Revisiting the form and function of conflict: Neurobiological, psychological, and cultural mechanisms for attack and defense within and between groups

Conflict can profoundly affect individuals and their groups. Oftentimes, conflict involves a clash between one side seeking change and increased gains through victory and the other side defending the status quo and protecting against loss and defeat. However, theory and empirical research largely ne...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inThe Behavioral and brain sciences Vol. 42; p. e116
Main Authors De Dreu, Carsten K. W., Gross, Jörg
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published New York, USA Cambridge University Press 01.01.2019
Subjects
Aggression
Behavior
Between-subjects design
Competition
Competitiveness
Cooperation
Defense
Elitism
Game theory
Neural networks
Oxytocin
Sex differences
Social behavior
Target Article
Withdrawal
behavioral game theory
intergroup relations
psychological adaptations
coevolution of prosociality and aggression
biobehavioral approach–avoidance
cultural institutions
conflict intervention
conflict
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0140-525X
1469-1825
1469-1825
DOI10.1017/S0140525X18002170

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Abstract Conflict can profoundly affect individuals and their groups. Oftentimes, conflict involves a clash between one side seeking change and increased gains through victory and the other side defending the status quo and protecting against loss and defeat. However, theory and empirical research largely neglected these conflicts between attackers and defenders, and the strategic, social, and psychological consequences of attack and defense remain poorly understood. To fill this void, we model (1) the clashing of attack and defense as games of strategy and reveal that (2) attack benefits from mismatching its target's level of defense, whereas defense benefits from matching the attacker's competitiveness. This suggests that (3) attack recruits neuroendocrine pathways underlying behavioral activation and overconfidence, whereas defense invokes neural networks for behavioral inhibition, vigilant scanning, and hostile attributions; and that (4) people invest less in attack than defense, and attack often fails. Finally, we propose that (5) in intergroup conflict, out-group attack needs institutional arrangements that motivate and coordinate collective action, whereas in-group defense benefits from endogenously emerging in-group identification. We discuss how games of attack and defense may have shaped human capacities for prosociality and aggression, and how third parties can regulate such conflicts and reduce their waste.
AbstractList Conflict can profoundly affect individuals and their groups. Oftentimes, conflict involves a clash between one side seeking change and increased gains through victory and the other side defending the status quo and protecting against loss and defeat. However, theory and empirical research largely neglected these conflicts between attackers and defenders, and the strategic, social, and psychological consequences of attack and defense remain poorly understood. To fill this void, we model (1) the clashing of attack and defense as games of strategy and reveal that (2) attack benefits from mismatching its target's level of defense, whereas defense benefits from matching the attacker's competitiveness. This suggests that (3) attack recruits neuroendocrine pathways underlying behavioral activation and overconfidence, whereas defense invokes neural networks for behavioral inhibition, vigilant scanning, and hostile attributions; and that (4) people invest less in attack than defense, and attack often fails. Finally, we propose that (5) in intergroup conflict, out-group attack needs institutional arrangements that motivate and coordinate collective action, whereas in-group defense benefits from endogenously emerging in-group identification. We discuss how games of attack and defense may have shaped human capacities for prosociality and aggression, and how third parties can regulate such conflicts and reduce their waste.
Conflict can profoundly affect individuals and their groups. Oftentimes, conflict involves a clash between one side seeking change and increased gains through victory and the other side defending the status quo and protecting against loss and defeat. However, theory and empirical research largely neglected these conflicts between attackers and defenders, and the strategic, social, and psychological consequences of attack and defense remain poorly understood. To fill this void, we model (1) the clashing of attack and defense as games of strategy and reveal that (2) attack benefits from mismatching its target's level of defense, whereas defense benefits from matching the attacker's competitiveness. This suggests that (3) attack recruits neuroendocrine pathways underlying behavioral activation and overconfidence, whereas defense invokes neural networks for behavioral inhibition, vigilant scanning, and hostile attributions; and that (4) people invest less in attack than defense, and attack often fails. Finally, we propose that (5) in intergroup conflict, out-group attack needs institutional arrangements that motivate and coordinate collective action, whereas in-group defense benefits from endogenously emerging in-group identification. We discuss how games of attack and defense may have shaped human capacities for prosociality and aggression, and how third parties can regulate such conflicts and reduce their waste.Conflict can profoundly affect individuals and their groups. Oftentimes, conflict involves a clash between one side seeking change and increased gains through victory and the other side defending the status quo and protecting against loss and defeat. However, theory and empirical research largely neglected these conflicts between attackers and defenders, and the strategic, social, and psychological consequences of attack and defense remain poorly understood. To fill this void, we model (1) the clashing of attack and defense as games of strategy and reveal that (2) attack benefits from mismatching its target's level of defense, whereas defense benefits from matching the attacker's competitiveness. This suggests that (3) attack recruits neuroendocrine pathways underlying behavioral activation and overconfidence, whereas defense invokes neural networks for behavioral inhibition, vigilant scanning, and hostile attributions; and that (4) people invest less in attack than defense, and attack often fails. Finally, we propose that (5) in intergroup conflict, out-group attack needs institutional arrangements that motivate and coordinate collective action, whereas in-group defense benefits from endogenously emerging in-group identification. We discuss how games of attack and defense may have shaped human capacities for prosociality and aggression, and how third parties can regulate such conflicts and reduce their waste.
ArticleNumber e116
Author De Dreu, Carsten K. W.
Gross, Jörg
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Carsten K. W.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3692-4611
  surname: De Dreu
  fullname: De Dreu, Carsten K. W.
  email: c.k.w.de.dreu@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
  organization: Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands c.k.w.de.dreu@fsw.leidenuniv.nl mail@joerg-gross.net https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/carsten-de-dreu http://www.joerg-gross.net
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  givenname: Jörg
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5403-9475
  surname: Gross
  fullname: Gross, Jörg
  email: c.k.w.de.dreu@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
  organization: Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands c.k.w.de.dreu@fsw.leidenuniv.nl mail@joerg-gross.net https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/carsten-de-dreu http://www.joerg-gross.net
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Keywords behavioral game theory
intergroup relations
psychological adaptations
coevolution of prosociality and aggression
biobehavioral approach–avoidance
cultural institutions
conflict intervention
conflict
Language English
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PublicationTitle The Behavioral and brain sciences
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Snippet Conflict can profoundly affect individuals and their groups. Oftentimes, conflict involves a clash between one side seeking change and increased gains through...
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SubjectTerms Aggression
Behavior
Between-subjects design
Competition
Competitiveness
Cooperation
Defense
Elitism
Game theory
Neural networks
Oxytocin
Sex differences
Social behavior
Target Article
Withdrawal
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Title Revisiting the form and function of conflict: Neurobiological, psychological, and cultural mechanisms for attack and defense within and between groups
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