Biochar Produced from Saudi Agriculture Waste as a Cement Additive for Improved Mechanical and Durability Properties—SWOT Analysis and Techno-Economic Assessment
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia generates an enormous amount of date palm waste, causing severe environmental concerns. Green and strong concrete is increasingly demanded due to low carbon footprints and better performance. In this research work, biochar derived from locally available agriculture waste...
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| Published in | Materials Vol. 15; no. 15; p. 5345 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
03.08.2022
MDPI |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1996-1944 1996-1944 |
| DOI | 10.3390/ma15155345 |
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| Abstract | The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia generates an enormous amount of date palm waste, causing severe environmental concerns. Green and strong concrete is increasingly demanded due to low carbon footprints and better performance. In this research work, biochar derived from locally available agriculture waste (date palm fronds) was used as an additive to produce high-strength and durable concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength were evaluated at 7, 14, and 28 days for control and all other mixes containing biochar. In addition, the durability properties of the concrete samples for the mixes were investigated by performing electric resistivity and ultra-sonic pulse velocity testing. Finally, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis was carried out to make strategic decisions about biochar’s use in concrete. The results demonstrated that the compressive strength of concrete increased to 28–29% with the addition of 0.75–1.5 wt% of biochar. Biochar-concrete containing 0.75 wt% of biochar showed 16% higher flexural strength than the control specimen. The high ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) values (>7.79 km/s) and low electrical resistivity (<22.4 kΩ-cm) of biochar-based concrete confirm that the addition of biochar resulted in high-quality concrete free from internal flaws, cracks, and better structural integrity. SWOT analysis indicated that biochar-based concrete possessed improved performance than ordinary concrete, is suitable for extreme environments, and has opportunities for circular economy and applications in various construction designs. However, cost and technical shortcomings in biochar production and biochar-concrete mix design are still challenging. |
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| AbstractList | The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia generates an enormous amount of date palm waste, causing severe environmental concerns. Green and strong concrete is increasingly demanded due to low carbon footprints and better performance. In this research work, biochar derived from locally available agriculture waste (date palm fronds) was used as an additive to produce high-strength and durable concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength were evaluated at 7, 14, and 28 days for control and all other mixes containing biochar. In addition, the durability properties of the concrete samples for the mixes were investigated by performing electric resistivity and ultra-sonic pulse velocity testing. Finally, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis was carried out to make strategic decisions about biochar’s use in concrete. The results demonstrated that the compressive strength of concrete increased to 28–29% with the addition of 0.75–1.5 wt% of biochar. Biochar-concrete containing 0.75 wt% of biochar showed 16% higher flexural strength than the control specimen. The high ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) values (>7.79 km/s) and low electrical resistivity (<22.4 kΩ-cm) of biochar-based concrete confirm that the addition of biochar resulted in high-quality concrete free from internal flaws, cracks, and better structural integrity. SWOT analysis indicated that biochar-based concrete possessed improved performance than ordinary concrete, is suitable for extreme environments, and has opportunities for circular economy and applications in various construction designs. However, cost and technical shortcomings in biochar production and biochar-concrete mix design are still challenging. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia generates an enormous amount of date palm waste, causing severe environmental concerns. Green and strong concrete is increasingly demanded due to low carbon footprints and better performance. In this research work, biochar derived from locally available agriculture waste (date palm fronds) was used as an additive to produce high-strength and durable concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength were evaluated at 7, 14, and 28 days for control and all other mixes containing biochar. In addition, the durability properties of the concrete samples for the mixes were investigated by performing electric resistivity and ultra-sonic pulse velocity testing. Finally, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis was carried out to make strategic decisions about biochar’s use in concrete. The results demonstrated that the compressive strength of concrete increased to 28−29% with the addition of 0.75−1.5 wt% of biochar. Biochar-concrete containing 0.75 wt% of biochar showed 16% higher flexural strength than the control specimen. The high ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) values (>7.79 km/s) and low electrical resistivity (<22.4 kΩ-cm) of biochar-based concrete confirm that the addition of biochar resulted in high-quality concrete free from internal flaws, cracks, and better structural integrity. SWOT analysis indicated that biochar-based concrete possessed improved performance than ordinary concrete, is suitable for extreme environments, and has opportunities for circular economy and applications in various construction designs. However, cost and technical shortcomings in biochar production and biochar-concrete mix design are still challenging.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia generates an enormous amount of date palm waste, causing severe environmental concerns. Green and strong concrete is increasingly demanded due to low carbon footprints and better performance. In this research work, biochar derived from locally available agriculture waste (date palm fronds) was used as an additive to produce high-strength and durable concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength were evaluated at 7, 14, and 28 days for control and all other mixes containing biochar. In addition, the durability properties of the concrete samples for the mixes were investigated by performing electric resistivity and ultra-sonic pulse velocity testing. Finally, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis was carried out to make strategic decisions about biochar’s use in concrete. The results demonstrated that the compressive strength of concrete increased to 28−29% with the addition of 0.75−1.5 wt% of biochar. Biochar-concrete containing 0.75 wt% of biochar showed 16% higher flexural strength than the control specimen. The high ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) values (>7.79 km/s) and low electrical resistivity (<22.4 kΩ-cm) of biochar-based concrete confirm that the addition of biochar resulted in high-quality concrete free from internal flaws, cracks, and better structural integrity. SWOT analysis indicated that biochar-based concrete possessed improved performance than ordinary concrete, is suitable for extreme environments, and has opportunities for circular economy and applications in various construction designs. However, cost and technical shortcomings in biochar production and biochar-concrete mix design are still challenging. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia generates an enormous amount of date palm waste, causing severe environmental concerns. Green and strong concrete is increasingly demanded due to low carbon footprints and better performance. In this research work, biochar derived from locally available agriculture waste (date palm fronds) was used as an additive to produce high-strength and durable concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength were evaluated at 7, 14, and 28 days for control and all other mixes containing biochar. In addition, the durability properties of the concrete samples for the mixes were investigated by performing electric resistivity and ultra-sonic pulse velocity testing. Finally, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis was carried out to make strategic decisions about biochar’s use in concrete. The results demonstrated that the compressive strength of concrete increased to 28−29% with the addition of 0.75−1.5 wt% of biochar. Biochar-concrete containing 0.75 wt% of biochar showed 16% higher flexural strength than the control specimen. The high ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) values (>7.79 km/s) and low electrical resistivity (<22.4 kΩ-cm) of biochar-based concrete confirm that the addition of biochar resulted in high-quality concrete free from internal flaws, cracks, and better structural integrity. SWOT analysis indicated that biochar-based concrete possessed improved performance than ordinary concrete, is suitable for extreme environments, and has opportunities for circular economy and applications in various construction designs. However, cost and technical shortcomings in biochar production and biochar-concrete mix design are still challenging. |
| Author | Aziz, Muhammad Arif Zubair, Mukarram Khan, Kaffayatullah Amin, Muhammad Nasir |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; mgadir@kfu.edu.sa 2 Al Bilad Bank Scholarly Chair for Food Security in Saudi Arabia, The Deanship of Scientific Research, The Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia 3 Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia; maaahmed@iau.edu.sa |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Al Bilad Bank Scholarly Chair for Food Security in Saudi Arabia, The Deanship of Scientific Research, The Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia – name: 3 Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia; maaahmed@iau.edu.sa – name: 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; mgadir@kfu.edu.sa – name: 4 Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kaffayatullah orcidid: 0000-0001-7994-4642 surname: Khan fullname: Khan, Kaffayatullah – sequence: 2 givenname: Muhammad Arif surname: Aziz fullname: Aziz, Muhammad Arif – sequence: 3 givenname: Mukarram orcidid: 0000-0002-1786-3393 surname: Zubair fullname: Zubair, Mukarram – sequence: 4 givenname: Muhammad Nasir orcidid: 0000-0001-6524-4389 surname: Amin fullname: Amin, Muhammad Nasir |
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| Keywords | compressive strength durability properties techno-economic analysis biochar green concrete SWOT |
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| Snippet | The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia generates an enormous amount of date palm waste, causing severe environmental concerns. Green and strong concrete is increasingly... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agricultural wastes Agriculture Carbon dioxide Cement Compressive strength Concrete mixing Construction industry Decision analysis Density Durability Economic analysis Electrical resistivity Emissions Extreme environments Flexural strength Landfill Mechanical properties Mixtures Particle size Raw materials Structural integrity SWOT analysis Threat evaluation Waste materials |
| Title | Biochar Produced from Saudi Agriculture Waste as a Cement Additive for Improved Mechanical and Durability Properties—SWOT Analysis and Techno-Economic Assessment |
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