Sex differences in breathing

Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in respiratory physiology rely heavily on male subjects, there is much evidence to suggest that sex is an important factor...

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Published inComparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology Vol. 238; p. 110543
Main Authors Gargaglioni, Luciane H., Marques, Danuzia A., Patrone, Luis Gustavo A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 01.12.2019
Subjects
adulthood
Amphibian
brain stem
breathing
carbon dioxide
females
gender differences
gonads
hypercapnia
hypoxia
males
Mammals
menstrual cycle
muscles
oxygen
Respiration
Sex hormones
Sexual dimorphism
vertebrates
Sex hormones
Sexual dimorphism
Mammals
Respiration
Amphibian
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1095-6433
1531-4332
1531-4332
DOI10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110543

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Abstract Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in respiratory physiology rely heavily on male subjects, there is much evidence to suggest that sex is an important factor in the respiratory control system, including the susceptibility for some diseases. These different respiratory responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones, especially in adulthood. These hormones affect neuromodulatory systems that influence the central medullary rhythm/pontine pattern generator and integrator, sensory inputs to the integrator and motor output to the respiratory muscles. In this article, we will first review the sex dependence on the prevalence of some respiratory-related diseases. Then, we will discuss the role of sex and gonadal hormones in respiratory control under resting conditions and during respiratory challenges, such as hypoxia and hypercapnia, and whether hormonal fluctuations during the estrous/menstrual cycle affect breathing control. We will then discuss the role of the locus coeruleus, a sexually dimorphic CO2/pH-chemosensitive nucleus, on breathing regulation in males and females. Next, we will highlight the studies that exist regarding sex differences in respiratory control during development. Finally, the few existing studies regarding the influence of sex on breathing control in non-mammalian vertebrates will be discussed. •Some respiratory-related disorders are sexually dimorphic, and sex hormones plays a role in the incidence and development of these diseases.•The effects of sex hormones on ventilation are equivocal possibly due to erroneous comparisons.•There is not a consensus about the influence of the menstrual and estrous cycles on breathing control under room air, hypoxia and hypercapnia.•Locus coeruleus is a dimorphic nucleus that affects CO2-drive to breath in a sex-dependent way, changing respiratory frequency in females and tidal volume in males.•In non-mammalian vertebrates, sex is also an important factor that affect breathing control and should be considered for future studies.
AbstractList Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in respiratory physiology rely heavily on male subjects, there is much evidence to suggest that sex is an important factor in the respiratory control system, including the susceptibility for some diseases. These different respiratory responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones, especially in adulthood. These hormones affect neuromodulatory systems that influence the central medullary rhythm/pontine pattern generator and integrator, sensory inputs to the integrator and motor output to the respiratory muscles. In this article, we will first review the sex dependence on the prevalence of some respiratory-related diseases. Then, we will discuss the role of sex and gonadal hormones in respiratory control under resting conditions and during respiratory challenges, such as hypoxia and hypercapnia, and whether hormonal fluctuations during the estrous/menstrual cycle affect breathing control. We will then discuss the role of the locus coeruleus, a sexually dimorphic CO2/pH-chemosensitive nucleus, on breathing regulation in males and females. Next, we will highlight the studies that exist regarding sex differences in respiratory control during development. Finally, the few existing studies regarding the influence of sex on breathing control in non-mammalian vertebrates will be discussed. •Some respiratory-related disorders are sexually dimorphic, and sex hormones plays a role in the incidence and development of these diseases.•The effects of sex hormones on ventilation are equivocal possibly due to erroneous comparisons.•There is not a consensus about the influence of the menstrual and estrous cycles on breathing control under room air, hypoxia and hypercapnia.•Locus coeruleus is a dimorphic nucleus that affects CO2-drive to breath in a sex-dependent way, changing respiratory frequency in females and tidal volume in males.•In non-mammalian vertebrates, sex is also an important factor that affect breathing control and should be considered for future studies.
Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in respiratory physiology rely heavily on male subjects, there is much evidence to suggest that sex is an important factor in the respiratory control system, including the susceptibility for some diseases. These different respiratory responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones, especially in adulthood. These hormones affect neuromodulatory systems that influence the central medullary rhythm/pontine pattern generator and integrator, sensory inputs to the integrator and motor output to the respiratory muscles. In this article, we will first review the sex dependence on the prevalence of some respiratory-related diseases. Then, we will discuss the role of sex and gonadal hormones in respiratory control under resting conditions and during respiratory challenges, such as hypoxia and hypercapnia, and whether hormonal fluctuations during the estrous/menstrual cycle affect breathing control. We will then discuss the role of the locus coeruleus, a sexually dimorphic CO2/pH-chemosensitive nucleus, on breathing regulation in males and females. Next, we will highlight the studies that exist regarding sex differences in respiratory control during development. Finally, the few existing studies regarding the influence of sex on breathing control in non-mammalian vertebrates will be discussed.Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in respiratory physiology rely heavily on male subjects, there is much evidence to suggest that sex is an important factor in the respiratory control system, including the susceptibility for some diseases. These different respiratory responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones, especially in adulthood. These hormones affect neuromodulatory systems that influence the central medullary rhythm/pontine pattern generator and integrator, sensory inputs to the integrator and motor output to the respiratory muscles. In this article, we will first review the sex dependence on the prevalence of some respiratory-related diseases. Then, we will discuss the role of sex and gonadal hormones in respiratory control under resting conditions and during respiratory challenges, such as hypoxia and hypercapnia, and whether hormonal fluctuations during the estrous/menstrual cycle affect breathing control. We will then discuss the role of the locus coeruleus, a sexually dimorphic CO2/pH-chemosensitive nucleus, on breathing regulation in males and females. Next, we will highlight the studies that exist regarding sex differences in respiratory control during development. Finally, the few existing studies regarding the influence of sex on breathing control in non-mammalian vertebrates will be discussed.
Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO , and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in respiratory physiology rely heavily on male subjects, there is much evidence to suggest that sex is an important factor in the respiratory control system, including the susceptibility for some diseases. These different respiratory responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones, especially in adulthood. These hormones affect neuromodulatory systems that influence the central medullary rhythm/pontine pattern generator and integrator, sensory inputs to the integrator and motor output to the respiratory muscles. In this article, we will first review the sex dependence on the prevalence of some respiratory-related diseases. Then, we will discuss the role of sex and gonadal hormones in respiratory control under resting conditions and during respiratory challenges, such as hypoxia and hypercapnia, and whether hormonal fluctuations during the estrous/menstrual cycle affect breathing control. We will then discuss the role of the locus coeruleus, a sexually dimorphic CO /pH-chemosensitive nucleus, on breathing regulation in males and females. Next, we will highlight the studies that exist regarding sex differences in respiratory control during development. Finally, the few existing studies regarding the influence of sex on breathing control in non-mammalian vertebrates will be discussed.
Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in respiratory physiology rely heavily on male subjects, there is much evidence to suggest that sex is an important factor in the respiratory control system, including the susceptibility for some diseases. These different respiratory responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones, especially in adulthood. These hormones affect neuromodulatory systems that influence the central medullary rhythm/pontine pattern generator and integrator, sensory inputs to the integrator and motor output to the respiratory muscles. In this article, we will first review the sex dependence on the prevalence of some respiratory-related diseases. Then, we will discuss the role of sex and gonadal hormones in respiratory control under resting conditions and during respiratory challenges, such as hypoxia and hypercapnia, and whether hormonal fluctuations during the estrous/menstrual cycle affect breathing control. We will then discuss the role of the locus coeruleus, a sexually dimorphic CO2/pH-chemosensitive nucleus, on breathing regulation in males and females. Next, we will highlight the studies that exist regarding sex differences in respiratory control during development. Finally, the few existing studies regarding the influence of sex on breathing control in non-mammalian vertebrates will be discussed.
ArticleNumber 110543
Author Patrone, Luis Gustavo A.
Gargaglioni, Luciane H.
Marques, Danuzia A.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Luciane H.
  surname: Gargaglioni
  fullname: Gargaglioni, Luciane H.
  email: luciane.gargaglioni@unesp.br
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Danuzia A.
  surname: Marques
  fullname: Marques, Danuzia A.
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Luis Gustavo A.
  surname: Patrone
  fullname: Patrone, Luis Gustavo A.
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31445081$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that...
Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO , and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that...
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crossref
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StartPage 110543
SubjectTerms adulthood
Amphibian
brain stem
breathing
carbon dioxide
females
gender differences
gonads
hypercapnia
hypoxia
males
Mammals
menstrual cycle
muscles
oxygen
Respiration
Sex hormones
Sexual dimorphism
vertebrates
Title Sex differences in breathing
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110543
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31445081
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