5939 surname: Masgrau fullname: Masgrau, Roser organization: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – sequence: 7 givenname: Kira E. surname: Poskanzer fullname: Poskanzer, Kira E. email: kira.poskanzer@ucsf.edu organization: University of California‐San Francisco – sequence: 8 givenname: Elena orcidid: 0000-0003-4537-9897 surname: Galea fullname: Galea, Elena email: elena.galea@uab.es organization: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31058383$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Notes	Funding information Agència de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (Spain), Grant/Award Number: 2017 SGR547; BCAM Severo Ochoa, Grant/Award Number: SEV‐2017‐0718; Eusko Jaurlaritza; Fundació La Caixa (Spain); Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI, USA), Grant/Award Number: 55008742; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO, Spain), Grant/Award Numbers: BFU2016‐75107‐P, BFU2016‐79735‐P, BFU2017‐85936‐P, FLAGERA‐PCIN‐2015‐162‐C02‐02; Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain), Grant/Award Number: FPU13/05377; National Institutes of Health (NIH, USA), Grant/Award Number: R01NS099254; National Science Foundation (NSF, USA), Grant/Award Number: 1604544 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
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Snippet	Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits,... Systems Neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits,...
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SubjectTerms	Algorithms Animals Astrocytes Astrocytes - chemistry Astrocytes - physiology Brain Brain - cytology Brain - physiology Brain Chemistry - physiology Calcium Calcium ions Circuits Coding Computational neuroscience Decoding dimensionality reduction energy‐efficient coding Exploration Humans Information processing Learning algorithms Machine learning Nervous system Neural networks Neuromodulation Neurons - chemistry Neurons - physiology Neurosciences Neurosciences - methods Neurosciences - trends Optogenetics - methods Population studies predictive coding Reflexes Sensory integration Statistical analysis Systems Biology - methods Systems Biology - trends
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Title	A roadmap to integrate astrocytes into Systems Neuroscience
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