Modelling of corrosion rate in the drinking water distribution network using Design Expert 13 software
This study is focused on the modelling of the composite effect of corrosion factors using Design Expert 13 software on the corrosion rate in the water distribution network of Patna (Bihar), India. A total of nine variables, including pH, temperature, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, calcium...
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Published in | Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 30; no. 15; pp. 45428 - 45444 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
01.03.2023
Springer Nature B.V |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 1614-7499 0944-1344 1614-7499 |
DOI | 10.1007/s11356-023-25465-z |
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Abstract | This study is focused on the modelling of the composite effect of corrosion factors using Design Expert 13 software on the corrosion rate in the water distribution network of Patna (Bihar), India. A total of nine variables, including pH, temperature, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and time, were considered for modelling. The physicochemical parameters were determined through regular monitoring of water samples. The corrosion rate was determined by the direct monitoring of water distribution pipes using adjustments of seven GI coupons for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days. Modelling was performed for various corrosion factors using the low-level and high-level experimental ranges. Nine of the corrosion factors, i.e. pH, temperature, TDS, alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, DO and time, were considered in this study. The data used for low-level and high-level range were 7.28, 23, 430, 115, 24, 18, 10.94, 3.5 and 0 and 7.86, 28, 704, 284, 180, 98, 38.7, 6.8 and 315, respectively. Using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), 160 runs were conducted, including ten replicates at the central point of each block. The results of ANOVA indicate that the values of
R
2
, adjusted
R
2
and predicted
R
2
are 0.9714, 0.9507 and 0.8941, respectively. The value of
R
2
(0.9714) was close to 1, which indicates a good fit. The adequate precision was found to be 30.8442, indicating a good signal. The coefficient of variance discusses reproducibility, and in this case, it was 9.90%. On the basis of the ANOVA result, the quadratic model is well-fitted and can be accepted as a suitable model. A total of seven parameters, such as chloride, sulphate, hardness, alkalinity, pH, calcium and hardness, were used for the design of the experimental corrosion rate (CR). Corrosion rate as observed by direct monitoring of the water distribution system was 1.37, 3.08, 1.90, 1.38, 1.09, 2.05 and 1.45 MPY for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days, respectively. These individual CR versus synthetic aqueous solutions were used to validate the interaction of the response surface. It was observed that the trend of individual corrosion rates in synthetic aqueous solutions and the interaction of composite variables with corrosion rates in a quadratic model of response surfaces were clearly correlated. |
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AbstractList | This study is focused on the modelling of the composite effect of corrosion factors using Design Expert 13 software on the corrosion rate in the water distribution network of Patna (Bihar), India. A total of nine variables, including pH, temperature, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and time, were considered for modelling. The physicochemical parameters were determined through regular monitoring of water samples. The corrosion rate was determined by the direct monitoring of water distribution pipes using adjustments of seven GI coupons for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days. Modelling was performed for various corrosion factors using the low-level and high-level experimental ranges. Nine of the corrosion factors, i.e. pH, temperature, TDS, alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, DO and time, were considered in this study. The data used for low-level and high-level range were 7.28, 23, 430, 115, 24, 18, 10.94, 3.5 and 0 and 7.86, 28, 704, 284, 180, 98, 38.7, 6.8 and 315, respectively. Using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), 160 runs were conducted, including ten replicates at the central point of each block. The results of ANOVA indicate that the values of R2, adjusted R2 and predicted R2 are 0.9714, 0.9507 and 0.8941, respectively. The value of R2 (0.9714) was close to 1, which indicates a good fit. The adequate precision was found to be 30.8442, indicating a good signal. The coefficient of variance discusses reproducibility, and in this case, it was 9.90%. On the basis of the ANOVA result, the quadratic model is well-fitted and can be accepted as a suitable model. A total of seven parameters, such as chloride, sulphate, hardness, alkalinity, pH, calcium and hardness, were used for the design of the experimental corrosion rate (CR). Corrosion rate as observed by direct monitoring of the water distribution system was 1.37, 3.08, 1.90, 1.38, 1.09, 2.05 and 1.45 MPY for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days, respectively. These individual CR versus synthetic aqueous solutions were used to validate the interaction of the response surface. It was observed that the trend of individual corrosion rates in synthetic aqueous solutions and the interaction of composite variables with corrosion rates in a quadratic model of response surfaces were clearly correlated. This study is focused on the modelling of the composite effect of corrosion factors using Design Expert 13 software on the corrosion rate in the water distribution network of Patna (Bihar), India. A total of nine variables, including pH, temperature, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and time, were considered for modelling. The physicochemical parameters were determined through regular monitoring of water samples. The corrosion rate was determined by the direct monitoring of water distribution pipes using adjustments of seven GI coupons for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days. Modelling was performed for various corrosion factors using the low-level and high-level experimental ranges. Nine of the corrosion factors, i.e. pH, temperature, TDS, alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, DO and time, were considered in this study. The data used for low-level and high-level range were 7.28, 23, 430, 115, 24, 18, 10.94, 3.5 and 0 and 7.86, 28, 704, 284, 180, 98, 38.7, 6.8 and 315, respectively. Using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), 160 runs were conducted, including ten replicates at the central point of each block. The results of ANOVA indicate that the values of R2, adjusted R2 and predicted R2 are 0.9714, 0.9507 and 0.8941, respectively. The value of R2 (0.9714) was close to 1, which indicates a good fit. The adequate precision was found to be 30.8442, indicating a good signal. The coefficient of variance discusses reproducibility, and in this case, it was 9.90%. On the basis of the ANOVA result, the quadratic model is well-fitted and can be accepted as a suitable model. A total of seven parameters, such as chloride, sulphate, hardness, alkalinity, pH, calcium and hardness, were used for the design of the experimental corrosion rate (CR). Corrosion rate as observed by direct monitoring of the water distribution system was 1.37, 3.08, 1.90, 1.38, 1.09, 2.05 and 1.45 MPY for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days, respectively. These individual CR versus synthetic aqueous solutions were used to validate the interaction of the response surface. It was observed that the trend of individual corrosion rates in synthetic aqueous solutions and the interaction of composite variables with corrosion rates in a quadratic model of response surfaces were clearly correlated.This study is focused on the modelling of the composite effect of corrosion factors using Design Expert 13 software on the corrosion rate in the water distribution network of Patna (Bihar), India. A total of nine variables, including pH, temperature, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and time, were considered for modelling. The physicochemical parameters were determined through regular monitoring of water samples. The corrosion rate was determined by the direct monitoring of water distribution pipes using adjustments of seven GI coupons for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days. Modelling was performed for various corrosion factors using the low-level and high-level experimental ranges. Nine of the corrosion factors, i.e. pH, temperature, TDS, alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, DO and time, were considered in this study. The data used for low-level and high-level range were 7.28, 23, 430, 115, 24, 18, 10.94, 3.5 and 0 and 7.86, 28, 704, 284, 180, 98, 38.7, 6.8 and 315, respectively. Using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), 160 runs were conducted, including ten replicates at the central point of each block. The results of ANOVA indicate that the values of R2, adjusted R2 and predicted R2 are 0.9714, 0.9507 and 0.8941, respectively. The value of R2 (0.9714) was close to 1, which indicates a good fit. The adequate precision was found to be 30.8442, indicating a good signal. The coefficient of variance discusses reproducibility, and in this case, it was 9.90%. On the basis of the ANOVA result, the quadratic model is well-fitted and can be accepted as a suitable model. A total of seven parameters, such as chloride, sulphate, hardness, alkalinity, pH, calcium and hardness, were used for the design of the experimental corrosion rate (CR). Corrosion rate as observed by direct monitoring of the water distribution system was 1.37, 3.08, 1.90, 1.38, 1.09, 2.05 and 1.45 MPY for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days, respectively. These individual CR versus synthetic aqueous solutions were used to validate the interaction of the response surface. It was observed that the trend of individual corrosion rates in synthetic aqueous solutions and the interaction of composite variables with corrosion rates in a quadratic model of response surfaces were clearly correlated. This study is focused on the modelling of the composite effect of corrosion factors using Design Expert 13 software on the corrosion rate in the water distribution network of Patna (Bihar), India. A total of nine variables, including pH, temperature, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and time, were considered for modelling. The physicochemical parameters were determined through regular monitoring of water samples. The corrosion rate was determined by the direct monitoring of water distribution pipes using adjustments of seven GI coupons for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days. Modelling was performed for various corrosion factors using the low-level and high-level experimental ranges. Nine of the corrosion factors, i.e. pH, temperature, TDS, alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, DO and time, were considered in this study. The data used for low-level and high-level range were 7.28, 23, 430, 115, 24, 18, 10.94, 3.5 and 0 and 7.86, 28, 704, 284, 180, 98, 38.7, 6.8 and 315, respectively. Using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), 160 runs were conducted, including ten replicates at the central point of each block. The results of ANOVA indicate that the values of R , adjusted R and predicted R are 0.9714, 0.9507 and 0.8941, respectively. The value of R (0.9714) was close to 1, which indicates a good fit. The adequate precision was found to be 30.8442, indicating a good signal. The coefficient of variance discusses reproducibility, and in this case, it was 9.90%. On the basis of the ANOVA result, the quadratic model is well-fitted and can be accepted as a suitable model. A total of seven parameters, such as chloride, sulphate, hardness, alkalinity, pH, calcium and hardness, were used for the design of the experimental corrosion rate (CR). Corrosion rate as observed by direct monitoring of the water distribution system was 1.37, 3.08, 1.90, 1.38, 1.09, 2.05 and 1.45 MPY for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days, respectively. These individual CR versus synthetic aqueous solutions were used to validate the interaction of the response surface. It was observed that the trend of individual corrosion rates in synthetic aqueous solutions and the interaction of composite variables with corrosion rates in a quadratic model of response surfaces were clearly correlated. This study is focused on the modelling of the composite effect of corrosion factors using Design Expert 13 software on the corrosion rate in the water distribution network of Patna (Bihar), India. A total of nine variables, including pH, temperature, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and time, were considered for modelling. The physicochemical parameters were determined through regular monitoring of water samples. The corrosion rate was determined by the direct monitoring of water distribution pipes using adjustments of seven GI coupons for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days. Modelling was performed for various corrosion factors using the low-level and high-level experimental ranges. Nine of the corrosion factors, i.e. pH, temperature, TDS, alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, DO and time, were considered in this study. The data used for low-level and high-level range were 7.28, 23, 430, 115, 24, 18, 10.94, 3.5 and 0 and 7.86, 28, 704, 284, 180, 98, 38.7, 6.8 and 315, respectively. Using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), 160 runs were conducted, including ten replicates at the central point of each block. The results of ANOVA indicate that the values of R², adjusted R² and predicted R² are 0.9714, 0.9507 and 0.8941, respectively. The value of R² (0.9714) was close to 1, which indicates a good fit. The adequate precision was found to be 30.8442, indicating a good signal. The coefficient of variance discusses reproducibility, and in this case, it was 9.90%. On the basis of the ANOVA result, the quadratic model is well-fitted and can be accepted as a suitable model. A total of seven parameters, such as chloride, sulphate, hardness, alkalinity, pH, calcium and hardness, were used for the design of the experimental corrosion rate (CR). Corrosion rate as observed by direct monitoring of the water distribution system was 1.37, 3.08, 1.90, 1.38, 1.09, 2.05 and 1.45 MPY for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days, respectively. These individual CR versus synthetic aqueous solutions were used to validate the interaction of the response surface. It was observed that the trend of individual corrosion rates in synthetic aqueous solutions and the interaction of composite variables with corrosion rates in a quadratic model of response surfaces were clearly correlated. This study is focused on the modelling of the composite effect of corrosion factors using Design Expert 13 software on the corrosion rate in the water distribution network of Patna (Bihar), India. A total of nine variables, including pH, temperature, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and time, were considered for modelling. The physicochemical parameters were determined through regular monitoring of water samples. The corrosion rate was determined by the direct monitoring of water distribution pipes using adjustments of seven GI coupons for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days. Modelling was performed for various corrosion factors using the low-level and high-level experimental ranges. Nine of the corrosion factors, i.e. pH, temperature, TDS, alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, sulphate, DO and time, were considered in this study. The data used for low-level and high-level range were 7.28, 23, 430, 115, 24, 18, 10.94, 3.5 and 0 and 7.86, 28, 704, 284, 180, 98, 38.7, 6.8 and 315, respectively. Using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), 160 runs were conducted, including ten replicates at the central point of each block. The results of ANOVA indicate that the values of R 2 , adjusted R 2 and predicted R 2 are 0.9714, 0.9507 and 0.8941, respectively. The value of R 2 (0.9714) was close to 1, which indicates a good fit. The adequate precision was found to be 30.8442, indicating a good signal. The coefficient of variance discusses reproducibility, and in this case, it was 9.90%. On the basis of the ANOVA result, the quadratic model is well-fitted and can be accepted as a suitable model. A total of seven parameters, such as chloride, sulphate, hardness, alkalinity, pH, calcium and hardness, were used for the design of the experimental corrosion rate (CR). Corrosion rate as observed by direct monitoring of the water distribution system was 1.37, 3.08, 1.90, 1.38, 1.09, 2.05 and 1.45 MPY for 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 days, respectively. These individual CR versus synthetic aqueous solutions were used to validate the interaction of the response surface. It was observed that the trend of individual corrosion rates in synthetic aqueous solutions and the interaction of composite variables with corrosion rates in a quadratic model of response surfaces were clearly correlated. |
Author | Kumar, Saurabh Maurya, Nityanand Singh Singh, Reena |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Saurabh orcidid: 0000-0003-3017-3220 surname: Kumar fullname: Kumar, Saurabh organization: Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Patna – sequence: 2 givenname: Reena orcidid: 0000-0002-0887-3688 surname: Singh fullname: Singh, Reena email: reena@nitp.ac.in organization: Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Patna – sequence: 3 givenname: Nityanand Singh surname: Maurya fullname: Maurya, Nityanand Singh organization: Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Patna |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36708479$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e23382 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcomc_2024_100477 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_indcrop_2023_117312 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matpr_2024_04_042 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhazmat_2024_135294 crossref_primary_10_12688_materialsopenres_17617_1 |
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Copyright | The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. |
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Keywords | Bihar Corrosion rate Design Expert Patna Box-Behnken design Distribution network |
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SubjectTerms | Alkalinity Aquatic Pollution Aqueous solutions Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Calcium Calcium chloride Calcium sulfate Chlorides Chlorides - analysis computer software Corrosion Corrosion effects Corrosion rate Design Design factors Dissolved oxygen Dissolved solids Drinking behavior Drinking water Drinking Water - analysis Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental science Hardness India Mathematical models Modelling oxygen Parameters pH effects Physicochemical properties Reproducibility of Results Research Article Software Sulfates Sulfates - analysis temperature variance Variance analysis Waste Water Technology Water analysis Water distribution Water distribution systems Water engineering water hardness Water Management Water monitoring Water Pollution Control Water Quality Water sampling Water Supply |
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Title | Modelling of corrosion rate in the drinking water distribution network using Design Expert 13 software |
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