Propositional epistemic luck, epistemic risk, and epistemic justification

If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis of the good available evidence? After all, properly based beliefs are no likelier to be true than their corresponding improperly based belief...

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Published inSynthese (Dordrecht) Vol. 195; no. 9; pp. 3811 - 3820
Main Authors Bondy, Patrick, Pritchard, Duncan
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Dordrecht Springer Science + Business Media 01.09.2018
Springer Netherlands
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0039-7857
1573-0964
1573-0964
DOI10.1007/s11229-016-1262-2

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Abstract If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis of the good available evidence? After all, properly based beliefs are no likelier to be true than their corresponding improperly based beliefs, as long as the subject possesses the same good evidence in both cases. And yet it clearly does matter. The aim of this paper is to explain why, and in the process delineate a species of epistemic luck that has hitherto gone unnoticed—what we call propositional epistemic luck—but which we claim is crucial to accounting for the importance of proper basing. As we will see, in order to understand why this type of epistemic luck is malignant, we also need to reflect on the relationship between epistemic luck and epistemic risk.
AbstractList If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis of the good available evidence? After all, properly based beliefs are no likelier to be true than their corresponding improperly based beliefs, as long as the subject possesses the same good evidence in both cases. And yet it clearly does matter. The aim of this paper is to explain why, and in the process delineate a species of epistemic luck that has hitherto gone unnoticed—what we call propositional epistemic luck —but which we claim is crucial to accounting for the importance of proper basing. As we will see, in order to understand why this type of epistemic luck is malignant, we also need to reflect on the relationship between epistemic luck and epistemic risk.
If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis of the good available evidence? After all, properly based beliefs are no likelier to be true than their corresponding improperly based beliefs, as long as the subject possesses the same good evidence in both cases. And yet it clearly does matter. The aim of this paper is to explain why, and in the process delineate a species of epistemic luck that has hitherto gone unnoticed—what we call propositional epistemic luck—but which we claim is crucial to accounting for the importance of proper basing. As we will see, in order to understand why this type of epistemic luck is malignant, we also need to reflect on the relationship between epistemic luck and epistemic risk.
Author Bondy, Patrick
Pritchard, Duncan
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CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1007_s11229_022_03800_0
crossref_primary_10_1080_0020174X_2023_2166984
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crossref_primary_10_1111_theo_12334
Cites_doi 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586264.001.0001
10.1007/s10670-011-9271-5
10.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.03.001
10.1007/s11098-011-9712-7
10.1007/s11229-012-0111-1
10.1111/meta.12142
10.1007/s11229-009-9569-x
10.2307/2025273
10.1080/00048400500110867
10.1111/papq.12136
10.1080/00048402.2014.962553
10.1093/019928038X.001.0001
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297023.001.0001
10.1017/CBO9781139174763
10.1080/00048402.2014.1001415
10.4324/9781315882390
10.5840/jphil20161131137
10.5840/jphil201210939
10.1007/s11229-006-9046-8
10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00331.x
10.1111/meta.12103
10.1080/00048400802421681
10.1007/978-94-010-0013-0_4
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Springer Nature B.V. 2016
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Epistemic justification
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Epistemic risk
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SosaEA virtue epistemology: Apt belief and reflective knowledge2007OxfordClarendon Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297023.001.0001
CoffmanEJThinking about luckSynthese200715838539810.1007/s11229-006-9046-8
Pritchard, D. H. (2013). There cannot be lucky knowledge. In M. Steup., J. Turri & E. Sosa (Eds.), Contemporary debates in epistemology (2nd ed., pp. 152–164). Oxford: Blackwell.
RussellBHuman knowledge1948LondonRoutledge
LevyNWhat, and where, luck is: A response to Jennifer LackeyAustralasian Journal of Philosophy20098748949710.1080/00048400802421681
PritchardDHRisk. Metaphilosophy20154643646110.1111/meta.12142
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McCainKEvidentialism and epistemic justification2014LondonRoutledge10.4324/9781315882390
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PritchardDHEpistemic Luck2005OxfordOxford University Press10.1093/019928038X.001.0001
KorczKRecent work on the basing relationAmerican Philosophical Quarterly199734171192
EvansIThe problem of the basing relationSynthese20131902943295710.1007/s11229-012-0111-1
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TurriJOn the relation between propositional and doxastic justificationPhilosophy and Phenomenological Research20108031232610.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00331.x
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PritchardDHThe modal account of luckMetaphilosophy20144559461910.1111/meta.12103
PritchardDHScepticism, epistemic luck and epistemic angstAustralasian Journal of Philosophy20058318520610.1080/00048400500110867
Bondy, P. (2015). Counterfactuals and Epistemic Basing Relations. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. doi:10.1111/papq.12136.
PritchardDHSmithMThe psychology and philosophy of luckNew Ideas in Psychology20042212810.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.03.001
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PritchardDHAnti-luck virtue epistemologyJournal of Philosophy201210924727910.5840/jphil201210939
McCainKThe interventionist account of causation and the basing relationPhilosophical Studies201215935738210.1007/s11098-011-9712-7
Steglich-PetersenALuck as an epistemic notionSynthese201017636137710.1007/s11229-009-9569-x
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References_xml – reference: Pritchard, D. H. (Forthcoming). Epistemic risk. Journal of Philosophy.
– reference: CoffmanEJThinking about luckSynthese200715838539810.1007/s11229-006-9046-8
– reference: RussellBHuman knowledge1948LondonRoutledge
– reference: HetheringtonSSteupMTurriJThere can be lucky knowledgeContemporary debates in epistemology2013OxfordBlackwell164176
– reference: PritchardDHRisk. Metaphilosophy20154643646110.1111/meta.12142
– reference: PritchardDHAnti-luck virtue epistemologyJournal of Philosophy201210924727910.5840/jphil201210939
– reference: PritchardDHScepticism, epistemic luck and epistemic angstAustralasian Journal of Philosophy20058318520610.1080/00048400500110867
– reference: KorczKRecent work on the basing relationAmerican Philosophical Quarterly199734171192
– reference: McCainKThe interventionist account of causation and the basing relationPhilosophical Studies201215935738210.1007/s11098-011-9712-7
– reference: McCainKEvidentialism and epistemic justification2014LondonRoutledge10.4324/9781315882390
– reference: ZagzebskiLVirtues of the mind: An enquiry into the nature of virtue and the ethical foundations of knowledge1996New YorkCambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9781139174763
– reference: EvansIThe problem of the basing relationSynthese20131902943295710.1007/s11229-012-0111-1
– reference: LevyNWhat, and where, luck is: A response to Jennifer LackeyAustralasian Journal of Philosophy20098748949710.1080/00048400802421681
– reference: PritchardDHSmithMThe psychology and philosophy of luckNew Ideas in Psychology20042212810.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.03.001
– reference: SilvaPJrDoes doxastic justification have a basing requirement?Australasian Journal of Philosophy20159337138710.1080/00048402.2014.962553
– reference: Pritchard, D. H. (2013). There cannot be lucky knowledge. In M. Steup., J. Turri & E. Sosa (Eds.), Contemporary debates in epistemology (2nd ed., pp. 152–164). Oxford: Blackwell.
– reference: KvanvigJOlssonEJJustification and proper basingThe epistemology of Keith Lehrer2003Dordrecht, HollandSpringer436210.1007/978-94-010-0013-0_4
– reference: PritchardDHMillarAHaddockAThe nature and value of knowledge: Three investigations2010OxfordOxford University Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586264.001.0001
– reference: SosaEA virtue epistemology: Apt belief and reflective knowledge2007OxfordClarendon Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297023.001.0001
– reference: PritchardDHThe modal account of luckMetaphilosophy20144559461910.1111/meta.12103
– reference: TurriJOn the relation between propositional and doxastic justificationPhilosophy and Phenomenological Research20108031232610.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00331.x
– reference: Bondy, P. (2015). Counterfactuals and Epistemic Basing Relations. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. doi:10.1111/papq.12136.
– reference: LehrerKHow reasons give us knowledge, or the case of the gypsy lawyerJournal of Philosophy19716831131310.2307/2025273
– reference: Steglich-PetersenALuck as an epistemic notionSynthese201017636137710.1007/s11229-009-9569-x
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Snippet If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis...
If a subject has a true belief, and she has good evidence for it, and there’s no evidence against it, why should it matter if she doesn’t believe on the basis...
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SubjectTerms Belief & doubt
Beliefs
Education
Epistemology
Logic
Metaphysics
Philosophy
Philosophy of Language
Philosophy of Science
Proposals
Risk
S.I. : EPISTEMIC JUSTIFICATION
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Title Propositional epistemic luck, epistemic risk, and epistemic justification
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