EUNIS Habitat Classification: Expert system, characteristic species combinations and distribution maps of European habitats

• Published in: Applied vegetation science Vol. 23; no. 4; pp. 648 - 675
• Main Authors: Chytrý, Milan, Tichý, Lubomír, Hennekens, Stephan M., Knollová, Ilona, Janssen, John A. M., Rodwell, John S., Peterka, Tomáš, Marcenò, Corrado, Landucci, Flavia, Danihelka, Jiří, Hájek, Michal, Dengler, Jürgen, Novák, Pavel, Zukal, Dominik, Jiménez‐Alfaro, Borja, Mucina, Ladislav, Abdulhak, Sylvain, Aćić, Svetlana, Agrillo, Emiliano, Attorre, Fabio, Bergmeier, Erwin, Biurrun, Idoia, Boch, Steffen, Bölöni, János, Bonari, Gianmaria, Braslavskaya, Tatiana, Bruelheide, Helge, Campos, Juan Antonio, Čarni, Andraž, Casella, Laura, Ćuk, Mirjana, Ćušterevska, Renata, De Bie, Els, Delbosc, Pauline, Demina, Olga, Didukh, Yakiv, Dítě, Daniel, Dziuba, Tetiana, Ewald, Jörg, Gavilán, Rosario G., Gégout, Jean‐Claude, Giusso del Galdo, Gian Pietro, Golub, Valentin, Goncharova, Nadezhda, Goral, Friedemann, Graf, Ulrich, Indreica, Adrian, Isermann, Maike, Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Florian, Jansen, Jan, Jašková, Anni, Jiroušek, Martin, Kącki, Zygmunt, Kalníková, Veronika, Kavgacı, Ali, Khanina, Larisa, Yu. Korolyuk, Andrey, Kozhevnikova, Mariya, Kuzemko, Anna, Küzmič, Filip, Kuznetsov, Oleg L., Laiviņš, Māris, Lavrinenko, Igor, Lavrinenko, Olga, Lebedeva, Maria, Lososová, Zdeňka, Lysenko, Tatiana, Maciejewski, Lise, Mardari, Constantin, Marinšek, Aleksander, Napreenko, Maxim G., Onyshchenko, Viktor, Pérez‐Haase, Aaron, Pielech, Remigiusz, Prokhorov, Vadim, Rašomavičius, Valerijus, Rodríguez Rojo, Maria Pilar, Rūsiņa, Solvita, Schrautzer, Joachim, Šibík, Jozef, Šilc, Urban, Škvorc, Željko, Smagin, Viktor A., Stančić, Zvjezdana, Stanisci, Angela, Tikhonova, Elena, Tonteri, Tiina, Uogintas, Domas, Valachovič, Milan, Vassilev, Kiril, Vynokurov, Denys, Willner, Wolfgang, Yamalov, Sergey, Evans, Douglas, Palitzsch Lund, Mette, Spyropoulou, Rania, Tryfon, Eleni, Schaminée, Joop H. J., Schmidtlein, Sebastian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Malden Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.10.2020; Wiley
• Subjects: Archives & records; Biodiversity and Ecology; Classification; coastal habitat; Composition; computer software; data collection; diagnostic species; Diagnostic systems; distribution map; Dominant species; dune vegetation; Environmental Sciences; Europe; European Nature Information System (EUNIS); European Vegetation Archive (EVA); expert system; Expert systems; forest; forests; Geographical distribution; Geographical locations; grassland; Grasslands; habitat classification; Habitats; man‐made habitat; natural resources conservation; Nature conservation; shrubland; shrublands; Species classification; Species composition; species diversity; Vegetation; vegetation database; vegetation plot; wetland; wetlands; Europe; expert system; forest; man‐made habitat; wetland; distribution map; diagnostic species; European Nature Information System (EUNIS); shrubland; grassland; vegetation database; dune vegetation; vegetation plot; European Vegetation Archive (EVA); habitat classification; coastal habitat
• ISSN: 1402-2001; 1654-109X
• DOI: 10.1111/avsc.12519

Aim The EUNIS Habitat Classification is a widely used reference framework for European habitat types (habitats), but it lacks formal definitions of individual habitats that would enable their unequivocal identification. Our goal was to develop a tool for assigning vegetation‐plot records to the habitats of the EUNIS system, use it to classify a European vegetation‐plot database, and compile statistically‐derived characteristic species combinations and distribution maps for these habitats. Location Europe. Methods We developed the classification expert system EUNIS‐ESy, which contains definitions of individual EUNIS habitats based on their species composition and geographic location. Each habitat was formally defined as a formula in a computer language combining algebraic and set‐theoretic concepts with formal logical operators. We applied this expert system to classify 1,261,373 vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and other databases. Then we determined diagnostic, constant and dominant species for each habitat by calculating species‐to‐habitat fidelity and constancy (occurrence frequency) in the classified data set. Finally, we mapped the plot locations for each habitat. Results Formal definitions were developed for 199 habitats at Level 3 of the EUNIS hierarchy, including 25 coastal, 18 wetland, 55 grassland, 43 shrubland, 46 forest and 12 man‐made habitats. The expert system classified 1,125,121 vegetation plots to these habitat groups and 73,188 to other habitats, while 63,064 plots remained unclassified or were classified to more than one habitat. Data on each habitat were summarized in factsheets containing habitat description, distribution map, corresponding syntaxa and characteristic species combination. Conclusions EUNIS habitats were characterized for the first time in terms of their species composition and distribution, based on a classification of a European database of vegetation plots using the newly developed electronic expert system EUNIS‐ESy. The data provided and the expert system have considerable potential for future use in European nature conservation planning, monitoring and assessment. EUNIS Habitat Classification is a standard classification of European habitats. We developed the classification expert system EUNIS‐ESy, which assigns vegetation plots to EUNIS habitats based on their species composition and geographic location. We classified 1,261,373 vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive and determined characteristic species combinations and prepared distribution maps for 199 habitats at Level 3 of EUNIS hierarchy.