Clinical Significance of the Soleal Vein and Related Drainage Veins, in Calf Vein Thrombosis in Autopsy Cases with Massive Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Objective: To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).Subjects and Methods: We investigated 100 autopsy cases of PE from limb DVT. The distribution and chronology of DVT in each deep venous segment were examined....
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| Published in | Annals of Vascular Diseases Vol. 9; no. 1; pp. 15 - 21 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Japan
The Editorial Committee of Annals of Vascular Diseases
2016
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1881-641X 1881-6428 |
| DOI | 10.3400/avd.oa.15-00088 |
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| Abstract | Objective: To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).Subjects and Methods: We investigated 100 autopsy cases of PE from limb DVT. The distribution and chronology of DVT in each deep venous segment were examined. Venous segments were classified into three groups: iliofemoral vein, popliteal vein and calf vein (CV). The CV was subdivided into two subgroups, drainage veins of the soleal vein (SV) and non drainage veins of SV.Results: Eighty-nine patients had bilateral limb DVTs. CV was involved in all limbs with DVT with isolated calf DVTs were seen in 47% of patients. Fresh and organized thrombi were detected in 84% of patients. SV showed the highest incidence of DVTs in eight venous segments. The incidence of DVT gradually decreased according to the drainage route of the central SV. Proximal tips of fresh thrombi were mainly located in the popliteal vein and tibioperoneal trunk, occurring in these locations in 63% of limbs.Conclusions: SV is considered to be the primary site of DVT; the DVT then propagated to proximal veins through the drainage veins. Lethal thromboemboli would occur at proximal veins as a result of proximal propagation from calf DVTs. |
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| AbstractList | To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).
We investigated 100 autopsy cases of PE from limb DVT. The distribution and chronology of DVT in each deep venous segment were examined. Venous segments were classified into three groups: iliofemoral vein, popliteal vein and calf vein (CV). The CV was subdivided into two subgroups, drainage veins of the soleal vein (SV) and non drainage veins of SV.
Eighty-nine patients had bilateral limb DVTs. CV was involved in all limbs with DVT with isolated calf DVTs were seen in 47% of patients. Fresh and organized thrombi were detected in 84% of patients. SV showed the highest incidence of DVTs in eight venous segments. The incidence of DVT gradually decreased according to the drainage route of the central SV. Proximal tips of fresh thrombi were mainly located in the popliteal vein and tibioperoneal trunk, occurring in these locations in 63% of limbs.
SV is considered to be the primary site of DVT; the DVT then propagated to proximal veins through the drainage veins. Lethal thromboemboli would occur at proximal veins as a result of proximal propagation from calf DVTs. Objective: To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).Subjects and Methods: We investigated 100 autopsy cases of PE from limb DVT. The distribution and chronology of DVT in each deep venous segment were examined. Venous segments were classified into three groups: iliofemoral vein, popliteal vein and calf vein (CV). The CV was subdivided into two subgroups, drainage veins of the soleal vein (SV) and non drainage veins of SV.Results: Eighty-nine patients had bilateral limb DVTs. CV was involved in all limbs with DVT with isolated calf DVTs were seen in 47% of patients. Fresh and organized thrombi were detected in 84% of patients. SV showed the highest incidence of DVTs in eight venous segments. The incidence of DVT gradually decreased according to the drainage route of the central SV. Proximal tips of fresh thrombi were mainly located in the popliteal vein and tibioperoneal trunk, occurring in these locations in 63% of limbs.Conclusions: SV is considered to be the primary site of DVT; the DVT then propagated to proximal veins through the drainage veins. Lethal thromboemboli would occur at proximal veins as a result of proximal propagation from calf DVTs. To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).OBJECTIVETo clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).We investigated 100 autopsy cases of PE from limb DVT. The distribution and chronology of DVT in each deep venous segment were examined. Venous segments were classified into three groups: iliofemoral vein, popliteal vein and calf vein (CV). The CV was subdivided into two subgroups, drainage veins of the soleal vein (SV) and non drainage veins of SV.SUBJECTS AND METHODSWe investigated 100 autopsy cases of PE from limb DVT. The distribution and chronology of DVT in each deep venous segment were examined. Venous segments were classified into three groups: iliofemoral vein, popliteal vein and calf vein (CV). The CV was subdivided into two subgroups, drainage veins of the soleal vein (SV) and non drainage veins of SV.Eighty-nine patients had bilateral limb DVTs. CV was involved in all limbs with DVT with isolated calf DVTs were seen in 47% of patients. Fresh and organized thrombi were detected in 84% of patients. SV showed the highest incidence of DVTs in eight venous segments. The incidence of DVT gradually decreased according to the drainage route of the central SV. Proximal tips of fresh thrombi were mainly located in the popliteal vein and tibioperoneal trunk, occurring in these locations in 63% of limbs.RESULTSEighty-nine patients had bilateral limb DVTs. CV was involved in all limbs with DVT with isolated calf DVTs were seen in 47% of patients. Fresh and organized thrombi were detected in 84% of patients. SV showed the highest incidence of DVTs in eight venous segments. The incidence of DVT gradually decreased according to the drainage route of the central SV. Proximal tips of fresh thrombi were mainly located in the popliteal vein and tibioperoneal trunk, occurring in these locations in 63% of limbs.SV is considered to be the primary site of DVT; the DVT then propagated to proximal veins through the drainage veins. Lethal thromboemboli would occur at proximal veins as a result of proximal propagation from calf DVTs.CONCLUSIONSSV is considered to be the primary site of DVT; the DVT then propagated to proximal veins through the drainage veins. Lethal thromboemboli would occur at proximal veins as a result of proximal propagation from calf DVTs. Objective: To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE). Subjects and Methods: We investigated 100 autopsy cases of PE from limb DVT. The distribution and chronology of DVT in each deep venous segment were examined. Venous segments were classified into three groups: iliofemoral vein, popliteal vein and calf vein (CV). The CV was subdivided into two subgroups, drainage veins of the soleal vein (SV) and non drainage veins of SV. Results: Eighty-nine patients had bilateral limb DVTs. CV was involved in all limbs with DVT with isolated calf DVTs were seen in 47% of patients. Fresh and organized thrombi were detected in 84% of patients. SV showed the highest incidence of DVTs in eight venous segments. The incidence of DVT gradually decreased according to the drainage route of the central SV. Proximal tips of fresh thrombi were mainly located in the popliteal vein and tibioperoneal trunk, occurring in these locations in 63% of limbs. Conclusions: SV is considered to be the primary site of DVT; the DVT then propagated to proximal veins through the drainage veins. Lethal thromboemboli would occur at proximal veins as a result of proximal propagation from calf DVTs. |
| Author | Kageyama, Norimasa Ro, Ayako |
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27087868$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | deep vein thrombosis pulmonary thromboembolism autopsy calf vein soleal vein |
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| References | 29) Lautz TB, Abbas F, Walsh SJ, et al. Isolated gastrocnemius and soleal vein thrombosis: should these patients receive therapeutic anticoagulation? Ann Surg 2010; 251: 735-42. 2) Ro A, Kageyama N, Tanifuji T, et al. Autopsy-proven untreated previous pulmonary thromboembolism: frequency and distribution in the pulmonary artery and correlation with patients’ clinical characteristics. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9: 922-7. 21) Ouriel K, Green RM, Greenberg RK, et al. The anatomy of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31: 895-900. 27) Macdonald PS, Kahn SR, Miller N, et al. Short-term natural history of isolated gastrocnemius and soleal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37: 523-7. 14) Lohr JM, Kerr TM, Lutter KS, et al. Lower extremity calf thrombosis: to treat or not to treat? J Vasc Surg 1991; 14: 618-23. 25) Nicolaides AN, Kakkar VV, Field ES, et al. The origin of deep vein thrombosis: a venographic study. Br J Radiol 1971; 44: 653-63. 30) Gillet JL, Perrin MR, Allaert FA. Short-term and mid-term outcome of isolated symptomatic muscular calf vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46: 513-9; discussion 519. 7) Raeburn C. The natural history of venous thrombosis. Br Med J 1951; 2: 517-20. 1) Ro A, Kageyama N, Tanifuji T, et al. Pulmonary thromboembolism: overview and update from medicolegal aspects. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2008; 10: 57-71. 19) Nchimi A, Ghaye B, Noukoua CT, et al. Incidence and distribution of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis at indirect computed tomography venography in patients suspected of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2007; 97: 566-72. 15) Masuda EM, Kessler DM, Kistner RL, et al. The natural history of calf vein thrombosis: lysis of thrombi and development of reflux. J Vasc Surg 1998; 28: 67-73; discussion 73-4. 26) Ohgi S, Ohgi N. Relation between Isolated Venous Thrombi in Soleal Muscle and Positive Anti-Nuclear Antibody. Ann Vasc Dis 2012; 5: 321-7. 23) Kerr TM, Cranley JJ, Johnson JR, et al. Analysis of 1084 consecutive lower extremities involved with acute venous thrombosis diagnosed by duplex scanning. Surgery 1990; 108: 520-7. 28) Parisi R, Visonà A, Camporese G, et al. Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis: efficacy and safety of a protocol of treatment. Treatment of Isolated Calf Thrombosis (TICT) Study. Int Angiol 2009; 28: 68-72. 24) Lohr JM, James KV, Deshmukh RM, et al. Calf vein thrombi are not a benign finding. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 86-90. 9) McLachlin J, Paterson JC Some basic observations on venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1951; 93: 1-8. 20) Monreal M, Ruíz J, Olazabal A, et al. Deep venous thrombosis and the risk of pulmonary embolism. A systematic study. Chest 1992; 102: 677-81. 17) Ro A, Kageyama N, Tanifuji T, et al. The mechanism of thrombi formation, propagation and embolization of calf-type deep vein thrombosis resulting in massive pulmonary thromboembolism. Jpn J Phlebol 2006; 17: 197-205. [in Japanese with English abstract] 4) Hunter WC, Krygier JJ, Kennedy JC. Etiology and prevention of thrombosis of the leg deep veins: a study of 400 cases. Surgery 1945; 17: 178-90. 11) Ohgi S, Tachibana M, Ikebuchi M, et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with isolated soleal vein thrombosis. Angiology 1998; 49: 759-64. 3) Girard P, Musset D, Parent F, et al. High prevalence of detectable deep venous thrombosis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 1999; 116: 903-8. 8) Havig O. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. An autopsy study with multiple regression analysis of possible risk factors. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1977; 478: 1-120. 12) Moser KM, LeMoine JR. Is embolic risk conditioned by location of deep venous thrombosis? Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 439-44. 16) Kageyama N, Ro A, Tanifuji T, et al. Significance of the soleal vein and its drainage veins in cases of massive pulmonary thromboembolism. Ann Vasc Dis 2008; 1: 35-9. 6) Sevitt S. Gallagher N. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A clinico-pathological study in injured and burned patients. Br J Surg 1961; 48: 475-89. 13) Labropoulos N, Kang SS, Mansour MA, et al. Early thrombus remodelling of isolated calf deep vein thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 23: 344-8. 18) Elias A, Colombier D, Victor G, et al. Diagnostic performance of complete lower limb venous ultrasound in patients with clinically suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91: 187-95. 22) Labropoulos N, Webb KM, Kang SS, et al. Patterns and distribution of isolated calf deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 1999; 30: 787-91. 5) Giachino A. Relationship between deep-vein thrombosis in the calf and fatal pulmonary embolism. Can J Surg 1988; 31: 129-30. 10) Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Flanc C, et al. Natural history of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1969; 2: 230-2. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 10550175 - J Vasc Surg. 1999 Nov;30(5):787-91 17393019 - Thromb Haemost. 2007 Apr;97(4):566-72 146995 - Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1977;478:1-120 5569959 - Br J Radiol. 1971 Sep;44(525):653-63 18037329 - Leg Med (Tokyo). 2008 Mar;10(2):57-71 1942369 - J Vasc Surg. 1991 Nov;14 (5):618-23 10531151 - Chest. 1999 Oct;116(4):903-8 17681715 - J Vasc Surg. 2007 Sep;46(3):513-9; discussion 519 7631940 - Am J Surg. 1995 Aug;170(2):86-90 14855243 - Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1951 Jul;93(1):1-8 9685132 - J Vasc Surg. 1998 Jul;28(1):67-73; discussion 73-4 4184105 - Lancet. 1969 Aug 2;2(7614):230-2 23555531 - Ann Vasc Dis. 2012;5(3):321-7 14691585 - Thromb Haemost. 2004 Jan;91(1):187-95 1516386 - Chest. 1992 Sep;102(3):677-81 14869630 - Br Med J. 1951 Sep 1;2(4730):517-20 11991697 - Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002 Apr;23 (4):344-8 23555336 - Ann Vasc Dis. 2008;1(1):35-9 2396197 - Surgery. 1990 Sep;108(3):520-7 10805879 - J Vasc Surg. 2000 May;31(5):895-900 21294826 - J Thromb Haemost. 2011 May;9(5):922-7 19190559 - Int Angiol. 2009 Feb;28(1):68-72 9756428 - Angiology. 1998 Sep;49(9):759-64 13750445 - Br J Surg. 1961 Mar;48:475-89 19858700 - Ann Surg. 2010 Apr;251(4):735-42 3349377 - Can J Surg. 1988 Mar;31(2):129-30 12618686 - J Vasc Surg. 2003 Mar;37(3):523-7 7212500 - Ann Intern Med. 1981 Apr;94(4 pt 1):439-44 |
| References_xml | – reference: 20) Monreal M, Ruíz J, Olazabal A, et al. Deep venous thrombosis and the risk of pulmonary embolism. A systematic study. Chest 1992; 102: 677-81. – reference: 24) Lohr JM, James KV, Deshmukh RM, et al. Calf vein thrombi are not a benign finding. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 86-90. – reference: 28) Parisi R, Visonà A, Camporese G, et al. Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis: efficacy and safety of a protocol of treatment. Treatment of Isolated Calf Thrombosis (TICT) Study. Int Angiol 2009; 28: 68-72. – reference: 15) Masuda EM, Kessler DM, Kistner RL, et al. The natural history of calf vein thrombosis: lysis of thrombi and development of reflux. J Vasc Surg 1998; 28: 67-73; discussion 73-4. – reference: 8) Havig O. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. An autopsy study with multiple regression analysis of possible risk factors. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1977; 478: 1-120. – reference: 30) Gillet JL, Perrin MR, Allaert FA. Short-term and mid-term outcome of isolated symptomatic muscular calf vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46: 513-9; discussion 519. – reference: 4) Hunter WC, Krygier JJ, Kennedy JC. Etiology and prevention of thrombosis of the leg deep veins: a study of 400 cases. Surgery 1945; 17: 178-90. – reference: 2) Ro A, Kageyama N, Tanifuji T, et al. Autopsy-proven untreated previous pulmonary thromboembolism: frequency and distribution in the pulmonary artery and correlation with patients’ clinical characteristics. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9: 922-7. – reference: 26) Ohgi S, Ohgi N. Relation between Isolated Venous Thrombi in Soleal Muscle and Positive Anti-Nuclear Antibody. Ann Vasc Dis 2012; 5: 321-7. – reference: 6) Sevitt S. Gallagher N. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A clinico-pathological study in injured and burned patients. Br J Surg 1961; 48: 475-89. – reference: 7) Raeburn C. The natural history of venous thrombosis. Br Med J 1951; 2: 517-20. – reference: 14) Lohr JM, Kerr TM, Lutter KS, et al. Lower extremity calf thrombosis: to treat or not to treat? J Vasc Surg 1991; 14: 618-23. – reference: 29) Lautz TB, Abbas F, Walsh SJ, et al. Isolated gastrocnemius and soleal vein thrombosis: should these patients receive therapeutic anticoagulation? Ann Surg 2010; 251: 735-42. – reference: 17) Ro A, Kageyama N, Tanifuji T, et al. The mechanism of thrombi formation, propagation and embolization of calf-type deep vein thrombosis resulting in massive pulmonary thromboembolism. Jpn J Phlebol 2006; 17: 197-205. [in Japanese with English abstract] – reference: 10) Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Flanc C, et al. Natural history of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1969; 2: 230-2. – reference: 18) Elias A, Colombier D, Victor G, et al. Diagnostic performance of complete lower limb venous ultrasound in patients with clinically suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91: 187-95. – reference: 12) Moser KM, LeMoine JR. Is embolic risk conditioned by location of deep venous thrombosis? Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 439-44. – reference: 5) Giachino A. Relationship between deep-vein thrombosis in the calf and fatal pulmonary embolism. Can J Surg 1988; 31: 129-30. – reference: 21) Ouriel K, Green RM, Greenberg RK, et al. The anatomy of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31: 895-900. – reference: 22) Labropoulos N, Webb KM, Kang SS, et al. Patterns and distribution of isolated calf deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 1999; 30: 787-91. – reference: 27) Macdonald PS, Kahn SR, Miller N, et al. Short-term natural history of isolated gastrocnemius and soleal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37: 523-7. – reference: 13) Labropoulos N, Kang SS, Mansour MA, et al. Early thrombus remodelling of isolated calf deep vein thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 23: 344-8. – reference: 16) Kageyama N, Ro A, Tanifuji T, et al. Significance of the soleal vein and its drainage veins in cases of massive pulmonary thromboembolism. Ann Vasc Dis 2008; 1: 35-9. – reference: 9) McLachlin J, Paterson JC Some basic observations on venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1951; 93: 1-8. – reference: 3) Girard P, Musset D, Parent F, et al. High prevalence of detectable deep venous thrombosis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 1999; 116: 903-8. – reference: 11) Ohgi S, Tachibana M, Ikebuchi M, et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with isolated soleal vein thrombosis. Angiology 1998; 49: 759-64. – reference: 23) Kerr TM, Cranley JJ, Johnson JR, et al. Analysis of 1084 consecutive lower extremities involved with acute venous thrombosis diagnosed by duplex scanning. Surgery 1990; 108: 520-7. – reference: 1) Ro A, Kageyama N, Tanifuji T, et al. Pulmonary thromboembolism: overview and update from medicolegal aspects. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2008; 10: 57-71. – reference: 19) Nchimi A, Ghaye B, Noukoua CT, et al. Incidence and distribution of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis at indirect computed tomography venography in patients suspected of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2007; 97: 566-72. – reference: 25) Nicolaides AN, Kakkar VV, Field ES, et al. The origin of deep vein thrombosis: a venographic study. 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| Snippet | Objective: To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).Subjects and... To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE). We investigated 100 autopsy... To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).OBJECTIVETo clarify the... Objective: To clarify the histopathological characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in lethal pulmonary thromboembolism (PE). Subjects and... |
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| SubjectTerms | autopsy calf vein deep vein thrombosis Original pulmonary thromboembolism soleal vein |
| Title | Clinical Significance of the Soleal Vein and Related Drainage Veins, in Calf Vein Thrombosis in Autopsy Cases with Massive Pulmonary Thromboembolism |
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