Dog rabies control in West and Central Africa: A review
Rabies is a neglected but preventable zoonotic disease that predominantly affects the most vulnerable populations living in remote rural areas of resource-limited countries. To date, every country on the African mainland is considered endemic for dog-mediated rabies with an estimated 21′500 human ra...
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| Published in | Acta tropica Vol. 224; p. 105459 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
01.12.2021
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0001-706X 1873-6254 1873-6254 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105459 |
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| Abstract | Rabies is a neglected but preventable zoonotic disease that predominantly affects the most vulnerable populations living in remote rural areas of resource-limited countries. To date, every country on the African mainland is considered endemic for dog-mediated rabies with an estimated 21′500 human rabies deaths occurring each year. In 2018, the United Against Rabies collaboration launched the Global Strategic Plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. The epidemiology of rabies from most Western and Central African countries remains poorly defined, making it difficult to assess the overall rabies situation and progress towards the 2030 goal.
In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the current rabies situation in 22 West and Central African countries based on published scientific literature and information obtained from rabies focal points. To this end, information was collected on i) established surveillance, ii) diagnostic capacity, iii) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) availability and coverage, iv) dog population estimates, v) dog vaccination campaigns, vi) animal and human health communication (One Health), vii) molecular studies, viii) Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP), ix) cost estimates and x) national control strategies.
Although rabies is a notifiable disease in the majority of the studied countries, national surveillance systems do not adequately capture the disease. A general lack of rabies diagnostic capacity has an additional negative impact on rabies surveillance and attempts to estimate rabies burden. Recurrent shortages of human rabies vaccine are reported by all of the countries, with vaccine availability usually limited to major urban centers but no country has yet adopted the new WHO-recommended 1-week intradermal vaccination regimen. Most countries carry out subsidized mass dog vaccination campaigns on World Rabies Day. Such activities are indispensable to keep rabies in the public consciousness but are not of the scale and intensity that is required to eliminate rabies from the dog population. Countries will need to scale up the intensity of their campaigns, if they are to progress towards the 2030 goal. But more than half of the countries do not yet have reliable figures on their dog populations. Only two countries reached stage 2 on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination ladder – indicating that their national governments have truly prioritized rabies elimination and are thus providing the necessary support and political buy-in required to achieve success.
In summary, the sub-region of West and Central Africa seems to be divided into countries which have accepted the challenge to eliminate rabies with governments committed to pushing forward rabies elimination, while other countries have achieved some progress, but elimination efforts remain stuck due to lacking government commitment and financial constraints. The possibility to meet the 2030 goal without international solidarity is low, because more than two-thirds of the countries rank in the low human development group (HDI ≤ 152). Leading countries should act as role models, sharing their experiences and capacities so that no country is left behind. Unified and with international support it is possible to reach the common goal of zero human rabies deaths by 2030. |
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| AbstractList | Rabies is a neglected but preventable zoonotic disease that predominantly affects the most vulnerable populations living in remote rural areas of resource-limited countries. To date, every country on the African mainland is considered endemic for dog-mediated rabies with an estimated 21'500 human rabies deaths occurring each year. In 2018, the United Against Rabies collaboration launched the Global Strategic Plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. The epidemiology of rabies from most Western and Central African countries remains poorly defined, making it difficult to assess the overall rabies situation and progress towards the 2030 goal. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the current rabies situation in 22 West and Central African countries based on published scientific literature and information obtained from rabies focal points. To this end, information was collected on i) established surveillance, ii) diagnostic capacity, iii) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) availability and coverage, iv) dog population estimates, v) dog vaccination campaigns, vi) animal and human health communication (One Health), vii) molecular studies, viii) Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP), ix) cost estimates and x) national control strategies. Although rabies is a notifiable disease in the majority of the studied countries, national surveillance systems do not adequately capture the disease. A general lack of rabies diagnostic capacity has an additional negative impact on rabies surveillance and attempts to estimate rabies burden. Recurrent shortages of human rabies vaccine are reported by all of the countries, with vaccine availability usually limited to major urban centers but no country has yet adopted the new WHO-recommended 1-week intradermal vaccination regimen. Most countries carry out subsidized mass dog vaccination campaigns on World Rabies Day. Such activities are indispensable to keep rabies in the public consciousness but are not of the scale and intensity that is required to eliminate rabies from the dog population. Countries will need to scale up the intensity of their campaigns, if they are to progress towards the 2030 goal. But more than half of the countries do not yet have reliable figures on their dog populations. Only two countries reached stage 2 on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination ladder - indicating that their national governments have truly prioritized rabies elimination and are thus providing the necessary support and political buy-in required to achieve success. In summary, the sub-region of West and Central Africa seems to be divided into countries which have accepted the challenge to eliminate rabies with governments committed to pushing forward rabies elimination, while other countries have achieved some progress, but elimination efforts remain stuck due to lacking government commitment and financial constraints. The possibility to meet the 2030 goal without international solidarity is low, because more than two-thirds of the countries rank in the low human development group (HDI ≤ 152). Leading countries should act as role models, sharing their experiences and capacities so that no country is left behind. Unified and with international support it is possible to reach the common goal of zero human rabies deaths by 2030. Rabies is a neglected but preventable zoonotic disease that predominantly affects the most vulnerable populations living in remote rural areas of resource-limited countries. To date, every country on the African mainland is considered endemic for dog-mediated rabies with an estimated 21'500 human rabies deaths occurring each year. In 2018, the United Against Rabies collaboration launched the Global Strategic Plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. The epidemiology of rabies from most Western and Central African countries remains poorly defined, making it difficult to assess the overall rabies situation and progress towards the 2030 goal. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the current rabies situation in 22 West and Central African countries based on published scientific literature and information obtained from rabies focal points. To this end, information was collected on i) established surveillance, ii) diagnostic capacity, iii) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) availability and coverage, iv) dog population estimates, v) dog vaccination campaigns, vi) animal and human health communication (One Health), vii) molecular studies, viii) Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP), ix) cost estimates and x) national control strategies. Although rabies is a notifiable disease in the majority of the studied countries, national surveillance systems do not adequately capture the disease. A general lack of rabies diagnostic capacity has an additional negative impact on rabies surveillance and attempts to estimate rabies burden. Recurrent shortages of human rabies vaccine are reported by all of the countries, with vaccine availability usually limited to major urban centers but no country has yet adopted the new WHO-recommended 1-week intradermal vaccination regimen. Most countries carry out subsidized mass dog vaccination campaigns on World Rabies Day. Such activities are indispensable to keep rabies in the public consciousness but are not of the scale and intensity that is required to eliminate rabies from the dog population. Countries will need to scale up the intensity of their campaigns, if they are to progress towards the 2030 goal. But more than half of the countries do not yet have reliable figures on their dog populations. Only two countries reached stage 2 on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination ladder - indicating that their national governments have truly prioritized rabies elimination and are thus providing the necessary support and political buy-in required to achieve success. In summary, the sub-region of West and Central Africa seems to be divided into countries which have accepted the challenge to eliminate rabies with governments committed to pushing forward rabies elimination, while other countries have achieved some progress, but elimination efforts remain stuck due to lacking government commitment and financial constraints. The possibility to meet the 2030 goal without international solidarity is low, because more than two-thirds of the countries rank in the low human development group (HDI ≤ 152). Leading countries should act as role models, sharing their experiences and capacities so that no country is left behind. Unified and with international support it is possible to reach the common goal of zero human rabies deaths by 2030.Rabies is a neglected but preventable zoonotic disease that predominantly affects the most vulnerable populations living in remote rural areas of resource-limited countries. To date, every country on the African mainland is considered endemic for dog-mediated rabies with an estimated 21'500 human rabies deaths occurring each year. In 2018, the United Against Rabies collaboration launched the Global Strategic Plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. The epidemiology of rabies from most Western and Central African countries remains poorly defined, making it difficult to assess the overall rabies situation and progress towards the 2030 goal. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the current rabies situation in 22 West and Central African countries based on published scientific literature and information obtained from rabies focal points. To this end, information was collected on i) established surveillance, ii) diagnostic capacity, iii) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) availability and coverage, iv) dog population estimates, v) dog vaccination campaigns, vi) animal and human health communication (One Health), vii) molecular studies, viii) Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP), ix) cost estimates and x) national control strategies. Although rabies is a notifiable disease in the majority of the studied countries, national surveillance systems do not adequately capture the disease. A general lack of rabies diagnostic capacity has an additional negative impact on rabies surveillance and attempts to estimate rabies burden. Recurrent shortages of human rabies vaccine are reported by all of the countries, with vaccine availability usually limited to major urban centers but no country has yet adopted the new WHO-recommended 1-week intradermal vaccination regimen. Most countries carry out subsidized mass dog vaccination campaigns on World Rabies Day. Such activities are indispensable to keep rabies in the public consciousness but are not of the scale and intensity that is required to eliminate rabies from the dog population. Countries will need to scale up the intensity of their campaigns, if they are to progress towards the 2030 goal. But more than half of the countries do not yet have reliable figures on their dog populations. Only two countries reached stage 2 on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination ladder - indicating that their national governments have truly prioritized rabies elimination and are thus providing the necessary support and political buy-in required to achieve success. In summary, the sub-region of West and Central Africa seems to be divided into countries which have accepted the challenge to eliminate rabies with governments committed to pushing forward rabies elimination, while other countries have achieved some progress, but elimination efforts remain stuck due to lacking government commitment and financial constraints. The possibility to meet the 2030 goal without international solidarity is low, because more than two-thirds of the countries rank in the low human development group (HDI ≤ 152). Leading countries should act as role models, sharing their experiences and capacities so that no country is left behind. Unified and with international support it is possible to reach the common goal of zero human rabies deaths by 2030. Rabies is a neglected but preventable zoonotic disease that predominantly affects the most vulnerable populations living in remote rural areas of resource-limited countries. To date, every country on the African mainland is considered endemic for dog-mediated rabies with an estimated 21′500 human rabies deaths occurring each year. In 2018, the United Against Rabies collaboration launched the Global Strategic Plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. The epidemiology of rabies from most Western and Central African countries remains poorly defined, making it difficult to assess the overall rabies situation and progress towards the 2030 goal. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the current rabies situation in 22 West and Central African countries based on published scientific literature and information obtained from rabies focal points. To this end, information was collected on i) established surveillance, ii) diagnostic capacity, iii) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) availability and coverage, iv) dog population estimates, v) dog vaccination campaigns, vi) animal and human health communication (One Health), vii) molecular studies, viii) Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP), ix) cost estimates and x) national control strategies. Although rabies is a notifiable disease in the majority of the studied countries, national surveillance systems do not adequately capture the disease. A general lack of rabies diagnostic capacity has an additional negative impact on rabies surveillance and attempts to estimate rabies burden. Recurrent shortages of human rabies vaccine are reported by all of the countries, with vaccine availability usually limited to major urban centers but no country has yet adopted the new WHO-recommended 1-week intradermal vaccination regimen. Most countries carry out subsidized mass dog vaccination campaigns on World Rabies Day. Such activities are indispensable to keep rabies in the public consciousness but are not of the scale and intensity that is required to eliminate rabies from the dog population. Countries will need to scale up the intensity of their campaigns, if they are to progress towards the 2030 goal. But more than half of the countries do not yet have reliable figures on their dog populations. Only two countries reached stage 2 on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination ladder – indicating that their national governments have truly prioritized rabies elimination and are thus providing the necessary support and political buy-in required to achieve success. In summary, the sub-region of West and Central Africa seems to be divided into countries which have accepted the challenge to eliminate rabies with governments committed to pushing forward rabies elimination, while other countries have achieved some progress, but elimination efforts remain stuck due to lacking government commitment and financial constraints. The possibility to meet the 2030 goal without international solidarity is low, because more than two-thirds of the countries rank in the low human development group (HDI ≤ 152). Leading countries should act as role models, sharing their experiences and capacities so that no country is left behind. Unified and with international support it is possible to reach the common goal of zero human rabies deaths by 2030. |
| ArticleNumber | 105459 |
| Author | Mokondjimobe, Etienne Suluku, Roland Traoré, Abdallah Ndour, Andrée Prisca Ndjoug Tetchi, Mathilde Bebay, Charles Rerambyath, Guy Anicet Tejiokem, Mathurin Cyrille Mouillé, Beatrice De Benedictis, Paola Pato, Pidemnéwé Kallo, Vessaly Pyana, Pati Patient Coetzer, Andre Sadeuh-Mba, Serge Alain Bonfoh, Bassirou Cassamá, Bernardo Suu-Ire, Richard D. Lokossou, Richard H. Olugasa, Babasola O. Mbilo, Céline Ebou, Moina Hasni Zinsstag, Jakob Mounkaila, Morou Manjuba, Cristóvão Tiembre, Issaka Angot, Angélique Roamba, Rakiswendé Constant Nel, Louis Voupawoe, Garmie Gnanvi, Corneille |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Céline surname: Mbilo fullname: Mbilo, Céline organization: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland – sequence: 2 givenname: Andre surname: Coetzer fullname: Coetzer, Andre organization: Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Rd, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: Bassirou surname: Bonfoh fullname: Bonfoh, Bassirou organization: Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire – sequence: 4 givenname: Angélique surname: Angot fullname: Angot, Angélique organization: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Health Services (AGAH), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy – sequence: 5 givenname: Charles surname: Bebay fullname: Bebay, Charles organization: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ECTAD Eastern Africa, United Nations Complex, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Block P, Level 3, Nairobi, Kenya – sequence: 6 givenname: Bernardo surname: Cassamá fullname: Cassamá, Bernardo organization: Direcção Geral da Pecuária (DGP), Ministério da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural, Guiné-Bissau – sequence: 7 givenname: Paola surname: De Benedictis fullname: De Benedictis, Paola organization: FAO Reference Centre for Rabies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy – sequence: 8 givenname: Moina Hasni surname: Ebou fullname: Ebou, Moina Hasni organization: Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Élevage (ONARDEL), Ministère du Développement Rural, Mauritanie – sequence: 9 givenname: Corneille surname: Gnanvi fullname: Gnanvi, Corneille organization: Service Santé Animal, Direction de l'Elevage, Cotonou, Bénin – sequence: 10 givenname: Vessaly surname: Kallo fullname: Kallo, Vessaly organization: Direction des Services Vétérinaire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire – sequence: 11 givenname: Richard H. surname: Lokossou fullname: Lokossou, Richard H. organization: Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Bénin, 04 BP 0960, Cotonou, Bénin – sequence: 12 givenname: Cristóvão surname: Manjuba fullname: Manjuba, Cristóvão organization: Ministère de la Santé Publique de la Guinée-Bissau, Av. Unidade Africana, 26 BP 50 - 1013 CODEX, Guinée-Bissau – sequence: 13 givenname: Etienne surname: Mokondjimobe fullname: Mokondjimobe, Etienne organization: Laboratoire d'analyses biomédicales et de Recherches Biochimie et Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo – sequence: 14 givenname: Beatrice surname: Mouillé fullname: Mouillé, Beatrice organization: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Health Services (AGAH), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy – sequence: 15 givenname: Morou surname: Mounkaila fullname: Mounkaila, Morou organization: Laboratoire Central de l'Elevage (LABOCEL), Ministère de l'Elevage, Niger – sequence: 16 givenname: Andrée Prisca Ndjoug surname: Ndour fullname: Ndour, Andrée Prisca Ndjoug organization: Ecole Inter Etat de Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire (EISMV), Dakar, Sénégal – sequence: 17 givenname: Louis surname: Nel fullname: Nel, Louis organization: Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Rd, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa – sequence: 18 givenname: Babasola O. surname: Olugasa fullname: Olugasa, Babasola O. organization: Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ)/ Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria – sequence: 19 givenname: Pidemnéwé surname: Pato fullname: Pato, Pidemnéwé organization: Direction de l'Elevage Ministère de l'Agriculture, de la Production Animale et Halieutique, Lomé, Togo – sequence: 20 givenname: Pati Patient surname: Pyana fullname: Pyana, Pati Patient organization: Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Avenue de la Démocratie, BP 1197, Kinshasa/Gombe, République populaire du Congo – sequence: 21 givenname: Guy Anicet surname: Rerambyath fullname: Rerambyath, Guy Anicet organization: Ministère de l'Économie Forestière, des Eaux, de la Pêche, B.P.:3974 Libreville, Gabon – sequence: 22 givenname: Rakiswendé Constant surname: Roamba fullname: Roamba, Rakiswendé Constant organization: Ministère des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, Boulsa, Burkina Faso – sequence: 23 givenname: Serge Alain surname: Sadeuh-Mba fullname: Sadeuh-Mba, Serge Alain organization: Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of the International Network of Pasteur Institutes, PO box 1274 Yaounde, Cameroon – sequence: 24 givenname: Roland surname: Suluku fullname: Suluku, Roland organization: Njala University One Health Serology and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Sierra Leone – sequence: 25 givenname: Richard D. surname: Suu-Ire fullname: Suu-Ire, Richard D. organization: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana – sequence: 26 givenname: Mathurin Cyrille surname: Tejiokem fullname: Tejiokem, Mathurin Cyrille organization: Epidemiology and Public Health Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of the International Network of Pasteur Institutes, PO box 1274 Yaounde, Cameroon – sequence: 27 givenname: Mathilde surname: Tetchi fullname: Tetchi, Mathilde organization: Institut National d'Hygiène Publique, BP V 14 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire – sequence: 28 givenname: Issaka surname: Tiembre fullname: Tiembre, Issaka organization: Institut National d'Hygiène Publique, BP V 14 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire – sequence: 29 givenname: Abdallah surname: Traoré fullname: Traoré, Abdallah organization: Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Km 8, Route de Koulikoro, Bamako BP 2295, Mali – sequence: 30 givenname: Garmie surname: Voupawoe fullname: Voupawoe, Garmie organization: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland – sequence: 31 givenname: Jakob surname: Zinsstag fullname: Zinsstag, Jakob email: jakob.zinsstag@swisstph.ch organization: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32404295$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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