Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus: A systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories

•Google Scholar found nearly all citations found by WoS (95%) and Scopus (92%), and a large amount of unique citations.•About half of Google Scholar unique citations are not from journals. A significant minority (19–38%) are not in English.•Google Scholar unique citations have, on average, a much lo...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in	Journal of informetrics Vol. 12; no. 4; pp. 1160 - 1177
Main Authors	Martín-Martín, Alberto, Orduna-Malea, Enrique, Thelwall, Mike, Delgado López-Cózar, Emilio
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2018
Subjects	Academic search engines Bibliographic databases Bibliometrics Citation analysis Citation overlap Coverage Google Scholar Scientometrics Scopus Unique citations Web of Science Web of Science Unique citations Scientometrics Citation analysis Bibliometrics Scopus Citation overlap Bibliographic databases Coverage Academic search engines Google Scholar
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	1751-1577 1875-5879 1875-5879
DOI	10.1016/j.joi.2018.09.002

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Abstract	•Google Scholar found nearly all citations found by WoS (95%) and Scopus (92%), and a large amount of unique citations.•About half of Google Scholar unique citations are not from journals. A significant minority (19–38%) are not in English.•Google Scholar unique citations have, on average, a much lower scientific impact than citations also found by WoS/Scopus.•Spearman correlations of citation counts between Google Scholar and WoS/Scopus are strong across all subjects (0.78–0.99). Despite citation counts from Google Scholar (GS), Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus being widely consulted by researchers and sometimes used in research evaluations, there is no recent or systematic evidence about the differences between them. In response, this paper investigates 2,448,055 citations to 2299 English-language highly-cited documents from 252 GS subject categories published in 2006, comparing GS, the WoS Core Collection, and Scopus. GS consistently found the largest percentage of citations across all areas (93%–96%), far ahead of Scopus (35%–77%) and WoS (27%–73%). GS found nearly all the WoS (95%) and Scopus (92%) citations. Most citations found only by GS were from non-journal sources (48%–65%), including theses, books, conference papers, and unpublished materials. Many were non-English (19%–38%), and they tended to be much less cited than citing sources that were also in Scopus or WoS. Despite the many unique GS citing sources, Spearman correlations between citation counts in GS and WoS or Scopus are high (0.78-0.99). They are lower in the Humanities, and lower between GS and WoS than between GS and Scopus. The results suggest that in all areas GS citation data is essentially a superset of WoS and Scopus, with substantial extra coverage.
AbstractList	•Google Scholar found nearly all citations found by WoS (95%) and Scopus (92%), and a large amount of unique citations.•About half of Google Scholar unique citations are not from journals. A significant minority (19–38%) are not in English.•Google Scholar unique citations have, on average, a much lower scientific impact than citations also found by WoS/Scopus.•Spearman correlations of citation counts between Google Scholar and WoS/Scopus are strong across all subjects (0.78–0.99). Despite citation counts from Google Scholar (GS), Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus being widely consulted by researchers and sometimes used in research evaluations, there is no recent or systematic evidence about the differences between them. In response, this paper investigates 2,448,055 citations to 2299 English-language highly-cited documents from 252 GS subject categories published in 2006, comparing GS, the WoS Core Collection, and Scopus. GS consistently found the largest percentage of citations across all areas (93%–96%), far ahead of Scopus (35%–77%) and WoS (27%–73%). GS found nearly all the WoS (95%) and Scopus (92%) citations. Most citations found only by GS were from non-journal sources (48%–65%), including theses, books, conference papers, and unpublished materials. Many were non-English (19%–38%), and they tended to be much less cited than citing sources that were also in Scopus or WoS. Despite the many unique GS citing sources, Spearman correlations between citation counts in GS and WoS or Scopus are high (0.78-0.99). They are lower in the Humanities, and lower between GS and WoS than between GS and Scopus. The results suggest that in all areas GS citation data is essentially a superset of WoS and Scopus, with substantial extra coverage.
Author	Delgado López-Cózar, Emilio Orduna-Malea, Enrique Martín-Martín, Alberto Thelwall, Mike
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Alberto orcidid: 0000-0002-0360-186X surname: Martín-Martín fullname: Martín-Martín, Alberto email: albertomartin@ugr.es organization: Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain – sequence: 2 givenname: Enrique orcidid: 0000-0002-1989-8477 surname: Orduna-Malea fullname: Orduna-Malea, Enrique organization: Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain – sequence: 3 givenname: Mike orcidid: 0000-0001-6065-205X surname: Thelwall fullname: Thelwall, Mike organization: Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Emilio orcidid: 0000-0002-8184-551X surname: Delgado López-Cózar fullname: Delgado López-Cózar, Emilio organization: Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Snippet	•Google Scholar found nearly all citations found by WoS (95%) and Scopus (92%), and a large amount of unique citations.•About half of Google Scholar unique...
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Title	Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus: A systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories
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