Heat stress decreases expression of the cytokines, avian β-defensins 4 and 6 and Toll-like receptor 2 in broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis

• Published in: Veterinary immunology and immunopathology Vol. 186; pp. 19 - 28
• Main Authors: Quinteiro-Filho, W.M., Calefi, A.S., Cruz, D.S.G., Aloia, T.P.A., Zager, A., Astolfi-Ferreira, C.S., Piantino Ferreira, J.A., Sharif, S., Palermo-Neto, J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.04.2017
• Subjects: ambient temperature; animal welfare; Animals; beta-Defensins - biosynthesis; blood serum; bone marrow; Bone Marrow - microbiology; broiler chickens; cecum; Chickens; Corticosterone; Corticosterone - blood; crop (digestive system); Cytokines; Cytokines - biosynthesis; disease resistance; gene expression; Heat stress; Heat-Shock Response; human diseases; immune response; immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin A - blood; Immunoglobulin G - blood; interferon-gamma; Interferon-gamma - blood; interleukin-10; interleukin-12; interleukin-1beta; interleukin-6; liver; Liver - microbiology; messenger RNA; microbial colonization; Neuroimmunomodulation; pathogens; Poultry Diseases - immunology; poultry production; Salmonella; Salmonella Enteritidis; Salmonella enteritidis - immunology; Salmonella Infections, Animal - immunology; Salmonella Infections, Animal - microbiology; salmonellosis; spleen; Spleen - immunology; Spleen - microbiology; Toll-like receptor; Toll-like receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 2 - biosynthesis; tonsils; transforming growth factor beta; Salmonella; Heat stress; Cytokines; Corticosterone; Neuroimmunomodulation; Toll-like receptor
• ISSN: 0165-2427; 1873-2534; 1873-2534
• DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.02.006

•Relation of heat stress and Salmonella infection on chicken's immunity were assessed.•Heat stress activates HPA-axis, increasing corticosterone release.•Heat stress decreases several cytokines in Salmonella-infected chickens.•Heat stress decreases AvBD4 and 6, and TLR2 in Salmonella-infected chickens.•Heat stress increases Salmonella presence in crop, caecum, liver and bone marrow. A high ambient temperature is a highly relevant stressor in poultry production. Heat stress (HS) has been reported to reduce animal welfare, performance indices and increase Salmonella susceptibility. Salmonella spp. are major zoonotic pathogen that cause over 1 billion of human infections worldwide annually. Therefore, the current study was designed to analyze the effect of heat stress on Salmonella infection in chickens through modulation of the immune responses. Salmonella Enteritidis was inoculated via gavage at one day of age (106cfu/mL). Heat stress 31±1°C was applied from 35 to 41 days of age. Broiler chickens were divided into the following groups of 12 chickens: control (C); heat stress (HS31°C); S. Enteritidis positive control (PC); and S. Enteritidis+heat stress (PHS31°C). We observed that heat stress increased corticosterone serum levels. Concomitantly heat stress decreased (1) the IgA and IFN-γ plasmatic levels; (2) the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-12 in spleen and IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β in cecal tonsils; (3) the mRNA expression of AvBD4 and AvBD6 in cecal tonsils; and (4) the mRNA expression of TLR2 in spleen and cecal tonsils of chickens infected with S. Enteritidis (PHS31°C group). Heat stress also increased Salmonella colonization in the crop and caecum as well as Salmonella invasion to the spleen, liver and bone marrow, showing a deficiency in the control of S. Enteritidis induced infection. Together, the present data suggested that heat stress activated hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, as observed by the increase in the corticosterone levels, which in turn presumably decreases the immune system activity, leading to an impairment of the intestinal mucosal barrier and increasing chicken susceptibility to the invasion of different organs by S. Enteritidis .