Generalizing Parkinson’s disease detection using keystroke dynamics: a self-supervised approach

• Published in: Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA Vol. 31; no. 6; pp. 1239 - 1246
• Main Authors: Tripathi, Shikha, Acien, Alejandro, Holmes, Ashley A, Arroyo-Gallego, Teresa, Giancardo, Luca
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Oxford University Press 20.05.2024
• Subjects: Aged; Algorithms; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Parkinson Disease - diagnosis; Research and Applications; Supervised Machine Learning; neurodegenerative diseases; self-supervised learning; machine learning; Parkinson’s disease; user-device interaction
• ISSN: 1067-5027; 1527-974X; 1527-974X
• DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocae050

Objective Passive monitoring of touchscreen interactions generates keystroke dynamic signals that can be used to detect and track neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and psychomotor impairment with minimal burden on the user. However, this typically requires datasets with clinically confirmed labels collected in standardized environments, which is challenging, especially for a large subject pool. This study validates the efficacy of a self-supervised learning method in reducing the reliance on labels and evaluates its generalizability. Materials and Methods We propose a new type of self-supervised loss combining Barlow Twins loss, which attempts to create similar feature representations with reduced feature redundancy for samples coming from the same subject, and a Dissimilarity loss, which promotes uncorrelated features for samples generated by different subjects. An encoder is first pre-trained using this loss on unlabeled data from an uncontrolled setting, then fine-tuned with clinically validated data. Our experiments test the model generalizability with controls and subjects with PD on 2 independent datasets. Results Our approach showed better generalization compared to previous methods, including a feature engineering strategy, a deep learning model pre-trained on Parkinsonian signs, and a traditional supervised model. Discussion The absence of standardized data acquisition protocols and the limited availability of annotated datasets compromise the generalizability of supervised models. In these contexts, self-supervised models offer the advantage of learning more robust patterns from the data, bypassing the need for ground truth labels. Conclusion This approach has the potential to accelerate the clinical validation of touchscreen typing software for neurodegenerative diseases.