Autonomous Trajectory Generation Algorithms for Spacecraft Slew Maneuvers

• Published in: Aerospace Vol. 9; no. 3; p. 135
• Main Authors: Sandberg, Andrew, Sands, Timothy
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.03.2022
• Subjects: Accuracy; adaptation; Algorithms; Approximation; Artificial intelligence; Attitudes; autonomous systems; Boundary value problems; Control systems; Cost control; Cross coupling; Feedforward control; learning; Mathematical analysis; Optimization; Ordinary differential equations; Proportional derivative; Proportional integral derivative; Self awareness; Sine waves; slew; space trajectory optimization; Spacecraft; Spacecraft maneuvers; Trajectory analysis; Trajectory control; Trajectory optimization
• ISSN: 2226-4310; 2226-4310
• DOI: 10.3390/aerospace9030135

Spacecraft need to be able to reliably slew quickly and rather than simply commanding a final angle, a trajectory calculated and known throughout a maneuver is preferred. A fully solved trajectory allows for control based off comparing current attitude to a time varying desired attitude, allowing for much better use of control effort and command over slew orientation. This manuscript introduces slew trajectories using sinusoidal functions compared to optimal trajectories using Pontryagin’s method. Use of Pontryagin’s method yields approximately 1.5% lower control effort compared to sinusoidal trajectories. Analysis of the simulated system response demonstrates that correct understanding of the effect of cross-coupling is necessary to avoid unwarranted control costs. Additionally, a combination of feedforward with proportional derivative control generates a system response with 3% reduction in control cost compared to a Feedforward with proportional integral derivative control architecture. Use of a calculated trajectory is shown to reduce control cost by five orders of magnitude and allows for raising of gains by an order of magnitude. When control gains are raised, an eight orders of magnitude lower error is achieved in the slew direction, and rather than an increase in control cost, a decrease by 11.7% is observed. This manuscript concludes that Pontryagin’s method for generating slew trajectories outperforms the use of sinusoidal trajectories and trajectory generation schemes are essential for efficient spacecraft maneuvering.