Recent advances in the source identification and remediation techniques of nitrate contaminated groundwater: A review

• Published in: Journal of environmental management Vol. 316; p. 115265
• Main Authors: Richa, Amina, Touil, Sami, Fizir, Meriem
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 15.08.2022
• Subjects: atmospheric deposition; Bayesian theory; Denitrification; energy; Groundwater; hydrochemistry; isotopes; land use; Nitrate; Nitrate isotopes; nitrates; organic fertilizers; Pollution; Remediation; sewage; water quality; Denitrification; Pollution; Nitrate; Remediation; Groundwater; Nitrate isotopes
• ISSN: 0301-4797; 1095-8630; 1095-8630
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115265

Researchers have long been committed to identify nitrate sources in groundwater and to develop an advanced technique for its remediation because better apply remediation solution and management of water quality is highly dependent on the identification of the NO3− sources contamination in water. In this review, we systematically introduce nitrate source tracking tools used over the past ten years including dual isotope and multi isotope techniques, water chemistry profile, Bayesian mixing model, microbial tracers and land use/cover data. These techniques can be combined and exploited to track the source of NO3− as mineral or organic fertilizer, sewage, or atmospheric deposition. These available data have significant implications for making an appropriate measures and decisions by water managers. A continuous remediation strategy of groundwater was among the main management strategies that need to be applied in the contaminated area. Nitrate removal from groundwater can be accomplished using either separation or reduction based process. The application of these processes to nitrate removal is discussed in this review and some novel methods were presented for the first time. Moreover, the advantages and limitations of each approach are critically summarized and based on our own understanding of the subject some solutions to overcomes their drawbacks are recommended. Advanced techniques are capable to attain significantly higher nitrate and other co-contaminants removal from groundwater. However, the challenges of by-products generation and high energy consumption need to be addressed in implementing these technologies for groundwater remediation for potable use. •Advanced tracking nitrate source in groundwater techniques were outlined.•Reviewed remediation strategies attain significantly higher nitrate removal.•Elimination of by products is needed in all reviewed separation based methods.•Complete reduction of nitrate was achieved using biological reduction methods.•Algae system is a promising green nitrate reduction technology from groundwater.