Environmental risks to freshwater organisms from the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone using Species Sensitivity Distributions

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) Vol. 267; p. 129279
• Main Authors: Eagles, Emily J., Benstead, Rachel, MacDonald, Susan, Handy, Richard D., Hutchinson, Thomas H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2021
• Subjects: acute toxicity; agricultural runoff; Animals; Brachionus calyciflorus; Chironomus riparius; climate change; Daphnia pulex; deoxynivalenol; Ecological risk; Emerging chemical; fish; Fresh Water; freshwater; fungi; Hazard assessment; Hydra vulgaris; Lethal toxicity; Lymnaea stagnalis; mortality; Mycotoxins; Protozoa; risk; Tetrahymena thermophila; Trichothecenes - toxicity; zearalenone; Zearalenone - toxicity; Lethal toxicity; Emerging chemical; Ecological risk; Hazard assessment
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129279

In this study, laboratory experiments have addressed the acute toxicity of two common mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON), in a range of freshwater organisms (including rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus, insects Chironomus riparius (larvae), crustaceans Daphnia pulex and Thamnocephalus platyurus, cnidarians Hydra vulgaris, molluscs Lymnaea stagnalis (embryos) and Protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila). Acute EC50 values highlight crustaceans as the most sensitive organisms to DON, with T. platyurus having a 24 h EC50 of 0.14 and D. magna having a 48 h EC50 of 0.13 mg DON/L. During exposures to ZON, H. vulgaris and L. stagnalis embryos showed the highest sensitivity; mortality EC50 values were 1.1 (96 h) and 0.42 mg ZON/L (7 d), respectively. Combining these novel invertebrate toxicity results, along with recent published data for freshwater plant and fish toxicity for analysis of Species Sensitivity Distributions, provides freshwater HC5 values of 5.2 μg DON/L and 43 μg ZON/L, respectively. Using highest reported environmental concentrations and following REACH guidelines, risk ratios calculated here show the risk of ZON to freshwater organisms is low. In contrast, DON may periodically because for concern in streams subject to high agricultural run-off, likely during certain times of year where cereal crops are susceptible to higher fungal infections rates and may pose increased risks due to climate change. •Previously mycotoxin toxicity data for freshwater invertebrates has been lacking.•The most sensitive are Daphnia for deoxynivalenol and snail embryos for zearalenone.•Freshwater PNEC values based on SSDs were 1.4 μg DON/L and 8.6 μg ZON/L.•Deoxynivalenol levels approach PNEC in streams subject to high agricultural run-off.