Genetic analysis of provitamin A carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin concentration and relationship with other carotenoids in maize grain (Zea mays L.)

Provitamin A (proVA) carotenoids are converted into retinol (vitamin A) in the human body, are the subject of human nutrition studies, and are targets for biofortification of staple crops. β-Carotene has been the principal target for enhancing levels of proVA. There is recent interest in enhancing t...

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Published in	Molecular breeding Vol. 37; no. 10; pp. 1 - 18
Main Authors	Venado, Rafael E., Owens, Brenda F., Ortiz, Darwin, Lawson, Tyler, Mateos-Hernandez, Maria, Ferruzzi, Mario G., Rocheford, Torbert R.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.10.2017 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects	beta-carotene beta-cryptoxanthin Bioavailability biofortification Biomedical and Life Sciences Biotechnology Carotene Carotenoids Chromosome 5 chromosome mapping Chromosomes color Conversion Corn crops Gene loci Gene mapping genes Genetic analysis Genetic control Genotype & phenotype Grain Human nutrition humans Hydroxylase Life Sciences Liquid chromatography Lycopene Mapping Molecular biology Nutrition phenotype Phenotypes Plant biology Plant Genetics and Genomics Plant Pathology Plant Physiology Plant Sciences Quantitative trait loci Vitamin A Zea mays Zeaxanthin β-Carotene Provitamin A Visual score Ratios Carotenoids β-Cryptoxanthin Colorimeter Quantitative trait loci (QTL)
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ISSN	1380-3743 1572-9788
DOI	10.1007/s11032-017-0723-8

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Abstract	Provitamin A (proVA) carotenoids are converted into retinol (vitamin A) in the human body, are the subject of human nutrition studies, and are targets for biofortification of staple crops. β-Carotene has been the principal target for enhancing levels of proVA. There is recent interest in enhancing the proVA carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin since it has excellent bioavailability, and in maize may be nearly as effective as β-carotene in providing retinol to humans. This study was designed to enhance our understanding of the genetic control of: levels of β-cryptoxanthin, conversion of β-carotene into β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, conversion of β-cryptoxanthin into zeaxanthin, and flux into and within the β-branch of carotenoid pathway. A biparental population derived from two inbreds with relatively high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and different ratios of β-carotene to β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin to zeaxanthin was studied. Three field replications of this F 2:3 population were grown, grain analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC), and composite interval mapping (CIM) performed to identify 90 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for carotenoids. We detected QTL for β-carotene/(β-cryptoxanthin + zeaxanthin) and (β-carotene + β-cryptoxanthin)/zeaxanthin ratios that contain candidate gene hydroxylase 4 ( hyd4 ), which has not been previously associated with QTL for carotenoids in maize grain. Two color assessment methods, visual score and chromameter reading, were used to phenotype one replicate of the population for initial assessment as simple alternative measuring procedures. A common finding for LC and chromameter analysis included QTL on chromosome 5 that contain candidate gene lycopene β cyclase ( lcyβ ).
AbstractList	Provitamin A (proVA) carotenoids are converted into retinol (vitamin A) in the human body, are the subject of human nutrition studies, and are targets for biofortification of staple crops. β-Carotene has been the principal target for enhancing levels of proVA. There is recent interest in enhancing the proVA carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin since it has excellent bioavailability, and in maize may be nearly as effective as β-carotene in providing retinol to humans. This study was designed to enhance our understanding of the genetic control of: levels of β-cryptoxanthin, conversion of β-carotene into β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, conversion of β-cryptoxanthin into zeaxanthin, and flux into and within the β-branch of carotenoid pathway. A biparental population derived from two inbreds with relatively high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and different ratios of β-carotene to β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin to zeaxanthin was studied. Three field replications of this F₂:₃ population were grown, grain analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC), and composite interval mapping (CIM) performed to identify 90 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for carotenoids. We detected QTL for β-carotene/(β-cryptoxanthin + zeaxanthin) and (β-carotene + β-cryptoxanthin)/zeaxanthin ratios that contain candidate gene hydroxylase 4 (hyd4), which has not been previously associated with QTL for carotenoids in maize grain. Two color assessment methods, visual score and chromameter reading, were used to phenotype one replicate of the population for initial assessment as simple alternative measuring procedures. A common finding for LC and chromameter analysis included QTL on chromosome 5 that contain candidate gene lycopene β cyclase (lcyβ). Provitamin A (proVA) carotenoids are converted into retinol (vitamin A) in the human body, are the subject of human nutrition studies, and are targets for biofortification of staple crops. β-Carotene has been the principal target for enhancing levels of proVA. There is recent interest in enhancing the proVA carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin since it has excellent bioavailability, and in maize may be nearly as effective as β-carotene in providing retinol to humans. This study was designed to enhance our understanding of the genetic control of: levels of β-cryptoxanthin, conversion of β-carotene into β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, conversion of β-cryptoxanthin into zeaxanthin, and flux into and within the β-branch of carotenoid pathway. A biparental population derived from two inbreds with relatively high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and different ratios of β-carotene to β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin to zeaxanthin was studied. Three field replications of this F 2:3 population were grown, grain analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC), and composite interval mapping (CIM) performed to identify 90 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for carotenoids. We detected QTL for β-carotene/(β-cryptoxanthin + zeaxanthin) and (β-carotene + β-cryptoxanthin)/zeaxanthin ratios that contain candidate gene hydroxylase 4 ( hyd4 ), which has not been previously associated with QTL for carotenoids in maize grain. Two color assessment methods, visual score and chromameter reading, were used to phenotype one replicate of the population for initial assessment as simple alternative measuring procedures. A common finding for LC and chromameter analysis included QTL on chromosome 5 that contain candidate gene lycopene β cyclase ( lcyβ ). Provitamin A (proVA) carotenoids are converted into retinol (vitamin A) in the human body, are the subject of human nutrition studies, and are targets for biofortification of staple crops. β-Carotene has been the principal target for enhancing levels of proVA. There is recent interest in enhancing the proVA carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin since it has excellent bioavailability, and in maize may be nearly as effective as β-carotene in providing retinol to humans. This study was designed to enhance our understanding of the genetic control of: levels of β-cryptoxanthin, conversion of β-carotene into β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, conversion of β-cryptoxanthin into zeaxanthin, and flux into and within the β-branch of carotenoid pathway. A biparental population derived from two inbreds with relatively high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and different ratios of β-carotene to β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin to zeaxanthin was studied. Three field replications of this F2:3 population were grown, grain analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC), and composite interval mapping (CIM) performed to identify 90 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for carotenoids. We detected QTL for β-carotene/(β-cryptoxanthin + zeaxanthin) and (β-carotene + β-cryptoxanthin)/zeaxanthin ratios that contain candidate gene hydroxylase 4 (hyd4), which has not been previously associated with QTL for carotenoids in maize grain. Two color assessment methods, visual score and chromameter reading, were used to phenotype one replicate of the population for initial assessment as simple alternative measuring procedures. A common finding for LC and chromameter analysis included QTL on chromosome 5 that contain candidate gene lycopene β cyclase (lcyβ).
ArticleNumber	127
Author	Owens, Brenda F. Ortiz, Darwin Ferruzzi, Mario G. Lawson, Tyler Venado, Rafael E. Mateos-Hernandez, Maria Rocheford, Torbert R.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Rafael E. surname: Venado fullname: Venado, Rafael E. organization: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University – sequence: 2 givenname: Brenda F. surname: Owens fullname: Owens, Brenda F. email: bowens@purdue.edu organization: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University – sequence: 3 givenname: Darwin surname: Ortiz fullname: Ortiz, Darwin organization: Department of Food Science, Purdue University – sequence: 4 givenname: Tyler surname: Lawson fullname: Lawson, Tyler organization: Department of Chemistry, Purdue University – sequence: 5 givenname: Maria surname: Mateos-Hernandez fullname: Mateos-Hernandez, Maria organization: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University – sequence: 6 givenname: Mario G. surname: Ferruzzi fullname: Ferruzzi, Mario G. organization: Department of Food Science, Purdue University, Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University – sequence: 7 givenname: Torbert R. surname: Rocheford fullname: Rocheford, Torbert R. organization: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University
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Keywords	Provitamin A Visual score Ratios Carotenoids β-Cryptoxanthin Colorimeter Quantitative trait loci (QTL)
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SubjectTerms	beta-carotene beta-cryptoxanthin Bioavailability biofortification Biomedical and Life Sciences Biotechnology Carotene Carotenoids Chromosome 5 chromosome mapping Chromosomes color Conversion Corn crops Gene loci Gene mapping genes Genetic analysis Genetic control Genotype & phenotype Grain Human nutrition humans Hydroxylase Life Sciences Liquid chromatography Lycopene Mapping Molecular biology Nutrition phenotype Phenotypes Plant biology Plant Genetics and Genomics Plant Pathology Plant Physiology Plant Sciences Quantitative trait loci Vitamin A Zea mays Zeaxanthin β-Carotene
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Title	Genetic analysis of provitamin A carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin concentration and relationship with other carotenoids in maize grain (Zea mays L.)
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