Apple Pomace Extract Improves Endurance in Exercise Performance by Increasing Strength and Weight of Skeletal Muscle

• Published in: Journal of medicinal food Vol. 18; no. 12; pp. 1380 - 1386
• Main Authors: Jeong, Ji-Woong, Shim, Jae-Jung, Choi, Il-Dong, Kim, Sung-Hwan, Ra, Jehyeon, Ku, Hyung Keun, Lee, Dong Eun, Kim, Tae-Youl, Jeung, Woonhee, Lee, Jung-Hee, Lee, Ki Won, Huh, Chul-Sung, Sim, Jae-Hun, Ahn, Young-Tae
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Mary Ann Liebert, Inc 01.12.2015
• Subjects: Animals; apple pomace extracts; biomarkers; Biomarkers - blood; blood serum; Cell Line; creatinine; diabetes; Dietary Supplements; exercise; Exercise Tolerance; Fatigue - blood; Fatigue - prevention & control; Fruit - chemistry; fruits; functional foods; gene expression; Gene Expression - drug effects; genes; herbs; Hypertrophy; in vivo studies; lactate dehydrogenase; Male; Malus - chemistry; mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal - drug effects; Muscle Strength - drug effects; Muscle Strength - genetics; Muscle, Skeletal - cytology; Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology; muscles; muscular atrophy; Muscular Atrophy - blood; Muscular Atrophy - genetics; Muscular Atrophy - prevention & control; myotubes; phosphates; Physical Endurance - drug effects; Physical Endurance - physiology; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; Plant Extracts - therapeutic use; Running - physiology; skeletal muscle; traditional medicine; Triterpenes - pharmacology; Triterpenes - therapeutic use; Ursolic Acid; muscle strength; atrophy; apple pomace; ursolic acid
• ISSN: 1557-7600; 1557-7600
• DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3401

Ursolic acid is a lipophilic pentacyclic triterpenoid found in many fruits and herbs and is used in several herbal folk medicines for diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of apple pomace extract (APE; ursolic acid content, 183 mg/g) on skeletal muscle atrophy. To examine APE therapeutic potential in muscle atrophy, we investigated APE effects on the expression of biomarkers associated with muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. We found that APE inhibited atrophy, while inducing hypertrophy in C2C12 myotubes by decreasing the expression of atrophy-related genes and increasing the expression of hypertrophy-associated genes. The in vivo experiments using mice fed a diet with or without APE showed that APE intake increased skeletal muscle mass, as well as grip strength and exercise capacity. In addition, APE significantly improved endurance in the mice, as evidenced by increased exhaustive running time and muscle weight, and reduced the expression of the genes involved in the development of muscle atrophy. APE also decreased the concentration of serum lactate and lactate dehydrogenase, inorganic phosphate, and creatinine, the indicators of accumulated fatigue and exercise-induced stress. These results suggest that APE may be useful as an ergogenic functional food or dietary supplement.