Propositional epistemic luck, epistemic risk, and epistemic justification
If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis of the good available evidence? After all, properly based beliefs are no likelier to be true than their corresponding improperly based belief...
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Published in | Synthese (Dordrecht) Vol. 195; no. 9; pp. 3811 - 3820 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Dordrecht
Springer Science + Business Media
01.09.2018
Springer Netherlands Springer Nature B.V |
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Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 0039-7857 1573-0964 1573-0964 |
DOI | 10.1007/s11229-016-1262-2 |
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Abstract | If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis of the good available evidence? After all, properly based beliefs are no likelier to be true than their corresponding improperly based beliefs, as long as the subject possesses the same good evidence in both cases. And yet it clearly does matter. The aim of this paper is to explain why, and in the process delineate a species of epistemic luck that has hitherto gone unnoticed—what we call propositional epistemic luck—but which we claim is crucial to accounting for the importance of proper basing. As we will see, in order to understand why this type of epistemic luck is malignant, we also need to reflect on the relationship between epistemic luck and epistemic risk. |
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AbstractList | If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe
on the basis of
the good available evidence? After all, properly based beliefs are no likelier to be true than their corresponding improperly based beliefs, as long as the subject possesses the same good evidence in both cases. And yet it clearly does matter. The aim of this paper is to explain why, and in the process delineate a species of epistemic luck that has hitherto gone unnoticed—what we call
propositional epistemic luck
—but which we claim is crucial to accounting for the importance of proper basing. As we will see, in order to understand why this type of epistemic luck is malignant, we also need to reflect on the relationship between epistemic luck and epistemic risk. If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis of the good available evidence? After all, properly based beliefs are no likelier to be true than their corresponding improperly based beliefs, as long as the subject possesses the same good evidence in both cases. And yet it clearly does matter. The aim of this paper is to explain why, and in the process delineate a species of epistemic luck that has hitherto gone unnoticed—what we call propositional epistemic luck—but which we claim is crucial to accounting for the importance of proper basing. As we will see, in order to understand why this type of epistemic luck is malignant, we also need to reflect on the relationship between epistemic luck and epistemic risk. |
Author | Bondy, Patrick Pritchard, Duncan |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s11229_022_03800_0 crossref_primary_10_1080_0020174X_2023_2166984 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11229_019_02517_x crossref_primary_10_1111_meta_12341 crossref_primary_10_1111_theo_12334 |
Cites_doi | 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586264.001.0001 10.1007/s10670-011-9271-5 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.03.001 10.1007/s11098-011-9712-7 10.1007/s11229-012-0111-1 10.1111/meta.12142 10.1007/s11229-009-9569-x 10.2307/2025273 10.1080/00048400500110867 10.1111/papq.12136 10.1080/00048402.2014.962553 10.1093/019928038X.001.0001 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297023.001.0001 10.1017/CBO9781139174763 10.1080/00048402.2014.1001415 10.4324/9781315882390 10.5840/jphil20161131137 10.5840/jphil201210939 10.1007/s11229-006-9046-8 10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00331.x 10.1111/meta.12103 10.1080/00048400802421681 10.1007/978-94-010-0013-0_4 |
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Keywords | Epistemic basing Epistemic justification Epistemic luck Epistemic risk |
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References | PritchardDHMillarAHaddockAThe nature and value of knowledge: Three investigations2010OxfordOxford University Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586264.001.0001 SosaEA virtue epistemology: Apt belief and reflective knowledge2007OxfordClarendon Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297023.001.0001 CoffmanEJThinking about luckSynthese200715838539810.1007/s11229-006-9046-8 Pritchard, D. H. (2013). There cannot be lucky knowledge. In M. Steup., J. Turri & E. Sosa (Eds.), Contemporary debates in epistemology (2nd ed., pp. 152–164). Oxford: Blackwell. RussellBHuman knowledge1948LondonRoutledge LevyNWhat, and where, luck is: A response to Jennifer LackeyAustralasian Journal of Philosophy20098748949710.1080/00048400802421681 PritchardDHRisk. Metaphilosophy20154643646110.1111/meta.12142 Pritchard, D. H. (Forthcoming). Epistemic risk. Journal of Philosophy. McCainKEvidentialism and epistemic justification2014LondonRoutledge10.4324/9781315882390 OliveiraLNon-agential permissibility in epistemologyAustralasian Journal of Philosophy20159338939410.1080/00048402.2014.1001415 PritchardDHEpistemic Luck2005OxfordOxford University Press10.1093/019928038X.001.0001 KorczKRecent work on the basing relationAmerican Philosophical Quarterly199734171192 EvansIThe problem of the basing relationSynthese20131902943295710.1007/s11229-012-0111-1 LehrerKHow reasons give us knowledge, or the case of the gypsy lawyerJournal of Philosophy19716831131310.2307/2025273 TurriJOn the relation between propositional and doxastic justificationPhilosophy and Phenomenological Research20108031232610.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00331.x SilvaPJrDoes doxastic justification have a basing requirement?Australasian Journal of Philosophy20159337138710.1080/00048402.2014.962553 TurriJBelieving for a reasonErkenntnis20117438339710.1007/s10670-011-9271-5 ZagzebskiLVirtues of the mind: An enquiry into the nature of virtue and the ethical foundations of knowledge1996New YorkCambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9781139174763 PritchardDHThe modal account of luckMetaphilosophy20144559461910.1111/meta.12103 PritchardDHScepticism, epistemic luck and epistemic angstAustralasian Journal of Philosophy20058318520610.1080/00048400500110867 Bondy, P. (2015). Counterfactuals and Epistemic Basing Relations. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. doi:10.1111/papq.12136. PritchardDHSmithMThe psychology and philosophy of luckNew Ideas in Psychology20042212810.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.03.001 HetheringtonSSteupMTurriJThere can be lucky knowledgeContemporary debates in epistemology2013OxfordBlackwell164176 PritchardDHAnti-luck virtue epistemologyJournal of Philosophy201210924727910.5840/jphil201210939 McCainKThe interventionist account of causation and the basing relationPhilosophical Studies201215935738210.1007/s11098-011-9712-7 Steglich-PetersenALuck as an epistemic notionSynthese201017636137710.1007/s11229-009-9569-x KvanvigJOlssonEJJustification and proper basingThe epistemology of Keith Lehrer2003Dordrecht, HollandSpringer436210.1007/978-94-010-0013-0_4 J Kvanvig (1262_CR6) 2003 E Sosa (1262_CR23) 2007 EJ Coffman (1262_CR2) 2007; 158 DH Pritchard (1262_CR14) 2012; 109 L Zagzebski (1262_CR27) 1996 DH Pritchard (1262_CR19) 2010 DH Pritchard (1262_CR12) 2005 DH Pritchard (1262_CR16) 2014; 45 DH Pritchard (1262_CR17) 2015; 46 P Silva Jr (1262_CR22) 2015; 93 J Turri (1262_CR25) 2010; 80 L Oliveira (1262_CR11) 2015; 93 S Hetherington (1262_CR4) 2013 1262_CR1 1262_CR15 K Lehrer (1262_CR7) 1971; 68 I Evans (1262_CR3) 2013; 190 1262_CR18 DH Pritchard (1262_CR13) 2005; 83 K Korcz (1262_CR5) 1997; 34 N Levy (1262_CR8) 2009; 87 B Russell (1262_CR21) 1948 K McCain (1262_CR9) 2012; 159 A Steglich-Petersen (1262_CR24) 2010; 176 K McCain (1262_CR10) 2014 J Turri (1262_CR26) 2011; 74 DH Pritchard (1262_CR20) 2004; 22 |
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Metaphilosophy20154643646110.1111/meta.12142 – reference: PritchardDHAnti-luck virtue epistemologyJournal of Philosophy201210924727910.5840/jphil201210939 – reference: PritchardDHScepticism, epistemic luck and epistemic angstAustralasian Journal of Philosophy20058318520610.1080/00048400500110867 – reference: KorczKRecent work on the basing relationAmerican Philosophical Quarterly199734171192 – reference: McCainKThe interventionist account of causation and the basing relationPhilosophical Studies201215935738210.1007/s11098-011-9712-7 – reference: McCainKEvidentialism and epistemic justification2014LondonRoutledge10.4324/9781315882390 – reference: ZagzebskiLVirtues of the mind: An enquiry into the nature of virtue and the ethical foundations of knowledge1996New YorkCambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9781139174763 – reference: EvansIThe problem of the basing relationSynthese20131902943295710.1007/s11229-012-0111-1 – reference: LevyNWhat, and where, luck is: A response to Jennifer LackeyAustralasian Journal of Philosophy20098748949710.1080/00048400802421681 – reference: PritchardDHSmithMThe psychology and philosophy of luckNew Ideas in Psychology20042212810.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.03.001 – reference: SilvaPJrDoes doxastic justification have a basing requirement?Australasian Journal of Philosophy20159337138710.1080/00048402.2014.962553 – reference: Pritchard, D. H. (2013). There cannot be lucky knowledge. In M. Steup., J. Turri & E. Sosa (Eds.), Contemporary debates in epistemology (2nd ed., pp. 152–164). Oxford: Blackwell. – reference: KvanvigJOlssonEJJustification and proper basingThe epistemology of Keith Lehrer2003Dordrecht, HollandSpringer436210.1007/978-94-010-0013-0_4 – reference: PritchardDHMillarAHaddockAThe nature and value of knowledge: Three investigations2010OxfordOxford University Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586264.001.0001 – reference: SosaEA virtue epistemology: Apt belief and reflective knowledge2007OxfordClarendon Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297023.001.0001 – reference: PritchardDHThe modal account of luckMetaphilosophy20144559461910.1111/meta.12103 – reference: TurriJOn the relation between propositional and doxastic justificationPhilosophy and Phenomenological Research20108031232610.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00331.x – reference: Bondy, P. (2015). Counterfactuals and Epistemic Basing Relations. 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Snippet | If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis... If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis... |
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StartPage | 3811 |
SubjectTerms | Belief & doubt Beliefs Education Epistemology Logic Metaphysics Philosophy Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Science Proposals Risk S.I. : EPISTEMIC JUSTIFICATION |
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Title | Propositional epistemic luck, epistemic risk, and epistemic justification |
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