Effects of global environmental changes on parasitoid–host food webs and biological control

•Food-web approaches quantify changes to community-wide interactions.•For biocontrol, webs quantify attack rates, non-target impacts, use of alternative hosts, etc.•An increasing number of studies are finding effects of environmental changes on parsitoid–host networks.•Changes to biomass at differen...

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Published inBiological control Vol. 75; pp. 77 - 86
Main Authors Tylianakis, Jason M., Binzer, Amrei
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Amsterdam Elsevier Inc 01.08.2014
Elsevier
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1049-9644
1090-2112
DOI10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.10.003

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Abstract •Food-web approaches quantify changes to community-wide interactions.•For biocontrol, webs quantify attack rates, non-target impacts, use of alternative hosts, etc.•An increasing number of studies are finding effects of environmental changes on parsitoid–host networks.•Changes to biomass at different trophic levels, web complexity and interaction evenness have all been shown. Global environmental changes threaten biodiversity and the interactions between species, and food-web approaches are being used increasingly to measure their community-wide impacts. Here we review how parasitoid–host food webs affect biological control, and how their structure responds to environmental change. We find that land-use intensification tends to produce webs with low complexity and uneven interaction strengths. Dispersal, spatial arrangement of habitats, the species pool and community differences across habitats have all been found to determine how webs respond to landscape structure, though clear effects of landscape complexity on web structure remain elusive. The invasibility of web structures and response of food webs to invasion have been the subject of theoretical and empirical work respectively, and nutrient enrichment has been widely studied in the food-web literature, potentially driving dynamic instability and altering biomass ratios of different trophic levels. Combined with food-web changes observed under climate change, these responses of food webs could signal changes to biological control, though there have been surprisingly few studies linking food-web structure to pest control, and these have produced mixed results. However, there is strong potential for food-web approaches to add value to biological control research, as parasitoid–host webs have been used to predict indirect effects among hosts that share enemies, to study non-target effects of biological control agents and to quantify the use of alternative prey resources by enemies. Future work is needed to link food-web interactions with evolutionary responses to the environment and predator–prey interactions, while incorporating recent advances in predator biodiversity research. This holistic understanding of agroecosystem responses and functioning, made possible by food-web approaches, may hold the key to better management of biological control in changing environments.
AbstractList Global environmental changes threaten biodiversity and the interactions between species, and food-web approaches are being used increasingly to measure their community-wide impacts. Here we review how parasitoid–host food webs affect biological control, and how their structure responds to environmental change. We find that land-use intensification tends to produce webs with low complexity and uneven interaction strengths. Dispersal, spatial arrangement of habitats, the species pool and community differences across habitats have all been found to determine how webs respond to landscape structure, though clear effects of landscape complexity on web structure remain elusive. The invasibility of web structures and response of food webs to invasion have been the subject of theoretical and empirical work respectively, and nutrient enrichment has been widely studied in the food-web literature, potentially driving dynamic instability and altering biomass ratios of different trophic levels. Combined with food-web changes observed under climate change, these responses of food webs could signal changes to biological control, though there have been surprisingly few studies linking food-web structure to pest control, and these have produced mixed results. However, there is strong potential for food-web approaches to add value to biological control research, as parasitoid–host webs have been used to predict indirect effects among hosts that share enemies, to study non-target effects of biological control agents and to quantify the use of alternative prey resources by enemies. Future work is needed to link food-web interactions with evolutionary responses to the environment and predator–prey interactions, while incorporating recent advances in predator biodiversity research. This holistic understanding of agroecosystem responses and functioning, made possible by food-web approaches, may hold the key to better management of biological control in changing environments.
•Food-web approaches quantify changes to community-wide interactions.•For biocontrol, webs quantify attack rates, non-target impacts, use of alternative hosts, etc.•An increasing number of studies are finding effects of environmental changes on parsitoid–host networks.•Changes to biomass at different trophic levels, web complexity and interaction evenness have all been shown. Global environmental changes threaten biodiversity and the interactions between species, and food-web approaches are being used increasingly to measure their community-wide impacts. Here we review how parasitoid–host food webs affect biological control, and how their structure responds to environmental change. We find that land-use intensification tends to produce webs with low complexity and uneven interaction strengths. Dispersal, spatial arrangement of habitats, the species pool and community differences across habitats have all been found to determine how webs respond to landscape structure, though clear effects of landscape complexity on web structure remain elusive. The invasibility of web structures and response of food webs to invasion have been the subject of theoretical and empirical work respectively, and nutrient enrichment has been widely studied in the food-web literature, potentially driving dynamic instability and altering biomass ratios of different trophic levels. Combined with food-web changes observed under climate change, these responses of food webs could signal changes to biological control, though there have been surprisingly few studies linking food-web structure to pest control, and these have produced mixed results. However, there is strong potential for food-web approaches to add value to biological control research, as parasitoid–host webs have been used to predict indirect effects among hosts that share enemies, to study non-target effects of biological control agents and to quantify the use of alternative prey resources by enemies. Future work is needed to link food-web interactions with evolutionary responses to the environment and predator–prey interactions, while incorporating recent advances in predator biodiversity research. This holistic understanding of agroecosystem responses and functioning, made possible by food-web approaches, may hold the key to better management of biological control in changing environments.
Author Tylianakis, Jason M.
Binzer, Amrei
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  givenname: Amrei
  surname: Binzer
  fullname: Binzer, Amrei
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  organization: J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Keywords Climate
Top-down
Apparent competition
Trophic cascade
Network
Bottom-up
Competition
Biological control
Host
Trophic chain
Parasitoid
Food web
Global change
Environment
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Snippet •Food-web approaches quantify changes to community-wide interactions.•For biocontrol, webs quantify attack rates, non-target impacts, use of alternative hosts,...
Global environmental changes threaten biodiversity and the interactions between species, and food-web approaches are being used increasingly to measure their...
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SubjectTerms agroecosystems
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Apparent competition
Applied ecology
bioactive properties
biodiversity
Biological and medical sciences
Biological control
biological control agents
biomass
Bottom-up
Climate
climate change
Control
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
habitats
hosts
land use
landscapes
Network
pest control
Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection
predator-prey relationships
Protozoa. Invertebrates
Top-down
Trophic cascade
trophic levels
Title Effects of global environmental changes on parasitoid–host food webs and biological control
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.10.003
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1544001309
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1825421496
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