Comparing gestational carrier with uterine transplantation in uterine-factor infertility: a cost-effectiveness analysis
To compare the cost-effectiveness of a gestational carrier (GC) to a uterine transplantation (UTX) in the treatment of absolute uterine-factor infertility. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision-tree mathematical model comparing a GC with a UTX. Published literature was used to...
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Published in | Fertility and sterility Vol. 124; no. 1; pp. 134 - 143 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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United States
Elsevier Inc
01.07.2025
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Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 0015-0282 1556-5653 1556-5653 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2025.01.012 |
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Abstract | To compare the cost-effectiveness of a gestational carrier (GC) to a uterine transplantation (UTX) in the treatment of absolute uterine-factor infertility.
We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision-tree mathematical model comparing a GC with a UTX.
Published literature was used to derive costs for solid organ transplant, immunosuppression, GC obtainment, in vitro fertilization, preimplantation genetic testing, and frozen embryo transfer (FET).
Gestational modality: GC or UTX. We assumed graft failures occurred immediately and FETs at least 6 months after transplant.
The primary outcomes were costs per live birth, number of children born, and quality-adjusted life years for each gestational modality.
Uterine transplantation was more expensive than a GC by $1.4 million with a lower utility by 23.74 quality-adjusted life years using the same average number of children born per 2 FETs. After 10,000 simulated iterations, the GC arm had 2 children born 42% of the time, compared with only 17% of the time in the UTX arm. No children were born 56% of the time in the UTX arm vs. 16% for the GC arm. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity variance of all cost parameters by ±75% ($39,292–$275,044 for GC vs. $390,761–$2,735,329 for UTX) and other input parameters by ±20%, including graft failure (21%–31%) and live birth per embryo transfer (29%–78%), produced the same outcomes in >99% of scenarios simulated, as did variation in immunosuppression time (2–18 months) between delivery and subsequent FET. UTX was no longer absolutely dominated if the probability of a live birth per transfer using UTX increased beyond 85%, startup cost for UTX decreased to <$13,646.28, or GC costs increased to >$359,200.
Our model suggests that GC use is currently more cost effective than UTX for treating absolute uterine-factor infertility. However, the desire to carry one’s own child is an intangible factor not captured in cost analyses, and improvements in UTX success rates or reduced costs may alter these results in the future.
Comparación de la surrogación uterina con el transplante uterino en los casos de infertilidad por factor uterino: análisis de costo-efectividad
Comparar el costo-efectividad de una gestante subrogada (GC) con un trasplante uterino (UTX) en el tratamiento de la infertilidad absoluta por factor uterino.
Se realizó un análisis de costo-efectividad mediante un modelo matemático de árbol de decisiones que comparaba una CG con un UTX.
Se utilizó la bibliografía publicada para derivar los costos del trasplante de órgano sólido, la inmunosupresión, la obtención de CG, la fertilización in vitro, el estudio genético preimplantacional y la transferencia de embriones congelados (FET).
Modalidad gestacional: GC o UTX. Se asumió que los rechazos del injerto se producían inmediatamente y las FET al menos 6 meses después del trasplante.
Los resultados primarios fueron los costos por nacido vivo, el número de niños nacidos y los años de vida ajustados por calidad para cada modalidad gestacional.
El trasplante uterino fue más caro que una CG en $1.4 millones con una utilidad inferior en 23.74 años de vida ajustados por calidad utilizando el mismo número medio de niños nacidos por 2 FETs. Tras 10,000 iteraciones simuladas, el 42% de las veces nacieron 2 niños en el brazo del GC, frente a sólo el 17% de las veces en el brazo del UTX. El 56% de las veces no nació ningún niño en el brazo UTX frente al 16% en el brazo GC. La varianza de la sensibilidad determinística y probabilística de todos los parámetros de costo por ±75% ($39,292 - $275,044 para GC vs. $390,761 - $2,735,329 para UTX) y de otros parámetros de entrada por ±20%, incluyendo el rechazo del injerto (21%-31%) y nacido vivo por transferencia embrionaria (29-78%), produciendo los mismos resultados en >99% de los escenarios simulados, al igual que la variación en el tiempo de inmunosupresión (2-18 meses) entre el parto y la subsecuente FET. El UTX dejaba de estar absolutamente dominado si la probabilidad de un nacido vivo por transferencia utilizando UTX aumentaba por encima del 85%, el costo de inicio del UTX disminuía a <$13,646.28, o los costos del GC aumentaba a >$359,200.
Nuestro modelo sugiere que el uso de GC es actualmente más costo-efectivo que el UTX para el tratamiento de la infertilidad absoluta por factor uterino. Sin embargo, el deseo de gestar un hijo propio es un factor intangible que no se tiene en cuenta en los análisis de costos y las mejoras en las tasas de éxito de UTX o la reducción de los costos pueden alterar estos resultados en el futuro. |
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AbstractList | To compare the cost-effectiveness of a gestational carrier (GC) to a uterine transplantation (UTX) in the treatment of absolute uterine-factor infertility.OBJECTIVETo compare the cost-effectiveness of a gestational carrier (GC) to a uterine transplantation (UTX) in the treatment of absolute uterine-factor infertility.We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision-tree mathematical model comparing a GC with a UTX.DESIGNWe performed a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision-tree mathematical model comparing a GC with a UTX.Published literature was used to derive costs for solid organ transplant, immunosuppression, GC obtainment, in vitro fertilization, preimplantation genetic testing, and frozen embryo transfer (FET).SUBJECTSPublished literature was used to derive costs for solid organ transplant, immunosuppression, GC obtainment, in vitro fertilization, preimplantation genetic testing, and frozen embryo transfer (FET).Gestational modality: GC or UTX. We assumed graft failures occurred immediately and FETs at least 6 months after transplant.EXPOSUREGestational modality: GC or UTX. We assumed graft failures occurred immediately and FETs at least 6 months after transplant.The primary outcomes were costs per live birth, number of children born, and quality-adjusted life years for each gestational modality.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)The primary outcomes were costs per live birth, number of children born, and quality-adjusted life years for each gestational modality.Uterine transplantation was more expensive than a GC by $1.4 million with a lower utility by 23.74 quality-adjusted life years using the same average number of children born per 2 FETs. After 10,000 simulated iterations, the GC arm had 2 children born 42% of the time, compared with only 17% of the time in the UTX arm. No children were born 56% of the time in the UTX arm vs. 16% for the GC arm. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity variance of all cost parameters by ±75% ($39,292-$275,044 for GC vs. $390,761-$2,735,329 for UTX) and other input parameters by ±20%, including graft failure (21%-31%) and live birth per embryo transfer (29%-78%), produced the same outcomes in >99% of scenarios simulated, as did variation in immunosuppression time (2-18 months) between delivery and subsequent FET. UTX was no longer absolutely dominated if the probability of a live birth per transfer using UTX increased beyond 85%, startup cost for UTX decreased to <$13,646.28, or GC costs increased to >$359,200.RESULTSUterine transplantation was more expensive than a GC by $1.4 million with a lower utility by 23.74 quality-adjusted life years using the same average number of children born per 2 FETs. After 10,000 simulated iterations, the GC arm had 2 children born 42% of the time, compared with only 17% of the time in the UTX arm. No children were born 56% of the time in the UTX arm vs. 16% for the GC arm. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity variance of all cost parameters by ±75% ($39,292-$275,044 for GC vs. $390,761-$2,735,329 for UTX) and other input parameters by ±20%, including graft failure (21%-31%) and live birth per embryo transfer (29%-78%), produced the same outcomes in >99% of scenarios simulated, as did variation in immunosuppression time (2-18 months) between delivery and subsequent FET. UTX was no longer absolutely dominated if the probability of a live birth per transfer using UTX increased beyond 85%, startup cost for UTX decreased to <$13,646.28, or GC costs increased to >$359,200.Our model suggests that GC use is currently more cost effective than UTX for treating absolute uterine-factor infertility. However, the desire to carry one's own child is an intangible factor not captured in cost analyses, and improvements in UTX success rates or reduced costs may alter these results in the future.CONCLUSIONSOur model suggests that GC use is currently more cost effective than UTX for treating absolute uterine-factor infertility. However, the desire to carry one's own child is an intangible factor not captured in cost analyses, and improvements in UTX success rates or reduced costs may alter these results in the future. To compare the cost-effectiveness of a gestational carrier (GC) to a uterine transplantation (UTX) in the treatment of absolute uterine-factor infertility. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision-tree mathematical model comparing a GC with a UTX. Published literature was used to derive costs for solid organ transplant, immunosuppression, GC obtainment, in vitro fertilization, preimplantation genetic testing, and frozen embryo transfer (FET). Gestational modality: GC or UTX. We assumed graft failures occurred immediately and FETs at least 6 months after transplant. The primary outcomes were costs per live birth, number of children born, and quality-adjusted life years for each gestational modality. Uterine transplantation was more expensive than a GC by $1.4 million with a lower utility by 23.74 quality-adjusted life years using the same average number of children born per 2 FETs. After 10,000 simulated iterations, the GC arm had 2 children born 42% of the time, compared with only 17% of the time in the UTX arm. No children were born 56% of the time in the UTX arm vs. 16% for the GC arm. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity variance of all cost parameters by ±75% ($39,292–$275,044 for GC vs. $390,761–$2,735,329 for UTX) and other input parameters by ±20%, including graft failure (21%–31%) and live birth per embryo transfer (29%–78%), produced the same outcomes in >99% of scenarios simulated, as did variation in immunosuppression time (2–18 months) between delivery and subsequent FET. UTX was no longer absolutely dominated if the probability of a live birth per transfer using UTX increased beyond 85%, startup cost for UTX decreased to <$13,646.28, or GC costs increased to >$359,200. Our model suggests that GC use is currently more cost effective than UTX for treating absolute uterine-factor infertility. However, the desire to carry one’s own child is an intangible factor not captured in cost analyses, and improvements in UTX success rates or reduced costs may alter these results in the future. Comparación de la surrogación uterina con el transplante uterino en los casos de infertilidad por factor uterino: análisis de costo-efectividad Comparar el costo-efectividad de una gestante subrogada (GC) con un trasplante uterino (UTX) en el tratamiento de la infertilidad absoluta por factor uterino. Se realizó un análisis de costo-efectividad mediante un modelo matemático de árbol de decisiones que comparaba una CG con un UTX. Se utilizó la bibliografía publicada para derivar los costos del trasplante de órgano sólido, la inmunosupresión, la obtención de CG, la fertilización in vitro, el estudio genético preimplantacional y la transferencia de embriones congelados (FET). Modalidad gestacional: GC o UTX. Se asumió que los rechazos del injerto se producían inmediatamente y las FET al menos 6 meses después del trasplante. Los resultados primarios fueron los costos por nacido vivo, el número de niños nacidos y los años de vida ajustados por calidad para cada modalidad gestacional. El trasplante uterino fue más caro que una CG en $1.4 millones con una utilidad inferior en 23.74 años de vida ajustados por calidad utilizando el mismo número medio de niños nacidos por 2 FETs. Tras 10,000 iteraciones simuladas, el 42% de las veces nacieron 2 niños en el brazo del GC, frente a sólo el 17% de las veces en el brazo del UTX. El 56% de las veces no nació ningún niño en el brazo UTX frente al 16% en el brazo GC. La varianza de la sensibilidad determinística y probabilística de todos los parámetros de costo por ±75% ($39,292 - $275,044 para GC vs. $390,761 - $2,735,329 para UTX) y de otros parámetros de entrada por ±20%, incluyendo el rechazo del injerto (21%-31%) y nacido vivo por transferencia embrionaria (29-78%), produciendo los mismos resultados en >99% de los escenarios simulados, al igual que la variación en el tiempo de inmunosupresión (2-18 meses) entre el parto y la subsecuente FET. El UTX dejaba de estar absolutamente dominado si la probabilidad de un nacido vivo por transferencia utilizando UTX aumentaba por encima del 85%, el costo de inicio del UTX disminuía a <$13,646.28, o los costos del GC aumentaba a >$359,200. Nuestro modelo sugiere que el uso de GC es actualmente más costo-efectivo que el UTX para el tratamiento de la infertilidad absoluta por factor uterino. Sin embargo, el deseo de gestar un hijo propio es un factor intangible que no se tiene en cuenta en los análisis de costos y las mejoras en las tasas de éxito de UTX o la reducción de los costos pueden alterar estos resultados en el futuro. To compare the cost-effectiveness of a gestational carrier (GC) to a uterine transplantation (UTX) in the treatment of absolute uterine-factor infertility. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision-tree mathematical model comparing a GC with a UTX. Published literature was used to derive costs for solid organ transplant, immunosuppression, GC obtainment, in vitro fertilization, preimplantation genetic testing, and frozen embryo transfer (FET). Gestational modality: GC or UTX. We assumed graft failures occurred immediately and FETs at least 6 months after transplant. The primary outcomes were costs per live birth, number of children born, and quality-adjusted life years for each gestational modality. Uterine transplantation was more expensive than a GC by $1.4 million with a lower utility by 23.74 quality-adjusted life years using the same average number of children born per 2 FETs. After 10,000 simulated iterations, the GC arm had 2 children born 42% of the time, compared with only 17% of the time in the UTX arm. No children were born 56% of the time in the UTX arm vs. 16% for the GC arm. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity variance of all cost parameters by ±75% ($39,292-$275,044 for GC vs. $390,761-$2,735,329 for UTX) and other input parameters by ±20%, including graft failure (21%-31%) and live birth per embryo transfer (29%-78%), produced the same outcomes in >99% of scenarios simulated, as did variation in immunosuppression time (2-18 months) between delivery and subsequent FET. UTX was no longer absolutely dominated if the probability of a live birth per transfer using UTX increased beyond 85%, startup cost for UTX decreased to <$13,646.28, or GC costs increased to >$359,200. Our model suggests that GC use is currently more cost effective than UTX for treating absolute uterine-factor infertility. However, the desire to carry one's own child is an intangible factor not captured in cost analyses, and improvements in UTX success rates or reduced costs may alter these results in the future. |
Author | Hunkler, Kiley Combs, Joshua C. Hill, Micah J. Yamasaki, Meghan U. Nelson, Richard E. Dougherty, Maura Stillman, Robert J. O’Brien, Jeanne E. Osmundsen, Elizabeth B. Roura-Monllor, Jaime DeCherney, Alan H. Devine, Kate |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Joshua C. orcidid: 0000-0001-9846-5460 surname: Combs fullname: Combs, Joshua C. email: joshua.c.combs6.mil@health.mil organization: Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia – sequence: 2 givenname: Meghan U. surname: Yamasaki fullname: Yamasaki, Meghan U. organization: Division of Reproductive Biology and Gynecology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland – sequence: 3 givenname: Maura surname: Dougherty fullname: Dougherty, Maura organization: Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah – sequence: 4 givenname: Kiley surname: Hunkler fullname: Hunkler, Kiley organization: Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland – sequence: 5 givenname: Elizabeth B. surname: Osmundsen fullname: Osmundsen, Elizabeth B. organization: Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia – sequence: 6 givenname: Jaime surname: Roura-Monllor fullname: Roura-Monllor, Jaime organization: Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland – sequence: 7 givenname: Robert J. surname: Stillman fullname: Stillman, Robert J. organization: Shady Grove Fertility, Rockville, Maryland – sequence: 8 givenname: Micah J. surname: Hill fullname: Hill, Micah J. organization: Division of Reproductive Biology and Gynecology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland – sequence: 9 givenname: Kate surname: Devine fullname: Devine, Kate organization: Shady Grove Fertility, Rockville, Maryland – sequence: 10 givenname: Alan H. surname: DeCherney fullname: DeCherney, Alan H. organization: Division of Reproductive Biology and Gynecology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland – sequence: 11 givenname: Richard E. surname: Nelson fullname: Nelson, Richard E. organization: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah – sequence: 12 givenname: Jeanne E. surname: O’Brien fullname: O’Brien, Jeanne E. organization: Shady Grove Fertility, Rockville, Maryland |
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Keywords | gestational carrier Cost-effectiveness analysis uterine transplantation absolute uterine-factor infertility |
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Snippet | To compare the cost-effectiveness of a gestational carrier (GC) to a uterine transplantation (UTX) in the treatment of absolute uterine-factor infertility.
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SubjectTerms | absolute uterine-factor infertility Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Decision Trees Female gestational carrier Gestational Carriers Health Care Costs Humans Infertility, Female - diagnosis Infertility, Female - economics Infertility, Female - physiopathology Infertility, Female - surgery Infertility, Female - therapy Live Birth Models, Economic Pregnancy Quality-Adjusted Life Years Treatment Outcome uterine transplantation Uterus - transplantation |
Title | Comparing gestational carrier with uterine transplantation in uterine-factor infertility: a cost-effectiveness analysis |
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