Adaptive Chirp Transform for frequency measurement
► In this paper new Adaptive Chirp Transform (ACT) is proposed for power frequency measurement. ► Results of analysis are showing that ACT has a significantly lower number of operations compared to classic CZT. ► ACT is very fast method which is able to determine frequency of non-stationary sinus si...
        Saved in:
      
    
          | Published in | Measurement : journal of the International Measurement Confederation Vol. 45; no. 3; pp. 268 - 275 | 
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , | 
| Format | Journal Article | 
| Language | English | 
| Published | 
            Elsevier Ltd
    
        01.04.2012
     | 
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text | 
| ISSN | 0263-2241 1873-412X  | 
| DOI | 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005 | 
Cover
| Abstract | ► In this paper new Adaptive Chirp Transform (ACT) is proposed for power frequency measurement. ► Results of analysis are showing that ACT has a significantly lower number of operations compared to classic CZT. ► ACT is very fast method which is able to determine frequency of non-stationary sinus signal.
In this paper Adaptive Chirp Transform (ACT) algorithm for power frequency measurement is presented. It is adjusted for continuous monitoring of power frequency. Signal is first preprocessed with adaptive filter to minimize the error of non-linear model parameters. The resulting parameters are used to narrow the frequency range for CZT method to be effective. Algorithm code has been analyzed and computation complexity has been significantly decreased. Using this algorithm it is possible to measure frequency transients with sufficient accuracy and low execution time. Algorithm is verified through simulations and real-time data. | 
    
|---|---|
| AbstractList | In this paper Adaptive Chirp Transform (ACT) algorithm for power frequency measurement is presented. It is adjusted for continuous monitoring of power frequency. Signal is first preprocessed with adaptive filter to minimize the error of non-linear model parameters. The resulting parameters are used to narrow the frequency range for CZT method to be effective. Algorithm code has been analyzed and computation complexity has been significantly decreased. Using this algorithm it is possible to measure frequency transients with sufficient accuracy and low execution time. Algorithm is verified through simulations and real-time data. ► In this paper new Adaptive Chirp Transform (ACT) is proposed for power frequency measurement. ► Results of analysis are showing that ACT has a significantly lower number of operations compared to classic CZT. ► ACT is very fast method which is able to determine frequency of non-stationary sinus signal. In this paper Adaptive Chirp Transform (ACT) algorithm for power frequency measurement is presented. It is adjusted for continuous monitoring of power frequency. Signal is first preprocessed with adaptive filter to minimize the error of non-linear model parameters. The resulting parameters are used to narrow the frequency range for CZT method to be effective. Algorithm code has been analyzed and computation complexity has been significantly decreased. Using this algorithm it is possible to measure frequency transients with sufficient accuracy and low execution time. Algorithm is verified through simulations and real-time data.  | 
    
| Author | Mostarac, Petar Malarić, Roman Hegeduš, Hrvoje  | 
    
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Petar surname: Mostarac fullname: Mostarac, Petar email: petar.mostarac@fer.hr – sequence: 2 givenname: Roman surname: Malarić fullname: Malarić, Roman – sequence: 3 givenname: Hrvoje surname: Hegeduš fullname: Hegeduš, Hrvoje  | 
    
| BookMark | eNqNkE1LAzEQhoNUsK3-h_XmZdd8bbI5SVn8goKXCt5CyM5iyn6ZpIX-e1PqQbzYy8wcnnnnnXeBZsM4AEK3BBcEE3G_LXowYeehhyEWFBNSEFpgXF6gOakkyzmhHzM0x1SwnFJOrtAihC3GWDAl5oiuGjNFt4es_nR-yjbeDKEdfZ-lkrUevnYw2EP268o1umxNF-Dmpy_R-9Pjpn7J12_Pr_VqnVtWyZiXkoNIo1GcqEqmUdrSllRBRZJ1xpniQorKlgxKI6WSCkvbNNA0omraii3R3Ul38mNyEaLuXbDQdWaAcRc0kVxQxSul_kcxUYJRVh5RdUKtH0Pw0OrJu974Q4KOnNBb_etZfYxUE6pTpGn34c-uddFENw7RG9edpVCfFCAFt3fgdbAuBQyN82CjbkZ3hso3ts6b4g | 
    
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2017_11_048 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2018_05_025 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2013_07_001 crossref_primary_10_3390_metrology4010008  | 
    
| Cites_doi | 10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1 10.1109/IMTC.2010.5488181 10.2478/v10048-011-0019-9 10.1109/CPEM.2010.5544111 10.1109/TAU.1969.1162034 10.1109/19.137352 10.1109/19.997826 10.1109/CPEM.2010.5544520 10.1016/j.measurement.2008.04.013  | 
    
| ContentType | Journal Article | 
    
| Copyright | 2011 Elsevier Ltd | 
    
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2011 Elsevier Ltd | 
    
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 7TB 8FD FR3 7S9 L.6  | 
    
| DOI | 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005 | 
    
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts Technology Research Database Engineering Research Database AGRICOLA AGRICOLA - Academic  | 
    
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Technology Research Database Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts Engineering Research Database AGRICOLA AGRICOLA - Academic  | 
    
| DatabaseTitleList | Technology Research Database AGRICOLA  | 
    
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc | 
    
| Discipline | Engineering Physics  | 
    
| EISSN | 1873-412X | 
    
| EndPage | 275 | 
    
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1016_j_measurement_2011_12_005 S0263224111004428  | 
    
| GroupedDBID | --K --M .~1 0R~ 1B1 1~. 1~5 29M 4.4 457 4G. 5GY 5VS 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JN AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAIAV AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAXUO ABFNM ABFRF ABJNI ABMAC ABNEU ABXDB ABYKQ ACDAQ ACFVG ACGFO ACGFS ACIWK ACNNM ACRLP ADBBV ADEZE ADTZH AEBSH AECPX AEFWE AEGXH AEKER AENEX AFKWA AFTJW AGHFR AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AHJVU AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AIVDX AJBFU AJOXV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ ASPBG AVWKF AXJTR AZFZN BJAXD BKOJK BLXMC CS3 DU5 EBS EFJIC EFLBG EJD EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 FDB FEDTE FGOYB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-2 G-Q GBLVA GS5 HVGLF HZ~ IHE J1W JJJVA KOM LY7 M41 MO0 N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OGIMB OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. Q38 R2- RIG RNS ROL RPZ SDF SDG SES SET SEW SPC SPCBC SPD SSQ SST SSZ T5K WUQ XPP ZMT ~G- AATTM AAXKI AAYWO AAYXX ACLOT ACVFH ADCNI AEIPS AEUPX AFJKZ AFPUW AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP ANKPU APXCP CITATION EFKBS ~HD 7TB 8FD FR3 7S9 L.6  | 
    
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-574e6c38a9419876c37c5c529e81101343946768c53e5a7797907cddedd68df83 | 
    
| IEDL.DBID | .~1 | 
    
| ISSN | 0263-2241 | 
    
| IngestDate | Sun Sep 28 05:59:51 EDT 2025 Sun Sep 28 00:18:24 EDT 2025 Wed Oct 01 05:13:23 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:58:11 EDT 2025 Fri Feb 23 02:27:18 EST 2024  | 
    
| IsPeerReviewed | true | 
    
| IsScholarly | true | 
    
| Issue | 3 | 
    
| Keywords | Interpolated discrete Fourier transform Chirp-z transform Frequency measurement  | 
    
| Language | English | 
    
| License | https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0 | 
    
| LinkModel | DirectLink | 
    
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c387t-574e6c38a9419876c37c5c529e81101343946768c53e5a7797907cddedd68df83 | 
    
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2  | 
    
| PQID | 1019632359 | 
    
| PQPubID | 23500 | 
    
| PageCount | 8 | 
    
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_1746294899 proquest_miscellaneous_1019632359 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2011_12_005 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_measurement_2011_12_005 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_measurement_2011_12_005  | 
    
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX  | 
    
| PublicationCentury | 2000 | 
    
| PublicationDate | April 2012 2012-4-00 20120401  | 
    
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2012-04-01 | 
    
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 04 year: 2012 text: April 2012  | 
    
| PublicationDecade | 2010 | 
    
| PublicationTitle | Measurement : journal of the International Measurement Confederation | 
    
| PublicationYear | 2012 | 
    
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd | 
    
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd | 
    
| References | Ramos, Serra (b0015) 2009; 42 D. Slepicka, D. Agrez, R. Lapuh, E. Nunzi, D. Petri, T. Radil, J.Schoukens, M. Sedlacek, Comparison of nonparametric frequency estimators, Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC) (2010) 73–77 (CD). National Instruments LabVIEW Hegeduš, Mostarac, Malarić (b0075) 2011; 11 . P. Mostarac, R. Malarić, H. Hegeduš, Novel frequency measurement method with low sampling time, in: 2010 Conference of Precision Electromagnetic Measurement Digest, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, pp. 438–439, June 2010. L.I. Bluestein, A linear filtering approach to the computation of the discrete Fourier transform, NEREM Rec. (1968) 218–219. IEEE Std. 1159-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, December 1995. Schoukens, Pintelon, Van hamme (b0065) 1992; 41 Nussbaumer (b0050) 1981 Cooley, Tukey (b0045) 1965; 19 Agrež (b0025) 2002; 51 EN 50160:1999, Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems, CENELEC, 1999. Oppenheim (b0070) 1989 H. Hegeduš, P. Mostarac, R. Malarić, Precision RMS value measurement of non-coherent sampled signals, in: 2010 Conference of Precision Electromagnetic Measurement Digest, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, June 2010, pp. 205–206. Rabiner, Schafer, Rader (b0035) 1969; 17 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0055 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0010 Hegeduš (10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0075) 2011; 11 Rabiner (10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0035) 1969; 17 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0005 Oppenheim (10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0070) 1989 Ramos (10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0015) 2009; 42 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0060 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0040 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0020 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0030 Agrež (10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0025) 2002; 51 Nussbaumer (10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0050) 1981 Cooley (10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0045) 1965; 19 Schoukens (10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0065) 1992; 41  | 
    
| References_xml | – reference: EN 50160:1999, Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems, CENELEC, 1999. – volume: 51 year: 2002 ident: b0025 article-title: Weighted multipoint interpolated DFT to improve amplitude estimation of multifrequency signal publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement – volume: 17 start-page: 86 year: 1969 end-page: 92 ident: b0035 article-title: The Chirp z-Transform algorithm publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics – volume: 19 start-page: 297 year: 1965 end-page: 301 ident: b0045 article-title: An algorithm for the machine computation of complex Fourier series publication-title: Mathematics of Computation – reference: H. Hegeduš, P. Mostarac, R. Malarić, Precision RMS value measurement of non-coherent sampled signals, in: 2010 Conference of Precision Electromagnetic Measurement Digest, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, June 2010, pp. 205–206. – reference: IEEE Std. 1159-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, December 1995. – volume: 42 start-page: 1312 year: 2009 end-page: 1317 ident: b0015 article-title: Comparison of frequency estimation algorithms for power quality assessment publication-title: Measurement – volume: 11 start-page: 79 year: 2011 end-page: 84 ident: b0075 article-title: Comparison of RMS value measurement algorithms on non-coherent sampled signals publication-title: Measurement Science Review – reference: >. – year: 1989 ident: b0070 article-title: Schafer: Discrete-time Signal Processing – reference: D. Slepicka, D. Agrez, R. Lapuh, E. Nunzi, D. Petri, T. Radil, J.Schoukens, M. Sedlacek, Comparison of nonparametric frequency estimators, Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC) (2010) 73–77 (CD). – reference: National Instruments LabVIEW, < – reference: P. Mostarac, R. Malarić, H. Hegeduš, Novel frequency measurement method with low sampling time, in: 2010 Conference of Precision Electromagnetic Measurement Digest, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, pp. 438–439, June 2010. – volume: 41 start-page: 226 year: 1992 end-page: 232 ident: b0065 article-title: The interpolated fast Fourier transform: a comparative study publication-title: IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement – reference: L.I. Bluestein, A linear filtering approach to the computation of the discrete Fourier transform, NEREM Rec. (1968) 218–219. – year: 1981 ident: b0050 article-title: Fast Fourier Transform and Convolution Algorithm – volume: 19 start-page: 297 year: 1965 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0045 article-title: An algorithm for the machine computation of complex Fourier series publication-title: Mathematics of Computation doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0020 doi: 10.1109/IMTC.2010.5488181 – volume: 11 start-page: 79 issue: 1335–8871 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0075 article-title: Comparison of RMS value measurement algorithms on non-coherent sampled signals publication-title: Measurement Science Review doi: 10.2478/v10048-011-0019-9 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0060 doi: 10.1109/CPEM.2010.5544111 – volume: 17 start-page: 86 issue: 2 year: 1969 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0035 article-title: The Chirp z-Transform algorithm publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics doi: 10.1109/TAU.1969.1162034 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0010 – volume: 41 start-page: 226 issue: 2 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0065 article-title: The interpolated fast Fourier transform: a comparative study publication-title: IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement doi: 10.1109/19.137352 – volume: 51 issue: 2 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0025 article-title: Weighted multipoint interpolated DFT to improve amplitude estimation of multifrequency signal publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement doi: 10.1109/19.997826 – year: 1981 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0050 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0040 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0005 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0030 doi: 10.1109/CPEM.2010.5544520 – year: 1989 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0070 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0055 – volume: 42 start-page: 1312 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005_b0015 article-title: Comparison of frequency estimation algorithms for power quality assessment publication-title: Measurement doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2008.04.013  | 
    
| SSID | ssj0006396 | 
    
| Score | 1.9617631 | 
    
| Snippet | ► In this paper new Adaptive Chirp Transform (ACT) is proposed for power frequency measurement. ► Results of analysis are showing that ACT has a significantly... In this paper Adaptive Chirp Transform (ACT) algorithm for power frequency measurement is presented. It is adjusted for continuous monitoring of power...  | 
    
| SourceID | proquest crossref elsevier  | 
    
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher  | 
    
| StartPage | 268 | 
    
| SubjectTerms | Adaptive filters Algorithms Chirp Chirp-z transform Computer simulation Frequency measurement Frequency ranges Interpolated discrete Fourier transform Mathematical models monitoring nonlinear models Transforms  | 
    
| Title | Adaptive Chirp Transform for frequency measurement | 
    
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.005 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1019632359 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1746294899  | 
    
| Volume | 45 | 
    
| hasFullText | 1 | 
    
| inHoldings | 1 | 
    
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Baden-Württemberg Complete Freedom Collection (Elsevier) customDbUrl: eissn: 1873-412X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0006396 issn: 0263-2241 databaseCode: GBLVA dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier ScienceDirect [Accès UNIL ; CHUV ; HEP Vaud ; Sites BCUL] customDbUrl: eissn: 1873-412X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0006396 issn: 0263-2241 databaseCode: ACRLP dateStart: 19950101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals [SCFCJ] - access via UTK customDbUrl: eissn: 1873-412X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0006396 issn: 0263-2241 databaseCode: AIKHN dateStart: 19950101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: ScienceDirect (Elsevier) customDbUrl: eissn: 1873-412X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0006396 issn: 0263-2241 databaseCode: .~1 dateStart: 19950101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier – providerCode: PRVLSH databaseName: Elsevier Journals customDbUrl: mediaType: online eissn: 1873-412X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0006396 issn: 0263-2241 databaseCode: AKRWK dateStart: 19830101 isFulltext: true providerName: Library Specific Holdings  | 
    
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3dS8MwED_GRNEH0ak4P0YHvtZtadKk4MsYjqm4FzfYW8jSFCfalX08-OLf7qUfborIwJeSlhxcrunvLtf7ALjSJvJUiysXVYnnUq6MKxj13ZYwAg0OQlSax_3Y93tDej9ioxJ0ilwYG1aZY3-G6Sla508auTQbyWTSeGraUuOogLKiZ8Qm_FLKbReD649VmAdqYD_zs3iunb0D9VWM19vKD5dV87SeQdvJ7ncd9QOtUxXUPYD93HZ02hl7h1AycQX21ioKVmA7jejU8yMg7VAlFsuczvNkljiDwkJ18OJEsyyE-t1ZY-4Yht3bQafn5g0SXO0JvnAZp8bHoQqo9R3gkGumGQlQzrhCz2a9-nie0MwzTHEecDwKawS0MPRFGAnvBMrxNDan4HCjmiQY00i3FKUmGhsWGs7R_jOUNJmogihEInVePdw2sXiVRZjYi1xjWFppyhaRKM0qkC_SJCuhsQnRTSF3-W0_SIT6TcjrxbuS-L3YnyAqNtPl3NIh5hCPBX_M4dQnAcWj6Nn_2DiHXbwjWaTPBZQXs6W5RCNmMa6lu7QGW-27h17_E-i88Yo | 
    
| linkProvider | Elsevier | 
    
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LS8NAEB5qxddBtCrWZwpeY9vNbnYDXkqxVG17sYXelu1mgxVtSx8HL_52Z_OwVUQELyEkOzCZbL555NtZgCttIk9VuXLRlXgu5cq4glHfrQojMOAgRMXruNsdv9mj933Wz0E9WwtjaZUp9ieYHqN1eqWcWrM8GQ7LjxXbahwdUNL0jIg1WKeMcJuBXb8veR7ogv2k0OK5dvgmlJYkr9dlIS5p52lLg3Yru5-d1De4jn1QYw920-DRqSX67UPOjAqws9JSsAAbMaVTzw6A1EI1sWDm1J-G04nTzUJUBw9ONE041G_OinKH0GvcdutNN90hwdWe4HOXcWp8PFUBtcUDPOWaaUYCNDQ-oWeXvfqYUGjmGaY4DzjmwhoRLQx9EUbCO4L8aDwyx-BwoyokGNBIVxWlJhoYFhrOMQA0lFSYKILITCJ12j7c7mLxIjOe2LNcUVhaa8oqkWjNIpBP0UnSQ-MvQjeZ3eWXCSER6_8iXsrelcQPxv4FUSMzXsysHIIO8VjwyxhOfRJQzEVP_qfGJWw1u-2WbN11Hk5hG--QhPZzBvn5dGHOMaKZDy7iGfsBg2TzHw | 
    
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Adaptive+Chirp+Transform+for+frequency+measurement&rft.jtitle=Measurement+%3A+journal+of+the+International+Measurement+Confederation&rft.au=Mostarac%2C+Petar&rft.au=Malari%C4%87%2C+Roman&rft.au=Hegedu%C5%A1%2C+Hrvoje&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.issn=0263-2241&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3+p.268-275&rft.spage=268&rft.epage=275&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.measurement.2011.12.005&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT | 
    
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0263-2241&client=summon | 
    
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0263-2241&client=summon | 
    
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0263-2241&client=summon |