Structure and formation of amorphous calcium phosphate and its role as surface layer of nanocrystalline apatite: Implications for bone mineralization

[Display omitted] We provide a critical review of the chemical composition and structure of synthetic and biogenic (bone/dentin mineral) nanocrystalline hydroxy-carbonate apatite (HCA). Such particles exhibit a “core–shell” organization, where an ordered HCA core is coated by a surface layer, whose...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inMaterialia Vol. 17; p. 101107
Main Author Edén, Mattias
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 01.06.2021
Subjects
ACP
Biomineralization
Bone mineral structure
Nanocrystalline apatite
Nucleation/growth mechanisms
Solid-state NMR
TCP
HETCOR NMR
Nucleation/growth mechanisms
XANES
AFM
DLS
SAED
XRD
EXAFS
INS
monetite/DCPA
TRIS
brushite/DCPD
H(C)A
CaP
DFT
PDF
RDF
ESR/EPR
SBF
MD
PILP
Nanocrystalline apatite
(FT)IR
Solid-state NMR
WAXTS
HCA
Biomineralization
Bone mineral structure
ACP
SAXS
TGA
PC
ACHP
FWHM
REDOR
HA
NCP
SEM
ACPP
OCP
TEM
ATCP
MAS
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2589-1529
2589-1529
DOI10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101107

Cover

Abstract [Display omitted] We provide a critical review of the chemical composition and structure of synthetic and biogenic (bone/dentin mineral) nanocrystalline hydroxy-carbonate apatite (HCA). Such particles exhibit a “core–shell” organization, where an ordered HCA core is coated by a surface layer, whose nature is best captured by amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which is known to be a precursor phase of synthetic HCA, but whose role of bone/dentin mineralization has remained a most controversial subject. After reviewing the structure of each HCA and ACP component, as well as the most recent findings on their in vitro formation mechanisms, we examine the core–shell HCA organization further, with a focus on the disordered surface (“shell”) domain. In most of recent literature, the surface portion is often referred to as the “hydrated surface layer”, but without identifying its shared chemical and structural features of (synthetic) ACP. Unfortunately, that missing surface-layer/ACP equivalence obscures that the surface layer at the synthetic/biogenic nanocrystallites may simply constitute a remnant of the ACP phase from which the ordered HCA “core” nucleated. Although many topics reviewed herein have been investigated for more than six decades, several remain unsettled and heavily debated. Notably, decades-old articles offer suggestions that have passed unnoticed by the younger generations of researchers; we contrast and discuss both the latest and early contributions of this field, as well as highlighting several unsettled topics that should be revisited to improve our understanding of the ACP and HCA structures and in vitro/in vivo formation mechanisms.
AbstractList We provide a critical review of the chemical composition and structure of synthetic and biogenic (bone/dentin mineral) nanocrystalline hydroxy-carbonate apatite (HCA). Such particles exhibit a core-shell organization, where an ordered HCA core is coated by a surface layer, whose nature is best captured by amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which is known to be a precursor phase of synthetic HCA, but whose role of bone/dentin mineralization has remained a most controversial subject. After reviewing the structure of each HCA and ACP component, as well as the most recent findings on their in vitro formation mechanisms, we examine the core-shell HCA organization further, with a focus on the disordered surface (shell ) domain. In most of recent literature, the surface portion is often referred to as the hydrated surface layer , but without identifying its shared chemical and structural features of (synthetic) ACP. Unfortunately, that missing surface-layer/ACP equivalence obscures that the surface layer at the synthetic/biogenic nanocrystallites may simply constitute a remnant of the ACP phase from which the ordered HCA core nucleated. Although many topics reviewed herein have been investigated for more than six decades, several remain unsettled and heavily debated. Notably, decades-old articles offer suggestions that have passed unnoticed by the younger generations of researchers; we contrast and discuss both the latest and early contributions of this field, as well as highlighting several unsettled topics that should be revisited to improve our understanding of the ACP and HCA structures and in vitro / in vivo formation mechanisms.
[Display omitted] We provide a critical review of the chemical composition and structure of synthetic and biogenic (bone/dentin mineral) nanocrystalline hydroxy-carbonate apatite (HCA). Such particles exhibit a “core–shell” organization, where an ordered HCA core is coated by a surface layer, whose nature is best captured by amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which is known to be a precursor phase of synthetic HCA, but whose role of bone/dentin mineralization has remained a most controversial subject. After reviewing the structure of each HCA and ACP component, as well as the most recent findings on their in vitro formation mechanisms, we examine the core–shell HCA organization further, with a focus on the disordered surface (“shell”) domain. In most of recent literature, the surface portion is often referred to as the “hydrated surface layer”, but without identifying its shared chemical and structural features of (synthetic) ACP. Unfortunately, that missing surface-layer/ACP equivalence obscures that the surface layer at the synthetic/biogenic nanocrystallites may simply constitute a remnant of the ACP phase from which the ordered HCA “core” nucleated. Although many topics reviewed herein have been investigated for more than six decades, several remain unsettled and heavily debated. Notably, decades-old articles offer suggestions that have passed unnoticed by the younger generations of researchers; we contrast and discuss both the latest and early contributions of this field, as well as highlighting several unsettled topics that should be revisited to improve our understanding of the ACP and HCA structures and in vitro/in vivo formation mechanisms.
ArticleNumber 101107
Author Edén, Mattias
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Mattias
  surname: Edén
  fullname: Edén, Mattias
  email: mattias.eden@mmk.su.se
  organization: Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
BackLink https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-196144$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index
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Snippet [Display omitted] We provide a critical review of the chemical composition and structure of synthetic and biogenic (bone/dentin mineral) nanocrystalline...
We provide a critical review of the chemical composition and structure of synthetic and biogenic (bone/dentin mineral) nanocrystalline hydroxy-carbonate...
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SubjectTerms ACP
Biomineralization
Bone mineral structure
Nanocrystalline apatite
Nucleation/growth mechanisms
Solid-state NMR
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Title Structure and formation of amorphous calcium phosphate and its role as surface layer of nanocrystalline apatite: Implications for bone mineralization
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