Optimization of thinned aperiodic linear phased arrays using genetic algorithms to reduce grating lobes during scanning
The scan volume of a thinned periodic linear phased array is proportional to the spacing between array elements. As the spacing between elements increases beyond a half wavelength, the scan range of the array will be significantly reduced due to the appearance of grating lobes. This paper investigat...
Saved in:
| Published in | IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation Vol. 50; no. 12; pp. 1732 - 1742 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York
IEEE
01.12.2002
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0018-926X 1558-2221 |
| DOI | 10.1109/TAP.2002.807947 |
Cover
| Abstract | The scan volume of a thinned periodic linear phased array is proportional to the spacing between array elements. As the spacing between elements increases beyond a half wavelength, the scan range of the array will be significantly reduced due to the appearance of grating lobes. This paper investigates a method of creating thinned aperiodic linear phased arrays through the application of genetic algorithms that will suppress the grating lobes with increased steering angles. In addition, the genetic algorithm will place restrictions on the driving-point impedance of each element so that they are well behaved during scanning. A genetic algorithm approach is also introduced for the purpose of evolving an optimal set of matching networks. Finally, an efficient technique for evaluating the directivity of an aperiodic array of half-wave dipoles is developed for use in conjunction with genetic algorithms. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The scan volume of a thinned periodic linear phased array is proportional to the spacing between array elements. As the spacing between elements increases beyond a half wavelength, the scan range of the array will be significantly reduced due to the appearance of grating lobes. This paper will investigate a method of creating thinned aperiodic linear phased arrays through the application of genetic algorithms that will suppress the grating lobes with increased steering angles. In addition, the genetic algorithm will place restrictions on the driving-point impedance of each element so that they are well behaved during scanning. A genetic algorithm approach will also be introduced for the purpose of evolving an optimal set of matching networks. Finally, an efficient technique for evaluating the directivity of an aperiodic array of half-wave dipoles will be developed for use in conjunction with genetic algorithms. (Author) The scan volume of a thinned periodic linear phased array is proportional to the spacing between array elements. As the spacing between elements increases beyond a half wavelength, the scan range of the array will be significantly reduced due to the appearance of grating lobes. This paper investigates a method of creating thinned aperiodic linear phased arrays through the application of genetic algorithms that will suppress the grating lobes with increased steering angles. In addition, the genetic algorithm will place restrictions on the driving-point impedance of each element so that they are well behaved during scanning. A genetic algorithm approach is also introduced for the purpose of evolving an optimal set of matching networks. Finally, an efficient technique for evaluating the directivity of an aperiodic array of half-wave dipoles is developed for use in conjunction with genetic algorithms. |
| Author | Boeringer, D.W. Machuga, D.W. Werner, D.H. Bray, M.G. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: M.G. surname: Bray fullname: Bray, M.G. organization: Dept. of Electr. Eng., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: D.H. surname: Werner fullname: Werner, D.H. organization: Dept. of Electr. Eng., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: D.W. surname: Boeringer fullname: Boeringer, D.W. – sequence: 4 givenname: D.W. surname: Machuga fullname: Machuga, D.W. |
| BookMark | eNqFkc1rHCEYh6Wk0E3acw-9SA-ll9n4OeoxhH5BID2k0Ju4zju7hlmdqkNJ__o63UIhh_Skrzy_H-pzjs5iioDQa0q2lBJzeXf1dcsIYVtNlBHqGdpQKXXHGKNnaEMI1Z1h_fcX6LyU-zYKLcQG_bydaziGX66GFHEacT2EGGHAboYc0hA8nkIEl_F8cGU9z9k9FLyUEPd4DxFqQ9y0TznUw7HgmnCGYfGA97mVNmhKOyh4WPI6FO9ibJuX6PnopgKv_q4X6NvHD3fXn7ub209frq9uOi-Eql2vnHZGj2JHmXFeGO_HnTADHzlxohfSjMR40WsuG6p2mipQwDgXMCjGBL9A7069c04_FijVHkPxME0uQlqKZVoqZnryf1D1ykjBGvj-SZD2inLJKeUNffsIvU9Lju291jBOZLv-2idPkM-plAyj9aH-0VGzC5OlxK5-bfNrV7_25LflLh_l5hyOLj88kXhzSgQA-EdTpdtX8d9wd7LY |
| CODEN | IETPAK |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1364_JOSAB_452380 crossref_primary_10_31854_1813_324X_2024_10_1_49_57 crossref_primary_10_1080_00207210802613915 crossref_primary_10_1134_S1061830924602083 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_map_2011_0402 crossref_primary_10_1080_02564602_2017_1347073 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2024_3359513 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2021_3138543 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2011_2164176 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2018_2846777 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_54016_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2022_3146865 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2018_2846771 crossref_primary_10_1109_LPT_2024_3367973 crossref_primary_10_1109_OJAP_2023_3296636 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2007_901852 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2021_3076659 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2022_3177499 crossref_primary_10_3390_photonics10121300 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2901721 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2013_2272573 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2007_913147 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_19_054035 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2017_2759838 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_024_06763_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2005_848486 crossref_primary_10_1175_JTECH_D_12_00063_1 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2010_2078439 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11277_010_0146_x crossref_primary_10_1049_mia2_12258 crossref_primary_10_1080_02726340701364233 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAES_2024_3436546 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2007_913145 crossref_primary_10_1115_1_4029166 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2948091 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2005_863382 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2017_2712183 crossref_primary_10_3390_app12031407 crossref_primary_10_2528_PIERM08072302 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2013_2238654 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3001947 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3030246 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2023_3284145 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2013_2254698 crossref_primary_10_1108_03321640810847823 crossref_primary_10_1049_rsn2_12055 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2022_3187513 crossref_primary_10_26636_jtit_2017_118517 crossref_primary_10_1002_jnm_2544 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optcom_2019_125071 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00500_004_0434_z crossref_primary_10_1109_TAES_2022_3181257 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1759078711000560 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10470_020_01612_1 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2009_2037763 crossref_primary_10_1587_transcom_E92_B_3228 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSTSP_2016_2615268 crossref_primary_10_1002_mmce_20493 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optlaseng_2024_108500 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2017_2716399 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2018_2874717 crossref_primary_10_1080_02533839_2006_9671221 crossref_primary_10_2528_PIERB10042404 crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_26_019154 crossref_primary_10_1155_2012_609598 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2016_2551259 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2013_2293509 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2018_2800695 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jksues_2021_02_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aeue_2006_09_002 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2009_2039315 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asoc_2006_10_011 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2006_878907 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2020_2992803 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_15_014062 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2017_2766679 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2006_879195 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2012_2220107 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2011_2109350 crossref_primary_10_1109_MAP_2010_5586571 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ndteint_2017_05_002 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2003_815411 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2021_3113724 crossref_primary_10_1109_OJAP_2022_3220277 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2015_2502902 crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_25_002511 crossref_primary_10_3390_s140815113 crossref_primary_10_1155_2009_481792 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aeue_2006_03_006 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2009_2039292 crossref_primary_10_1109_MAES_2017_150104 crossref_primary_10_1109_LPT_2015_2492419 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2015_2452965 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics11081198 crossref_primary_10_3390_mi13112000 crossref_primary_10_7498_aps_72_20221771 crossref_primary_10_1080_02726340600872948 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11235_019_00640_1 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2021_3088492 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2022_111690 crossref_primary_10_1109_MAP_2011_6028421 crossref_primary_10_1109_MAP_2007_4395292 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2010_2041163 crossref_primary_10_1364_AO_431942 crossref_primary_10_1109_MAP_2011_6157712 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2016_2597642 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics8010083 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_map_2013_0240 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2024_3486962 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11235_021_00774_1 crossref_primary_10_1163_156939308787522564 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2017_2767621 crossref_primary_10_1364_OL_488891 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2020_3016467 crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_475407 crossref_primary_10_2528_PIERM12031305 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics9050739 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2007_898601 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2009_2027148 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2023_3281090 crossref_primary_10_1080_09205071_2017_1407264 crossref_primary_10_1364_AO_513812 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2017_2740974 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics13071278 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_rsn_2016_0379 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2023_3311926 crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_25_030105 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAES_2010_5545179 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2008_2005360 crossref_primary_10_2528_PIERB09072309 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aeue_2004_11_017 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2008_2005364 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10825_022_01981_y crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2004_838800 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/APS.1998.698755 10.1109/aps.1994.407701 10.1109/TAP.1960.1144829 10.1109/8.299602 10.1109/COMSIG.1998.736983 10.1109/ijcnn.1992.287113 10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364059 10.1007/978-1-4615-6459-1 10.1049/el:19991475 10.1109/48.775291 10.1002/0471671746 10.1109/8.558650 10.1109/74.382334 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2002 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2002 |
| DBID | RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M F28 FR3 7SC H8D JQ2 L~C L~D |
| DOI | 10.1109/TAP.2002.807947 |
| DatabaseName | IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE/IET Electronic Library CrossRef Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering Engineering Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Aerospace Database ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Electronics & Communications Abstracts Engineering Research Database ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering Aerospace Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional |
| DatabaseTitleList | Aerospace Database Technology Research Database Engineering Research Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE/IET Electronic Library url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1558-2221 |
| EndPage | 1742 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 2593317371 10_1109_TAP_2002_807947 1178722 |
| GroupedDBID | -~X 0R~ 29I 4.4 5GY 5VS 6IK 85S 97E AAJGR AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABFSI ABQJQ ABVLG ACGFO ACGFS ACIWK ACKIV ACNCT AENEX AETIX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AI. AIBXA AKJIK AKQYR ALLEH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ASUFR ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 E.L EBS EJD F5P HZ~ H~9 IAAWW IBMZZ ICLAB IDIHD IFIPE IFJZH IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 O9- OCL P2P RIA RIE RNS RXW TAE TAF TN5 VH1 VJK VOH AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M RIG F28 FR3 7SC H8D JQ2 L~C L~D |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c447t-67a8a98f4b129ac49ccfb49d3f30a46459f09c4683567a7b817e7e2334ed72243 |
| IEDL.DBID | RIE |
| ISSN | 0018-926X |
| IngestDate | Sat Sep 27 23:18:00 EDT 2025 Sun Sep 28 11:54:38 EDT 2025 Sun Sep 28 07:41:48 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 25 19:05:53 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:02:34 EDT 2025 Wed Oct 01 06:39:26 EDT 2025 Tue Aug 26 16:34:51 EDT 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 12 |
| Language | English |
| License | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c447t-67a8a98f4b129ac49ccfb49d3f30a46459f09c4683567a7b817e7e2334ed72243 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| PQID | 923054592 |
| PQPubID | 23500 |
| PageCount | 11 |
| ParticipantIDs | ieee_primary_1178722 proquest_journals_923054592 crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TAP_2002_807947 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2002_807947 proquest_miscellaneous_27679542 proquest_miscellaneous_1671353113 proquest_miscellaneous_28572960 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2002-12-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2002-12-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 12 year: 2002 text: 2002-12-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2000 |
| PublicationPlace | New York |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: New York |
| PublicationTitle | IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | TAP |
| PublicationYear | 2002 |
| Publisher | IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Publisher_xml | – name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| References | ref13 ref12 ref15 Rahmat-Samii (ref11) 1999 ref14 Cohen (ref10) Gradshteyn (ref20) 1980 ref2 ref19 ref8 Unz (ref1) 1956 ref7 Stutzman (ref17) 1998 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 Balanis (ref16) 1997 Press (ref18) 1992 |
| References_xml | – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/APS.1998.698755 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/aps.1994.407701 – year: 1997 ident: ref16 article-title: Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design – start-page: 757 year: 1980 ident: ref20 article-title: Table of Integrals, Series, and Products – year: 1999 ident: ref11 article-title: Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithms – start-page: 822 volume-title: Proc. Applied Computational Electromagnetic Soc. ident: ref10 article-title: Array sidelobe reduction by small position offsets of fractal elements – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/TAP.1960.1144829 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1109/8.299602 – year: 1998 ident: ref17 article-title: Antenna Theory and Design – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/COMSIG.1998.736983 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/ijcnn.1992.287113 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364059 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6459-1 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1049/el:19991475 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/48.775291 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1002/0471671746 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/8.558650 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/74.382334 – volume-title: Rep. Serial no. 60 year: 1956 ident: ref1 article-title: Linear arrays with arbitrarily distributed elements – year: 1992 ident: ref18 article-title: Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing |
| SSID | ssj0014844 |
| Score | 2.1843724 |
| Snippet | The scan volume of a thinned periodic linear phased array is proportional to the spacing between array elements. As the spacing between elements increases... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref ieee |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 1732 |
| SubjectTerms | Antennas Application software Arrays Computational modeling Design optimization Directivity Genetic algorithms Gratings Impedance Lobes Optimization Phased arrays Robustness Scanning Simulated annealing |
| Title | Optimization of thinned aperiodic linear phased arrays using genetic algorithms to reduce grating lobes during scanning |
| URI | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1178722 https://www.proquest.com/docview/923054592 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1671353113 https://www.proquest.com/docview/27679542 https://www.proquest.com/docview/28572960 |
| Volume | 50 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE/IET Electronic Library customDbUrl: eissn: 1558-2221 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0014844 issn: 0018-926X databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 19630101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1Lb9QwELZKT3DgVRBLeRiJAweS-hU7PlaIqkIqcGilvUWOPelWbTdVkhWiv77jOLs8i7hF8URyNGN7xjPzfYS8LTh4463LgNkmU7xmWS2FzwI4aByeeNDEq4Gjz_rwRH2aF_Mt8n7TCwMAY_EZ5PFxzOWH1q_iVdke52heAjfcO6bUqVdrkzFQpUqIyxwXsNDzCcaHM7t3vP91rEXIS4bWZ345gUZKlT_24fFwOXhAjtbTSjUl5_lqqHN__Rti4__O-yG5P3mZdD-ZxSOyBcvH5N5P2IM75NsX3Cwupy5M2jZ0WEQarkBdxD5uw5mn0QN1Hb1a4EmH77vOfe9pLJQ_pWh2sfuRuovTtjsbFpc9HVraRRxYoBF-IgrFQo6epkZI2vvEjvSEnBx8PP5wmE0sDJlXygyZNq50tmxUja6B88p639TKBtlI5mJe1DbMeqXRlUNRU5fcgAEhpYKAP63kU7K9bJfwjFAM5oQJAV0kDAJZEVzJQBcQMIhiUhRuRvK1Zio_QZRHpoyLagxVmK1QlZE4U1RJlTPybvPBVULnuF10Jyrmh1jSyYzsrlVfTau3r9DpRU-2sDj6ZjOKyy7mUtwS2lVfcR25DSXnckZe3yIjjDa2UOIfEmWBwY1mz_8-uV1yd00-w_gLsj10K3iJPtBQvxqN_wZ7NQV6 |
| linkProvider | IEEE |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1Rb9QwDI6m7QF4YMBAHAMWJB54oF3SJE3zOKFNB-wGDzfp3qo0cXcT23Vqe5rGr8dpewcDhnirGldKZTu2Y_szIW8VB6edsREwU0aSFywqROIiDxZKixYPynA1MDlJx6fy00zNNsj7dS8MAHTFZxCHxy6X7yu3DFdl-5yjeCV44G4pKaXqu7XWOQOZyR5zmaMKJ-lsAPLhzOxPD7521QhxxlD-9C0b1A1V-eMk7szL0TaZrDbWV5V8i5dtEbvvv2E2_u_OH5GHg59JD3rBeEw2YPGEPPgFfXCHXH_B4-Jy6MOkVUnbeRjE5akN6MeVP3c0-KC2pldztHX4vq7tTUNDqfwZRcEL_Y_UXpxV9Xk7v2xoW9E6IMECDQAUgSiUcjS0b4WkjevnIz0lp0eH0w_jaJjDEDkpdRul2mbWZKUs0DmwThrnykIaL0rBbMiMmpIZJ1N05pBUFxnXoCERQoLHn5biGdlcVAt4TiiGc4n2Hp0kDAOZ8jZjkCrwGEYxkSg7IvGKM7kbQMrDrIyLvAtWmMmRlWF0ZpL3rByRd-sPrnp8jrtJdwJjfpL1PBmR3RXr80F_mxzdXvRllcHVN-tVVLyQTbELqJZNztMw3VBwLkZk7w6aRKfaKJn8gyJTGN6k7MXfN7dH7o2nk-P8-OPJ511yfzWKhvGXZLOtl_AKPaK2eN0pwg9ImwjH |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Optimization+of+thinned+aperiodic+linear+phased+arrays+using+genetic+algorithms+to+reduce+grating+lobes+during+scanning&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+antennas+and+propagation&rft.au=Bray%2C+M+G&rft.au=Werner%2C+D+H&rft.au=Boeringer%2C+D+W&rft.au=Machuga%2C+D+W&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft.issn=0018-926X&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=12&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTAP.2002.807947&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0018-926X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0018-926X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0018-926X&client=summon |