POETIC JUSTICE: WHY SEX-SLAVES SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO SUE IGNORANT CLIENTS IN CONVERSION
In this article I argue that clients who purchase commercial sex from forced prostitutes should be strictly liable in tort towards the sex-slaves. Such an approach is both normatively defensible and doctrinally feasible. As I have argued elsewhere, fairness and equality demand that clients compensat...
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| Published in | Law and philosophy Vol. 29; no. 3; pp. 307 - 336 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Dordrecht
Springer
01.05.2010
Springer Netherlands |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0167-5249 1573-0522 1573-0522 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s10982-009-9064-z |
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| Abstract | In this article I argue that clients who purchase commercial sex from forced prostitutes should be strictly liable in tort towards the sex-slaves. Such an approach is both normatively defensible and doctrinally feasible. As I have argued elsewhere, fairness and equality demand that clients compensate sex-slaves even if one refuses to acknowledge that fault is involved in purchasing sex from a prostitute who might be forced. In this article I argue that such strict liability could be grounded in the tort of conversion, and not only (as argued elsewhere) in battery. Since the quintessential experience of sex-slaves is that of being treated as chattels, the appropriate legal response is to allow them to benefit from the strict liability imposed on those who interfere with an owner's dominion over his property. Accordingly, sexslaves should be viewed as both subjects and objects. As subjects they can sue clients for the violation of their sexual autonomy manifested by their treatment as objects. This approach is both advantageous to sex-slaves, in the sense it affords them protection that might not otherwise exist, and fair, since the ultimate response to the objectification of sex-slaves by clients should be to afford the former a proprietary-based claim against the latter. I further explain why my approach is not problematic on conceptual grounds, anticommodification sentiments or feminist concerns with the symbolic message of my solution: that the law treats women as property. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | In this article I argue that clients who purchase commercial sex from forced prostitutes should be strictly liable in tort towards the sex-slaves. Such an approach is both normatively defensible and doctrinally feasible. As I have argued elsewhere, fairness and equality demand that clients compensate sex-slaves even if one refuses to acknowledge that fault is involved in purchasing sex from a prostitute who might be forced. In this article I argue that such strict liability could be grounded in the tort of conversion, and not only (as argued elsewhere) in battery. Since the
quintessential
experience of sex-slaves is that of being treated as chattels, the appropriate legal response is to allow them to benefit from the strict liability imposed on those who interfere with an owner’s dominion over his property. Accordingly, sex-slaves should be viewed as both subjects and objects. As subjects they can sue clients for the violation of their sexual autonomy manifested by their treatment as objects. This approach is both advantageous to sex-slaves, in the sense it affords them protection that might not otherwise exist, and fair, since the ultimate response to the objectification of sex-slaves by clients should be to afford the former a proprietary-based claim against the latter. I further explain why my approach is
not
problematic on conceptual grounds, anti-commodification sentiments or feminist concerns with the symbolic message of my solution: that the law treats women as property. In this article I argue that clients who purchase commercial sex from forced prostitutes should be strictly liable in tort towards the sex-slaves. Such an approach is both normatively defensible and doctrinally feasible. As I have argued elsewhere, fairness and equality demand that clients compensate sex-slaves even if one refuses to acknowledge that fault is involved in purchasing sex from a prostitute who might be forced. In this article I argue that such strict liability could be grounded in the tort of conversion, and not only (as argued elsewhere) in battery. Since the quintessential experience of sex-slaves is that of being treated as chattels, the appropriate legal response is to allow them to benefit from the strict liability imposed on those who interfere with an owner's dominion over his property. Accordingly, sex-slaves should be viewed as both subjects and objects. As subjects they can sue clients for the violation of their sexual autonomy manifested by their treatment as objects. This approach is both advantageous to sex-slaves, in the sense it affords them protection that might not otherwise exist, and fair, since the ultimate response to the objectification of sex-slaves by clients should be to afford the former a proprietary-based claim against the latter. I further explain why my approach is not problematic on conceptual grounds, anti-commodification sentiments or feminist concerns with the symbolic message of my solution: that the law treats women as property. Reprinted by permission of Springer In this article I argue that clients who purchase commercial sex from forced prostitutes should be strictly liable in tort towards the sex-slaves. Such an approach is both normatively defensible and doctrinally feasible. As I have argued elsewhere, fairness and equality demand that clients compensate sex-slaves even if one refuses to acknowledge that fault is involved in purchasing sex from a prostitute who might be forced. In this article I argue that such strict liability could be grounded in the tort of conversion, and not only (as argued elsewhere) in battery. Since the quintessential experience of sex-slaves is that of being treated as chattels, the appropriate legal response is to allow them to benefit from the strict liability imposed on those who interfere with an owner's dominion over his property. Accordingly, sexslaves should be viewed as both subjects and objects. As subjects they can sue clients for the violation of their sexual autonomy manifested by their treatment as objects. This approach is both advantageous to sex-slaves, in the sense it affords them protection that might not otherwise exist, and fair, since the ultimate response to the objectification of sex-slaves by clients should be to afford the former a proprietary-based claim against the latter. I further explain why my approach is not problematic on conceptual grounds, anticommodification sentiments or feminist concerns with the symbolic message of my solution: that the law treats women as property. |
| Author | KEREN-PAZ, TSACHI |
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| Keywords | Fetishism Sexual Autonomy Bodily Integrity Strict Liability Ultimate Response |
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| References | FriedmannDaniel,The Objective Principle and Mistake and Involuntariness in Contract and RestitutionLaw Quarterly Review20031197493 AbelRichard L,A Critique of TortsUniversity of California, Los Angeles Law Review199037785831 Kant, Immanuel, Lectures on Ethics L. Infield trans., J. Macmurray rev. ed (1930). McGregorHarveyMcGregor on Damages200317LondonSweet & Maxwell Torts (Interference with Goods Act) 1977, Ch. 32. Tallahassee v Macon 8 Fla 299 (1859). Suicide Act 1961, Ch. 60. Kuwait Airways Co v Iraqi Airways Co [2002] 2 AC 883. Anderson, B. and Julia O’Connell Davidson, Is Trafficking in Human Beings Demand Driven? A Multi- Country Pilot Study, IOM Migrant Research Series NO. 15 (2003). MacKinnonCatharineToward a Feminist Theory of the State1989Cambridge, MassHarvard University Press M v Salsrevski, La (Be’er She’va) 4634/03 Tak-Av 2005 (3) 97 (2005). Solloway v McLaughlin[1938] A.C. 247, PC. AbelRichard L,General Damages are Incoherent, Incalculable, Incommensurable, and Inegalitarian (but Otherwise a Great Idea)DePaul Law Review200655253329 Stevens, Robert, Torts and Rights. (Oxford UP, 2007). Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, Ch. 37. Keren-PazTsachiTorts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice2007AldershotAshgate Ploni (R) v Kochick La.A. 247/07 (24.9.2009). Keren-Paz, Tsachi, Reforming Tracing Law: Some Lessons from Sex Trafficking SLS Conference, Keele University, September 7th (2009b) pp. 1–47. SebocAnthony J,Reparations, Unjust Enrichment and the Importance of Knowing the Difference between the TwoNew York University Annual Survey of American Law200358651657 RogersWVHWinfield and Jolowicz on Tort2006LondonSweet & Maxwell MacKinnonCatharineFeminism Unmodified1987Cambridge, MassHarvard University Press SteinfeldRobertThe Invention of Free Labor1991Chapel HillUniversity of North Carolina Press Keating, Gregory C., ‘Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents’, Southern California Law Review 74 (2000): 193–224. Hecht v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County (1993) 20 Cal. Rptr. 2d 275. DworkinAndreaIntercourse1987New YorkFree Press RadinMargaret J,Market InalienabilityHarvard Law Review19871001849193710.2307/1341192 K v Jaack, CC (Tel Aviv) 2191/02 Tak-Meh 2006 (1) 7885 (2006). Sale of Goods Act 1979, Ch. 54. Coy, Maddy, Miranda Horvath and Liz Kelly, `It's Just Like Going to the Supermarket: Men Buying Sex in East London’ (CWASU, London Metropolitan University, 2007). WeinribErnest J,Restitutionary Damages as Corrective JusticeTheoretical Inquiries in Law19991137 State of Israel v Rabi’eeBS (Haifa) 4891/00 (01/01/2001). Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965). Yearworth v North Bristol NHS Trust (2009) EWCA Civ 37. Hollins v Fowler (1875) LR 7 HL 757. DicksonSandraWhen Women are Trafficked: Quantifying the Gendered Experience of Trafficking in the UK2004LondonThe POPPY Project Restatement (Second) Contracts (1981). Aitken v Richardson [1967] 2 NZLR 15. Sales Act 5728-1968 (Isr). Marfani v Midland Bank [1968] 1 WLR 956. Clayton v Leroy [1911] 2 K.B. 1031. JaffeLouis L,Damages for Personal Injury: The Impact of InsuranceLaw & Contemporary Problems19531821924010.2307/1190249 Keren-Paz, Tsachi, and Nomi Levenkron, ‘Clients’ Fault-Based Liability for Purchasing Sex from Forced Prostitutes’ (under submission, on file with author) (2010) pp. 1–40. Levenkron, Nomi, email correspondence with author 1st October (2009). AT v Dulghieru [2009] EWHC 225 (QB). AlbertAlexaBrothel Mustang Ranch and Its Women2001NYRandom House Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994, Ch. 32. Dagan, Hanoch, The Law and Ethics of Restitution. (Cambridge UP, 2004). CohenFelix S,Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional ApproachColumbia Law Review19353580984910.2307/1116300 Keren-PazTsachi,Compensating Injury to Autonomy: Normative Evaluation, Recent Developments and Future TendenciesColman Law Review200722187266 RadinMargaret J,Compensation and CommensurabilityDuke L. J.199343568610.2307/1372746 Motis Exports v Dampskibsselskabet AF 1912 A/S [2000] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 211. R v. Bentham [2005] UKHL 18. Levenkron, Nomi, The Legalization of Prostitution: Myth and Reality – A Comparative Study of Four Countries (2007). State of Israel v Lifshin Cr.A. (Tel-Aviv) 1123/03 (29.1.04). Lancashire and Yorkshire Ry v MacNicholl, (1919) 88 LJKB 601. State of Israel v. Yosef SCrC1210/01 (15/1/03). Basely v Clarkson (1681) 3 Lev 37 (CP). Dagan, Hanoch, Market Overt as Insurance, in S. Lerner and D. Lewinsoh-Zamir (eds.), Essays in Honour of Joshua Weisman (2002), pp. 15–42. Hughes, Donna, Best Practices to Address the Demand Side of Sex Trafficking (2004). The Queen v Tang [2008] HCA 39. Dobson v North TynesideHealth Authority [1996] 4 All ER 474. The Criminal Code (Cth) (Aust). Schemmell v Pomeroy (1989) 50 SASR 450. Hunter v Canary Wharf [1997] AC 655. Toor v Bassi [1999] EGCS 9. Ashley v CC Sussex Police [2008] UKHL 25. Tucker v Wright (1826) 3 Bing. 601. Orren, Karen, Belated Feudalism: Labor, the Law, and Liberal Development in the United States (Cambridge UP, 1991). Rolle Abr. Tit. Action Sur Case p5 (equine variety). BinghamNicola,Nevada Sex Trade: A Gamble for the WorkersYale Journal of Law and Feminism1998106999 FletcherGeorge P,Fairness and Utility in Tort TheoryHarvard Law Review19728553757310.2307/1339623 OBG Ltd v Allan [2007] UKHL 21. R v Maka [2005] EWCA Crim 3365. Roberts v McDougall (1887) 3 TLR 666. Keren-Paz, Tsachi, ‘An Essay on Banalization of Slavery, Devaluation of Sex-Workers’ Labor and Deprivation of Victims of Trafficking’ in Concord Research Institute for Integration of International Law in Israel. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=980075 (2009a) pp. 1–55. Keren-PazTsachiNomiLevenkron‘Clients’ Strict Liability Towards Victims of Sex-TraffickingLegal Studies20092943846310.1111/j.1748-121X.2009.00131.x Moore v Regents of California University 51 Cal 3rd 120 (1990). NussbaumMartha,ObjectificationPhilosophy & Public Affaires199524256291 United Australia Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd [1941] AC 1. WitzlebNormannRobynCarrollThe Role of Vindication in the Law of RemediesTort LR2009171644 Ploni v State of Israel Cr.A. 371/06 (30.4.2008). Williams v Williams (1882) 20 Ch D 659. 9064_CR5 9064_CR25 9064_CR6 9064_CR26 9064_CR7 9064_CR27 9064_CR8 9064_CR28 9064_CR1 9064_CR21 9064_CR2 9064_CR22 9064_CR3 9064_CR23 9064_CR4 9064_CR24 9064_CR20 9064_CR18 9064_CR19 9064_CR14 9064_CR15 9064_CR16 9064_CR17 9064_CR10 9064_CR32 9064_CR11 9064_CR33 9064_CR12 9064_CR34 9064_CR13 9064_CR35 9064_CR30 9064_CR31 9064_CR9 9064_CR29 |
| References_xml | – reference: Tucker v Wright (1826) 3 Bing. 601. – reference: Torts (Interference with Goods Act) 1977, Ch. 32. – reference: Dagan, Hanoch, The Law and Ethics of Restitution. (Cambridge UP, 2004). – reference: Keren-Paz, Tsachi, and Nomi Levenkron, ‘Clients’ Fault-Based Liability for Purchasing Sex from Forced Prostitutes’ (under submission, on file with author) (2010) pp. 1–40. – reference: Levenkron, Nomi, The Legalization of Prostitution: Myth and Reality – A Comparative Study of Four Countries (2007). – reference: Keren-PazTsachiTorts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice2007AldershotAshgate – reference: NussbaumMartha,ObjectificationPhilosophy & Public Affaires199524256291 – reference: Solloway v McLaughlin[1938] A.C. 247, PC. – reference: State of Israel v Rabi’eeBS (Haifa) 4891/00 (01/01/2001). – reference: AlbertAlexaBrothel Mustang Ranch and Its Women2001NYRandom House – reference: Williams v Williams (1882) 20 Ch D 659. – reference: Hollins v Fowler (1875) LR 7 HL 757. – reference: Yearworth v North Bristol NHS Trust (2009) EWCA Civ 37. – reference: JaffeLouis L,Damages for Personal Injury: The Impact of InsuranceLaw & Contemporary Problems19531821924010.2307/1190249 – reference: Keren-PazTsachiNomiLevenkron‘Clients’ Strict Liability Towards Victims of Sex-TraffickingLegal Studies20092943846310.1111/j.1748-121X.2009.00131.x – reference: Levenkron, Nomi, email correspondence with author 1st October (2009). – reference: K v Jaack, CC (Tel Aviv) 2191/02 Tak-Meh 2006 (1) 7885 (2006). – reference: OBG Ltd v Allan [2007] UKHL 21. – reference: Dobson v North TynesideHealth Authority [1996] 4 All ER 474. – reference: MacKinnonCatharineToward a Feminist Theory of the State1989Cambridge, MassHarvard University Press – reference: R v. Bentham [2005] UKHL 18. – reference: State of Israel v Lifshin Cr.A. (Tel-Aviv) 1123/03 (29.1.04). – reference: Keren-PazTsachi,Compensating Injury to Autonomy: Normative Evaluation, Recent Developments and Future TendenciesColman Law Review200722187266 – reference: WeinribErnest J,Restitutionary Damages as Corrective JusticeTheoretical Inquiries in Law19991137 – reference: Clayton v Leroy [1911] 2 K.B. 1031. – reference: Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965). – reference: Restatement (Second) Contracts (1981). – reference: The Criminal Code (Cth) (Aust). – reference: McGregorHarveyMcGregor on Damages200317LondonSweet & Maxwell – reference: Lancashire and Yorkshire Ry v MacNicholl, (1919) 88 LJKB 601. – reference: Toor v Bassi [1999] EGCS 9. – reference: Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994, Ch. 32. – reference: Sale of Goods Act 1979, Ch. 54. – reference: CohenFelix S,Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional ApproachColumbia Law Review19353580984910.2307/1116300 – reference: The Queen v Tang [2008] HCA 39. – reference: Ashley v CC Sussex Police [2008] UKHL 25. – reference: Kuwait Airways Co v Iraqi Airways Co [2002] 2 AC 883. – reference: RadinMargaret J,Market InalienabilityHarvard Law Review19871001849193710.2307/1341192 – reference: Hecht v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County (1993) 20 Cal. Rptr. 2d 275. – reference: Moore v Regents of California University 51 Cal 3rd 120 (1990). – reference: Hunter v Canary Wharf [1997] AC 655. – reference: AT v Dulghieru [2009] EWHC 225 (QB). – reference: Marfani v Midland Bank [1968] 1 WLR 956. – reference: Tallahassee v Macon 8 Fla 299 (1859). – reference: Basely v Clarkson (1681) 3 Lev 37 (CP). – reference: Kant, Immanuel, Lectures on Ethics L. Infield trans., J. Macmurray rev. ed (1930). – reference: R v Maka [2005] EWCA Crim 3365. – reference: Suicide Act 1961, Ch. 60. – reference: Coy, Maddy, Miranda Horvath and Liz Kelly, `It's Just Like Going to the Supermarket: Men Buying Sex in East London’ (CWASU, London Metropolitan University, 2007). – reference: Rolle Abr. Tit. Action Sur Case p5 (equine variety). – reference: RadinMargaret J,Compensation and CommensurabilityDuke L. J.199343568610.2307/1372746 – reference: Orren, Karen, Belated Feudalism: Labor, the Law, and Liberal Development in the United States (Cambridge UP, 1991). – reference: Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, Ch. 37. – reference: AbelRichard L,A Critique of TortsUniversity of California, Los Angeles Law Review199037785831 – reference: State of Israel v. 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| Snippet | In this article I argue that clients who purchase commercial sex from forced prostitutes should be strictly liable in tort towards the sex-slaves. Such an... |
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| SubjectTerms | Chattel Conceptualization Conversation Criminal conversion Defendants Ethics Forced prostitution Law Law and Criminology Legal History Legal norms Liability Litigation Objectification Philosophy of Law Political Philosophy Property rights Prostitution Sex workers Slavery Sociology of law Strict liability Theories of Law Torts |
| Title | POETIC JUSTICE: WHY SEX-SLAVES SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO SUE IGNORANT CLIENTS IN CONVERSION |
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