Polymers as Encapsulating Agents and Delivery Vehicles of Enzymes

Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pH, or ionic strength. In this sense, the use of protective structures, as polymeric ca...

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Published inPolymers Vol. 13; no. 23; p. 4061
Main Authors da S. Pereira, Adejanildo, Souza, Camila P. L., Moraes, Lidiane, Fontes-Sant’Ana, Gizele C., Amaral, Priscilla F. F.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 23.11.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Biocatalysts
Biocompatibility
Biomolecules
Biopolymers
Chitosan
Chymotrypsin
Encapsulation
Enzyme activity
Enzymes
Galactosidase
Lysozyme
Polyethylene
Polymerization
Polymers
Protective structures
Proteins
Review
Sodium alginate
Spray drying
Stability
Toxicity
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2073-4360
2073-4360
DOI10.3390/polym13234061

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Abstract Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pH, or ionic strength. In this sense, the use of protective structures, as polymeric capsules, has been an excellent approach to maintain the catalytic stability of enzymes during their application. Thus, in this review, we report the use of polymeric materials as enzyme encapsulation agents, recent technological developments related to this subject, and characterization methodologies and possible applications of the formed bioactive structures. Our search detected that the most explored methods for enzyme encapsulation are ionotropic gelation, spray drying, freeze-drying, nanoprecipitation, and electrospinning. α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and β-galactosidase were the most used enzymes in encapsulations, with chitosan and sodium alginate being the main polymers. Furthermore, most studies reported high encapsulation efficiency, enzyme activity maintenance, and stability improvement at pH, temperature, and storage. Therefore, the information presented here shows a direction for the development of encapsulation systems capable of stabilizing different enzymes and obtaining better performance during application.
AbstractList Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pH, or ionic strength. In this sense, the use of protective structures, as polymeric capsules, has been an excellent approach to maintain the catalytic stability of enzymes during their application. Thus, in this review, we report the use of polymeric materials as enzyme encapsulation agents, recent technological developments related to this subject, and characterization methodologies and possible applications of the formed bioactive structures. Our search detected that the most explored methods for enzyme encapsulation are ionotropic gelation, spray drying, freeze-drying, nanoprecipitation, and electrospinning. α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and β-galactosidase were the most used enzymes in encapsulations, with chitosan and sodium alginate being the main polymers. Furthermore, most studies reported high encapsulation efficiency, enzyme activity maintenance, and stability improvement at pH, temperature, and storage. Therefore, the information presented here shows a direction for the development of encapsulation systems capable of stabilizing different enzymes and obtaining better performance during application.
Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pH, or ionic strength. In this sense, the use of protective structures, as polymeric capsules, has been an excellent approach to maintain the catalytic stability of enzymes during their application. Thus, in this review, we report the use of polymeric materials as enzyme encapsulation agents, recent technological developments related to this subject, and characterization methodologies and possible applications of the formed bioactive structures. Our search detected that the most explored methods for enzyme encapsulation are ionotropic gelation, spray drying, freeze-drying, nanoprecipitation, and electrospinning. α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and β-galactosidase were the most used enzymes in encapsulations, with chitosan and sodium alginate being the main polymers. Furthermore, most studies reported high encapsulation efficiency, enzyme activity maintenance, and stability improvement at pH, temperature, and storage. Therefore, the information presented here shows a direction for the development of encapsulation systems capable of stabilizing different enzymes and obtaining better performance during application.Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pH, or ionic strength. In this sense, the use of protective structures, as polymeric capsules, has been an excellent approach to maintain the catalytic stability of enzymes during their application. Thus, in this review, we report the use of polymeric materials as enzyme encapsulation agents, recent technological developments related to this subject, and characterization methodologies and possible applications of the formed bioactive structures. Our search detected that the most explored methods for enzyme encapsulation are ionotropic gelation, spray drying, freeze-drying, nanoprecipitation, and electrospinning. α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and β-galactosidase were the most used enzymes in encapsulations, with chitosan and sodium alginate being the main polymers. Furthermore, most studies reported high encapsulation efficiency, enzyme activity maintenance, and stability improvement at pH, temperature, and storage. Therefore, the information presented here shows a direction for the development of encapsulation systems capable of stabilizing different enzymes and obtaining better performance during application.
Author Souza, Camila P. L.
Moraes, Lidiane
Fontes-Sant’Ana, Gizele C.
da S. Pereira, Adejanildo
Amaral, Priscilla F. F.
AuthorAffiliation 2 Biochemical Processes Technology Department, Chemistry Institute, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil; gizele.santana@uerj.br
1 Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; adejanildosp@gmail.com (A.d.S.P.); camila_lins@hotmail.com.br (C.P.L.S.); lidiane@eq.ufrj.br (L.M.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; adejanildosp@gmail.com (A.d.S.P.); camila_lins@hotmail.com.br (C.P.L.S.); lidiane@eq.ufrj.br (L.M.)
– name: 2 Biochemical Processes Technology Department, Chemistry Institute, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil; gizele.santana@uerj.br
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-8329-9241
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Snippet Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse...
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SubjectTerms Biocatalysts
Biocompatibility
Biomolecules
Biopolymers
Chitosan
Chymotrypsin
Encapsulation
Enzyme activity
Enzymes
Galactosidase
Lysozyme
Polyethylene
Polymerization
Polymers
Protective structures
Proteins
Review
Sodium alginate
Spray drying
Stability
Toxicity
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