Chemical Characterization, Sensory Evaluation, and Biological Activity in Neuronal Cells of Essential Oils (Rose, Eucalyptus, Lemon, and Clove) Used for Olfactory Training
Essential oils (EOs) are natural mixtures of volatile compounds characterized by beneficial pharmacological effects. The repeated inhalation of EOs in olfactory training (OT) has been demonstrated to improve the sense of smell in patients with olfactory deficits. We conducted a conjunct evaluation o...
Saved in:
| Published in | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 30; no. 17; p. 3591 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
01.09.2025
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1420-3049 1420-3049 |
| DOI | 10.3390/molecules30173591 |
Cover
| Abstract | Essential oils (EOs) are natural mixtures of volatile compounds characterized by beneficial pharmacological effects. The repeated inhalation of EOs in olfactory training (OT) has been demonstrated to improve the sense of smell in patients with olfactory deficits. We conducted a conjunct evaluation of the chemical composition, sensory profile, and bioactivity in cell models of commercial EOs of rose (EO1), eucalyptus (EO2), lemon (EO3), and clove (EO4) used for OT (StimuScent®, Dos Medical, Sense Trading BV, Groningen, The Netherlands). Citronellol, 1,8-cineole, limonene, and eugenol emerged as the most abundant volatile compounds in EO1, EO2, EO3, and EO4, respectively, by GC-MS analysis. Some differences emerged (using a Likert-type scale) in the perception of EO’s odor dimensions (pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity in subjects with hyposmia (n = 8) compared to controls (n = 22). Cytotoxicity assays (24 h of incubation) demonstrated the anticancer effects of EOs (5–100 μg/mL) on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (the order of potency was EO3 > EO4 > EO2 > EO1), while all EOs showed lower effects on the viability/morphology of human skin HaCaT keratinocytes. SH-SY5Y cancer cells grown for six days with different EOs (at 50 μg/mL) showed evident signs of toxicity and apoptosis. Marked changes in cell morphology (structure/number of processes) were evidenced in clove EO-treated cells. EO’s sensory properties/bioactivity were also related to the in silico physicochemical/pharmacokinetic properties of the main EO components. Our results provide new insights into a more targeted EO application for OT. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Essential oils (EOs) are natural mixtures of volatile compounds characterized by beneficial pharmacological effects. The repeated inhalation of EOs in olfactory training (OT) has been demonstrated to improve the sense of smell in patients with olfactory deficits. We conducted a conjunct evaluation of the chemical composition, sensory profile, and bioactivity in cell models of commercial EOs of rose (EO1), eucalyptus (EO2), lemon (EO3), and clove (EO4) used for OT (StimuScent®, Dos Medical, Sense Trading BV, Groningen, The Netherlands). Citronellol, 1,8-cineole, limonene, and eugenol emerged as the most abundant volatile compounds in EO1, EO2, EO3, and EO4, respectively, by GC-MS analysis. Some differences emerged (using a Likert-type scale) in the perception of EO's odor dimensions (pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity in subjects with hyposmia (n = 8) compared to controls (n = 22). Cytotoxicity assays (24 h of incubation) demonstrated the anticancer effects of EOs (5-100 μg/mL) on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (the order of potency was EO3 > EO4 > EO2 > EO1), while all EOs showed lower effects on the viability/morphology of human skin HaCaT keratinocytes. SH-SY5Y cancer cells grown for six days with different EOs (at 50 μg/mL) showed evident signs of toxicity and apoptosis. Marked changes in cell morphology (structure/number of processes) were evidenced in clove EO-treated cells. EO's sensory properties/bioactivity were also related to the in silico physicochemical/pharmacokinetic properties of the main EO components. Our results provide new insights into a more targeted EO application for OT.Essential oils (EOs) are natural mixtures of volatile compounds characterized by beneficial pharmacological effects. The repeated inhalation of EOs in olfactory training (OT) has been demonstrated to improve the sense of smell in patients with olfactory deficits. We conducted a conjunct evaluation of the chemical composition, sensory profile, and bioactivity in cell models of commercial EOs of rose (EO1), eucalyptus (EO2), lemon (EO3), and clove (EO4) used for OT (StimuScent®, Dos Medical, Sense Trading BV, Groningen, The Netherlands). Citronellol, 1,8-cineole, limonene, and eugenol emerged as the most abundant volatile compounds in EO1, EO2, EO3, and EO4, respectively, by GC-MS analysis. Some differences emerged (using a Likert-type scale) in the perception of EO's odor dimensions (pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity in subjects with hyposmia (n = 8) compared to controls (n = 22). Cytotoxicity assays (24 h of incubation) demonstrated the anticancer effects of EOs (5-100 μg/mL) on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (the order of potency was EO3 > EO4 > EO2 > EO1), while all EOs showed lower effects on the viability/morphology of human skin HaCaT keratinocytes. SH-SY5Y cancer cells grown for six days with different EOs (at 50 μg/mL) showed evident signs of toxicity and apoptosis. Marked changes in cell morphology (structure/number of processes) were evidenced in clove EO-treated cells. EO's sensory properties/bioactivity were also related to the in silico physicochemical/pharmacokinetic properties of the main EO components. Our results provide new insights into a more targeted EO application for OT. Essential oils (EOs) are natural mixtures of volatile compounds characterized by beneficial pharmacological effects. The repeated inhalation of EOs in olfactory training (OT) has been demonstrated to improve the sense of smell in patients with olfactory deficits. We conducted a conjunct evaluation of the chemical composition, sensory profile, and bioactivity in cell models of commercial EOs of rose (EO1), eucalyptus (EO2), lemon (EO3), and clove (EO4) used for OT (StimuScent®, Dos Medical, Sense Trading BV, Groningen, The Netherlands). Citronellol, 1,8-cineole, limonene, and eugenol emerged as the most abundant volatile compounds in EO1, EO2, EO3, and EO4, respectively, by GC-MS analysis. Some differences emerged (using a Likert-type scale) in the perception of EO’s odor dimensions (pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity in subjects with hyposmia (n = 8) compared to controls (n = 22). Cytotoxicity assays (24 h of incubation) demonstrated the anticancer effects of EOs (5–100 μg/mL) on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (the order of potency was EO3 > EO4 > EO2 > EO1), while all EOs showed lower effects on the viability/morphology of human skin HaCaT keratinocytes. SH-SY5Y cancer cells grown for six days with different EOs (at 50 μg/mL) showed evident signs of toxicity and apoptosis. Marked changes in cell morphology (structure/number of processes) were evidenced in clove EO-treated cells. EO’s sensory properties/bioactivity were also related to the in silico physicochemical/pharmacokinetic properties of the main EO components. Our results provide new insights into a more targeted EO application for OT. Essential oils (EOs) are natural mixtures of volatile compounds characterized by beneficial pharmacological effects. The repeated inhalation of EOs in olfactory training (OT) has been demonstrated to improve the sense of smell in patients with olfactory deficits. We conducted a conjunct evaluation of the chemical composition, sensory profile, and bioactivity in cell models of commercial EOs of rose (EO1), eucalyptus (EO2), lemon (EO3), and clove (EO4) used for OT (StimuScent , Dos Medical, Sense Trading BV, Groningen, The Netherlands). Citronellol, 1,8-cineole, limonene, and eugenol emerged as the most abundant volatile compounds in EO1, EO2, EO3, and EO4, respectively, by GC-MS analysis. Some differences emerged (using a Likert-type scale) in the perception of EO's odor dimensions (pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity in subjects with hyposmia (n = 8) compared to controls (n = 22). Cytotoxicity assays (24 h of incubation) demonstrated the anticancer effects of EOs (5-100 μg/mL) on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (the order of potency was EO3 > EO4 > EO2 > EO1), while all EOs showed lower effects on the viability/morphology of human skin HaCaT keratinocytes. SH-SY5Y cancer cells grown for six days with different EOs (at 50 μg/mL) showed evident signs of toxicity and apoptosis. Marked changes in cell morphology (structure/number of processes) were evidenced in clove EO-treated cells. EO's sensory properties/bioactivity were also related to the in silico physicochemical/pharmacokinetic properties of the main EO components. Our results provide new insights into a more targeted EO application for OT. Essential oils (EOs) are natural mixtures of volatile compounds characterized by beneficial pharmacological effects. The repeated inhalation of EOs in olfactory training (OT) has been demonstrated to improve the sense of smell in patients with olfactory deficits. We conducted a conjunct evaluation of the chemical composition, sensory profile, and bioactivity in cell models of commercial EOs of rose (EO1), eucalyptus (EO2), lemon (EO3), and clove (EO4) used for OT (StimuScent[sup.®], Dos Medical, Sense Trading BV, Groningen, The Netherlands). Citronellol, 1,8-cineole, limonene, and eugenol emerged as the most abundant volatile compounds in EO1, EO2, EO3, and EO4, respectively, by GC-MS analysis. Some differences emerged (using a Likert-type scale) in the perception of EO’s odor dimensions (pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity in subjects with hyposmia (n = 8) compared to controls (n = 22). Cytotoxicity assays (24 h of incubation) demonstrated the anticancer effects of EOs (5–100 μg/mL) on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (the order of potency was EO3 > EO4 > EO2 > EO1), while all EOs showed lower effects on the viability/morphology of human skin HaCaT keratinocytes. SH-SY5Y cancer cells grown for six days with different EOs (at 50 μg/mL) showed evident signs of toxicity and apoptosis. Marked changes in cell morphology (structure/number of processes) were evidenced in clove EO-treated cells. EO’s sensory properties/bioactivity were also related to the in silico physicochemical/pharmacokinetic properties of the main EO components. Our results provide new insights into a more targeted EO application for OT. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Piras, Alessandra Sogos, Valeria Masala, Carla Piras, Franca Rosa, Antonella Porcedda, Silva |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Antonella orcidid: 0000-0003-0939-9364 surname: Rosa fullname: Rosa, Antonella – sequence: 2 givenname: Franca orcidid: 0000-0002-9010-1926 surname: Piras fullname: Piras, Franca – sequence: 3 givenname: Alessandra orcidid: 0000-0002-7232-4966 surname: Piras fullname: Piras, Alessandra – sequence: 4 givenname: Silva orcidid: 0000-0002-1441-3979 surname: Porcedda fullname: Porcedda, Silva – sequence: 5 givenname: Valeria orcidid: 0000-0002-4021-1043 surname: Sogos fullname: Sogos, Valeria – sequence: 6 givenname: Carla orcidid: 0000-0001-5272-8421 surname: Masala fullname: Masala, Carla |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40942116$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNptkt2O0zAQhSO0iP2BB-AGWeJmkdrFju04uSxVgZUqKkG5jhxn3HXl2MVOKpVX4iVxtt3lV76IdfTNGWfmXGZnzjvIspcE31Ba4bedt6AGC5FiIiivyJPsgrAcTylm1dlv9_PsMsYtxjlhhD_LzhmuWE5IcZH9mN9BZ5S0aH4ng1Q9BPNd9sa7CfoCLvpwQIu9tMNJk65F74y3fnNfNFO92Zv-gIxDn2AI3o1OYG1EXqNFjOB6k6SVScr1Zx9hghZDqjzs-iFO0BK6B9e59Xt4g75GaJH2Aa2sTs8Z-6-DNM64zfPsqZY2wovT9ypbv1-s5x-ny9WH2_lsOVVUMDIlJYa2avKWF01RFowCYFEKIislGDBGtIRWEd3ootW0LCiksciyKQnhkjN6ld0ebVsvt_UumE6GQ-2lqe8FHza1DL1RFmqhaSO5xJi3mEnOS0y5JkwJmeuCiTJ5XR-9dsF_GyD2dWeiSvORDvwQa5pzTEgpqjyhr_9Ct34IaZ4jxSqRVlzxX9RGpv7Gad-nrY2m9azknLNCsCpRN_-h0mnHZacQaZP0PwpenZoPTQft418_BCUB5Aio4GMMoB8RgusxjPU_YaQ_AVJ10fg |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.998612 10.1002/lary.20101 10.1093/chemse/bjt072 10.3390/molecules30081742 10.3390/antiox12061238 10.1177/0301006616672881 10.3390/ijms25137386 10.3390/nu14234976 10.1155/2014/154106 10.1002/ptr.2072 10.1038/srep42717 10.3390/molecules29112577 10.1080/10412905.2019.1606740 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00104 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119716 10.3390/plants11010021 10.1016/j.prmcm.2022.100210 10.3390/plants12051076 10.1080/10942912.2022.2158864 10.1089/imr.2022.0083 10.1002/jat.4570 10.1159/000545368 10.3390/molecules30081757 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104497 10.1111/jphp.13185 10.1016/j.afres.2023.100283 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104853 10.1007/s00284-009-9475-y 10.3390/biology12121504 10.1002/jctb.7823 10.1155/2015/397821 10.3390/biom11010127 10.1002/cbdv.201500186 10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.005 10.3390/ijms252313121 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80947-X 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.009 10.3390/app132413083 10.3390/plants13233443 10.1093/chemse/bjs002 10.3390/biom13071144 10.3389/fnut.2022.924596 10.3389/fmed.2024.1337785 10.1021/jf403496k 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118180 10.3389/fphar.2022.835886 10.3390/molecules28093771 10.3390/ph16081086 10.3390/antiox13020178 10.1007/s12029-021-00601-5 10.1017/S1461145710000210 10.2147/IJN.S211047 10.3390/biom11020145 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2025 MDPI AG 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2025 MDPI AG – notice: 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7X7 7XB 88E 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO FYUFA GHDGH K9. M0S M1P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI 7X8 DOA |
| DOI | 10.3390/molecules30173591 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central ProQuest One ProQuest Central Korea Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Medical Database ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition MEDLINE - Academic Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Central ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE - Academic MEDLINE Publicly Available Content Database CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 4 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518 sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Chemistry |
| EISSN | 1420-3049 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_7f3ba5a005d04a558035f14c7a2f6478 A855546749 40942116 10_3390_molecules30173591 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GeographicLocations | United States California |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: California – name: United States |
| GroupedDBID | --- 0R~ 123 2WC 53G 5VS 7X7 88E 8FE 8FG 8FH 8FI 8FJ A8Z AADQD AAFWJ AAHBH AAYXX ABDBF ABUWG ACGFO ACIWK ACPRK ACUHS AEGXH AENEX AFKRA AFPKN AFRAH AFZYC AIAGR ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BENPR BPHCQ BVXVI CCPQU CITATION CS3 D1I DIK DU5 E3Z EBD EMOBN ESTFP ESX FYUFA GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HH5 HMCUK HYE HZ~ I09 IAO IHR ITC KQ8 LK8 M1P MODMG O-U O9- OK1 P2P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PPXIY PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO PUEGO RPM SV3 TR2 TUS UKHRP ~8M CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7XB 8FK AZQEC DWQXO K9. PKEHL PQEST PQUKI 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c3741-180ed9b2d56b68643ee07871a9c74e441faedc1fbf6df3863e214a8b8115a543 |
| IEDL.DBID | 8FG |
| ISSN | 1420-3049 |
| IngestDate | Mon Sep 15 19:41:09 EDT 2025 Sat Sep 13 16:51:15 EDT 2025 Fri Sep 12 11:52:26 EDT 2025 Thu Sep 18 00:10:47 EDT 2025 Tue Sep 16 03:41:04 EDT 2025 Wed Sep 17 02:09:37 EDT 2025 Thu Sep 11 00:23:27 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 17 |
| Keywords | clove lemon SH-SY5Y cells eucalyptus rose essential oils cytotoxicity volatile components olfactory training |
| Language | English |
| License | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c3741-180ed9b2d56b68643ee07871a9c74e441faedc1fbf6df3863e214a8b8115a543 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0939-9364 0000-0002-9010-1926 0000-0002-4021-1043 0000-0001-5272-8421 0000-0002-1441-3979 0000-0002-7232-4966 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.proquest.com/docview/3249701795?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication% |
| PMID | 40942116 |
| PQID | 3249701795 |
| PQPubID | 2032355 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_7f3ba5a005d04a558035f14c7a2f6478 proquest_miscellaneous_3250118792 proquest_journals_3249701795 gale_infotracmisc_A855546749 gale_infotracacademiconefile_A855546749 pubmed_primary_40942116 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules30173591 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2025-09-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-09-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 09 year: 2025 text: 2025-09-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Switzerland |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Switzerland – name: Basel |
| PublicationTitle | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Molecules |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG |
| References | ref_14 ref_58 ref_13 ref_12 Pires (ref_34) 2015; 58 ref_55 ref_52 ref_51 Edris (ref_2) 2007; 21 ref_19 ref_16 ref_15 Piras (ref_25) 2024; 44 Croy (ref_35) 2014; 39 ref_59 Koyama (ref_36) 2022; 13 ref_61 Kutlu (ref_57) 2024; 28 ref_24 Dhotre (ref_6) 2025; 100 ref_23 Bayala (ref_9) 2014; 4 ref_22 Cabras (ref_62) 2010; 13 ref_21 ref_29 ref_28 ref_27 ref_26 Brah (ref_42) 2023; 26 Gotow (ref_38) 2025; 87 Akram (ref_39) 2020; 72 Kratz (ref_60) 1963; 11 Russo (ref_11) 2015; 2015 ref_33 Wise (ref_49) 2012; 37 Badran (ref_50) 2022; 15 ref_32 Vora (ref_48) 2024; 330 ref_31 ref_30 Amorati (ref_8) 2013; 61 Gengatharan (ref_45) 2023; 3 Nirmala (ref_53) 2019; 14 Shokrzadeh (ref_56) 2017; 14 ref_47 Poletti (ref_37) 2017; 46 ref_43 Loizzo (ref_44) 2016; 13 ref_41 Ulusoy (ref_40) 2009; 59 ref_1 ref_3 Rosa (ref_10) 2019; 31 Bakkali (ref_4) 2008; 46 Hummel (ref_20) 2009; 119 Khazraei (ref_54) 2022; 53 He (ref_46) 2024; 222 Auffarth (ref_18) 2013; 37 ref_7 (ref_17) 2023; 2 Liang (ref_5) 2023; 6 |
| References_xml | – volume: 46 start-page: 446 year: 2008 ident: ref_4 article-title: Biological effects of essential oils—A review publication-title: Food Chem. Toxicol. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106 – volume: 28 start-page: 899 year: 2024 ident: ref_57 article-title: Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Turkish rose oil and its major metabolite S-(-)-citronellol publication-title: J. Res. Pharm. – ident: ref_16 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.998612 – volume: 119 start-page: 496 year: 2009 ident: ref_20 article-title: Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss publication-title: Laryngoscope doi: 10.1002/lary.20101 – volume: 39 start-page: 185 year: 2014 ident: ref_35 article-title: Olfactory disorders and quality of life–an updated review publication-title: Chem. Senses doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjt072 – ident: ref_23 doi: 10.3390/molecules30081742 – ident: ref_43 doi: 10.3390/antiox12061238 – volume: 46 start-page: 343 year: 2017 ident: ref_37 article-title: Olfactory training using heavy and light weight molecule odors publication-title: Perception doi: 10.1177/0301006616672881 – ident: ref_24 doi: 10.3390/ijms25137386 – ident: ref_21 doi: 10.3390/nu14234976 – ident: ref_51 doi: 10.1155/2014/154106 – volume: 21 start-page: 308 year: 2007 ident: ref_2 article-title: Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: A review publication-title: Phytother. Res. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2072 – ident: ref_33 doi: 10.1038/srep42717 – ident: ref_61 doi: 10.3390/molecules29112577 – volume: 31 start-page: 390 year: 2019 ident: ref_10 article-title: Chemical composition and in vitro bioactivity of essential oil obtained from the flavedo of ‘Pompia’, an ancient Sardinian fruit publication-title: J. Essent. Oil Res. doi: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1606740 – ident: ref_31 – volume: 58 start-page: 4066 year: 2015 ident: ref_34 article-title: pkCSM: Predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures publication-title: J. Med. Chem. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00104 – volume: 222 start-page: 119716 year: 2024 ident: ref_46 article-title: The volatile and sensorial profiles of processed Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) products cultivated in China under different process treatments publication-title: Ind. Crop. Prod. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119716 – volume: 14 start-page: 152 year: 2017 ident: ref_56 article-title: Cytotoxic and genotoxic studies of essential oil from Rosa damascene Mill., Kashan, Iran publication-title: Med. Glas. – ident: ref_27 – ident: ref_15 doi: 10.3390/plants11010021 – volume: 6 start-page: 100210 year: 2023 ident: ref_5 article-title: Essential oils: Chemical constituents, potential neuropharmacological effects and aromatherapy—A review publication-title: Pharmacol. Res.-Mod. Chin. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2022.100210 – volume: 4 start-page: 591 year: 2014 ident: ref_9 article-title: Anticancer activity of essential oils and their chemical components—A review publication-title: Am. J. Cancer Res. – ident: ref_41 doi: 10.3390/plants12051076 – volume: 26 start-page: 301 year: 2023 ident: ref_42 article-title: Toxicity and therapeutic applications of citrus essential oils (CEOs): A review publication-title: Int. J. Food Prop. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2158864 – volume: 2 start-page: 97 year: 2023 ident: ref_17 article-title: Review of best practice guidelines on aromatherapy for olfactory restoration: COVID-19 and others publication-title: Integr. Med. Rep. doi: 10.1089/imr.2022.0083 – ident: ref_28 – ident: ref_30 – volume: 44 start-page: 720 year: 2024 ident: ref_25 article-title: Arzanol, a natural phloroglucinol α-pyrone, protects HaCaT keratinocytes against H2O2-induced oxidative stress, counteracting cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial depolarization publication-title: J. Appl. Toxicol. doi: 10.1002/jat.4570 – volume: 87 start-page: 11 year: 2025 ident: ref_38 article-title: Psychological validation of a standardized odor set for olfactory training publication-title: ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec. doi: 10.1159/000545368 – ident: ref_26 doi: 10.3390/molecules30081757 – ident: ref_32 doi: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104497 – volume: 72 start-page: 161 year: 2020 ident: ref_39 article-title: Chemical constituents, experimental and clinical pharmacology of Rosa damascena: A literature review publication-title: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. doi: 10.1111/jphp.13185 – volume: 3 start-page: 100283 year: 2023 ident: ref_45 article-title: The application of clove extracts as a potential functional component in active food packaging materials and model food systems: A mini-review publication-title: Appl. Food Res. doi: 10.1016/j.afres.2023.100283 – ident: ref_19 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104853 – volume: 59 start-page: 554 year: 2009 ident: ref_40 article-title: Tocopherol, carotene, phenolic contents and antibacterial properties of rose essential oil, hydrosol and absolute publication-title: Curr Microbiol. doi: 10.1007/s00284-009-9475-y – ident: ref_13 doi: 10.3390/biology12121504 – volume: 100 start-page: 894 year: 2025 ident: ref_6 article-title: A comprehensive review on progression and innovations in microwave assisted extraction technology for essential oils publication-title: J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1002/jctb.7823 – volume: 2015 start-page: 397821 year: 2015 ident: ref_11 article-title: Exploitation of cytotoxicity of some essential oils for translation in cancer therapy publication-title: Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. doi: 10.1155/2015/397821 – ident: ref_55 doi: 10.3390/biom11010127 – volume: 13 start-page: 571 year: 2016 ident: ref_44 article-title: Chemical profile and antioxidant properties of extracts and essential oils from Citrus × limon (L.) Burm. cv. Femminello Comune publication-title: Chem. Biodivers. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201500186 – volume: 15 start-page: 761 year: 2022 ident: ref_50 article-title: Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve improves olfaction in healthy individuals: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial publication-title: Brain Stimul. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.005 – ident: ref_58 doi: 10.3390/ijms252313121 – volume: 11 start-page: 463 year: 1963 ident: ref_60 article-title: A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gasliquid chromatography publication-title: J. Chromatogr. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80947-X – volume: 37 start-page: 1667 year: 2013 ident: ref_18 article-title: Understanding smell--the olfactory stimulus problem publication-title: Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.009 – ident: ref_22 doi: 10.3390/app132413083 – ident: ref_52 doi: 10.3390/plants13233443 – volume: 37 start-page: 509 year: 2012 ident: ref_49 article-title: Stimulus selection for intranasal sensory isolation: Eugenol is an irritant publication-title: Chem. Senses doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjs002 – ident: ref_1 doi: 10.3390/biom13071144 – ident: ref_59 doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.924596 – ident: ref_3 doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1337785 – volume: 61 start-page: 10835 year: 2013 ident: ref_8 article-title: Antioxidant activity of essential oils publication-title: J. Agric. Food Chem. doi: 10.1021/jf403496k – ident: ref_29 – volume: 330 start-page: 118180 year: 2024 ident: ref_48 article-title: Essential oils for clinical aromatherapy: A comprehensive review publication-title: J. Ethnopharmacol. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118180 – volume: 13 start-page: 835886 year: 2022 ident: ref_36 article-title: Chemical constituents of essential oils used in olfactory training: Focus on COVID-19 induced olfactory dysfunction publication-title: Front Pharmacol. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.835886 – ident: ref_12 doi: 10.3390/molecules28093771 – ident: ref_7 doi: 10.3390/ph16081086 – ident: ref_14 doi: 10.3390/antiox13020178 – volume: 53 start-page: 363 year: 2022 ident: ref_54 article-title: In vitro cytotoxicity and apoptotic assay of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil in colon and liver cancer cell Lines publication-title: J. Gastrointest. Cancer doi: 10.1007/s12029-021-00601-5 – volume: 13 start-page: 603 year: 2010 ident: ref_62 article-title: Antidepressant imipramine induces human astrocytes to differentiate into cells with neuronal phenotype publication-title: Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. doi: 10.1017/S1461145710000210 – volume: 14 start-page: 6439 year: 2019 ident: ref_53 article-title: Anticancer and antibacterial effects of a clove bud essential oil-based nanoscale emulsion system publication-title: Int. J. Nanomed. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S211047 – ident: ref_47 doi: 10.3390/biom11020145 |
| SSID | ssj0021415 |
| Score | 2.4539373 |
| Snippet | Essential oils (EOs) are natural mixtures of volatile compounds characterized by beneficial pharmacological effects. The repeated inhalation of EOs in... |
| SourceID | doaj proquest gale pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 3591 |
| SubjectTerms | Adult Analgesics Analysis Aromatherapy Biological activity Body mass index Cancer Cell cycle Cell Line, Tumor Cell Survival - drug effects Citrus - chemistry clove essential oils eucalyptus Eucalyptus - chemistry Female Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Humans lemon Male Neurons Neurons - drug effects Odorants Odors Oils & fats Oils, Volatile - chemistry Oils, Volatile - pharmacology Olfaction disorders Olfactory Training Pharmacokinetics Plant Oils - chemistry Plant Oils - pharmacology Rosa - chemistry rose Skin Smell - drug effects Syzygium - chemistry |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Na9wwEBUhl-ZS-pXWbVqmUGha1sReWZJ93JgNobTNIRvITciWBIGNN8S7h_1N_ZOdsWzTTQ659GpLtuQZSW_wzHuMfUmsVZWVMlbcmjhDUBrnAg3CReGLGlef6tj5f_2W51fZj2tx_Y_UF-WEBXrg8OFOlOeVEQadxSaZESJPuPBpVisz9VQnSbsvHmNDMNWHWimeS-EfJseg_uQ2SM26Ft1Z4TDSnVOoI-t_vCU_AJrdgXP2gj3vkSLMwghfsj3XvGLPykGg7TX7MxT7QzmyLoeiyglcYnS6ut_CfCTznoBpLATpya7TrA7CEXDTQEfRQW8r3XLZwsrDvKWqJHROuLjBK8ekwDiBOfHWbu_Wm3YCP93t8NSSEkG_wVXrLCAIhotlkPHZwqJXoHjDFmfzRXke99oLcc0RZMRpnjhbVFMrZCVzhC3OIZhQqUEDZg4xlDfO1qmvvLSe55I7_OYmr3JEmEZk_JDtN6vGvWOACBKfwoVyic28M0WBGIXX0qtCYfA3jdj3wRT6LjBsaIxMyG76kd0idkrGGhsSOXZ3AV1G9y6jn3KZiH0lU2tawms0j-krEXC8RIalZ7mg3D2VFRE72mmJBq53bw_Oovul32pEqIWifU5E7PN4m3pSOlvjVhtqI4LOO87-bXCycUoUcGNULt__j6l-YAdTEizukuKO2P76fuM-IopaV5-6BfMXWwMZHQ priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals |
| Title | Chemical Characterization, Sensory Evaluation, and Biological Activity in Neuronal Cells of Essential Oils (Rose, Eucalyptus, Lemon, and Clove) Used for Olfactory Training |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40942116 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3249701795 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3250118792 https://doaj.org/article/7f3ba5a005d04a558035f14c7a2f6478 |
| Volume | 30 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVFSB databaseName: Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry customDbUrl: eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: HH5 dateStart: 19970101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://abc-chemistry.org/ providerName: ABC ChemistRy – providerCode: PRVAFT databaseName: Open Access Digital Library customDbUrl: eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: KQ8 dateStart: 19970101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://grweb.coalliance.org/oadl/oadl.html providerName: Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 19970101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVEBS databaseName: EBSCOhost Academic Search Ultimate customDbUrl: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?authtype=ip,shib&custid=s3936755&profile=ehost&defaultdb=asn eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: ABDBF dateStart: 20090301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=asn providerName: EBSCOhost – providerCode: PRVBFR databaseName: Free Medical Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: DIK dateStart: 19970101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://www.freemedicaljournals.com providerName: Flying Publisher – providerCode: PRVFQY databaseName: GFMER Free Medical Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: GX1 dateStart: 19970101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://www.gfmer.ch/Medical_journals/Free_medical.php providerName: Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research – providerCode: PRVAQN databaseName: PubMed Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: RPM dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ providerName: National Library of Medicine – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Health & Medical Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: 7X7 dateStart: 19970101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518 eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 19970101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Technology Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1420-3049 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0021415 issn: 1420-3049 databaseCode: 8FG dateStart: 19970101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1 providerName: ProQuest |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1bb9MwFLbY9gAviDthozISEhc1WlLHcfKEuihlQrAh6KS-RU5so0ld0jXtQ38Tf5Jz7CSoTOI1cZzLd2x_xznnfIS8DZQSpYpjXzAl_QhIqZ9wAITx1KQVjD5hq_N_u4jPr6IvC77oNtzaLqyynxPtRK2aCvfIT2HhTwWaD_-0uvVRNQr_rnYSGgfkKJyAJWGm-Ozz4HCFsDq5P5kMXPvTGyc4q1swagEPE-6tRbZk_92J-R-6aZed2SPysOOLdOoAfkzu6foJuZ_1Mm1Pye8-5Z9mQ-1ll1o5pj_BR23WO5oPJb3HVNaKOgFKe9G0cvIR9LqmtlAH3i3Ty2VLG0PzFnOTwETp5TUceY86jGOaY_Xa3Wqzbcf0q77pe80wHPQDvWq1okCF6eXSifns6LzToXhG5rN8np37nQKDXzGgGn6YBFql5UTxuIwTIC9aA6UQoQQYIw1MykitqtCUJlaGJTHT8M1lUibAMyWP2HNyWDe1fkko8EjohXGhAxUZLdMUmAqrYiNSAS7gxCMfeyiKlauzUYB_grgVd3DzyBmCNTTEEtn2QLP-VXQjrhCGlZJLmGVUEEnOk4BxE0aVkBODCbYeeYdQFziQNwCP7PIR4HmxJFYxTThG8Iko9cjJXksAuNo_3RtL0U0AbfHXXD3yZjiNV2JQW62bLbbhTu0d3v6FM7LhldDtBt88fvX_zo_JgwkKEtugtxNyuFlv9WtgSZtyRA7EQozsgBiRo7P84vuPkd1x-ANneBTW |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1bb9MwFLbGeBgviDuBAUYCcVGjJXEcJw8IldKpY932QCf1zXJiG03qktK0Qv1NiP_IOXHSqUziba-J48b6zrU553yEvAm0FrlOEl8wrfwYglI_5QAI45nNCtA-0UznPzlNRufxtymf7pA_XS8MllV2NrEx1Loq8D_yA3D8mUDx4Z_nP31kjcKvqx2FhhOLY7P-BSlb_enoK-D7NooOh5PByG9ZBfyCgfv0wzQwOssjzZM8ScEhGwNuUoQKXi02EB1YZXQR2twm2rI0YSYKY5XmKcROiscMtr1FbsOpYhzVL6ZX-V0IztB9OGUsCw4uHb-tqUGHBJw93HJ9DUPAdT_wT3TbeLnDe-RuG57SvpOn-2THlA_I3qBjhXtIfncTBuhgM-rZdXL26HdIiavFmg43E8R7VJWaOr7L5qF-4dgq6EVJm7kg-GsDM5vVtLJ0WGMrFGgEPbuAK--R9rFHhzgsdz1fruoeHZvLbtcBVp9-oOe10RQib3o2c9xBazppaS8ekclNQPOY7JZVaZ4SCmEr7MK4MIGOrVFZBoERKxIrMgEZZ-SRjx0Ucu7GekhIhxA3eQ03j3xBsDYLcSJ3c6Fa_JCtgkthWa64AqOmg1hxngaM2zAuhIos9vN65B1CLdFuLAEe1bY_wPviBC7ZTzkWDIo488j-1koAuNi-3QmLbO1NLa-0wyOvN7fxSayhK021wjXckcvD6Z84IdscCbP8KAyTZ__f_BXZG01OxnJ8dHr8nNyJkAu5qbfbJ7vLxcq8gABtmb9s1IISecNq-BfQbE0o |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3dbtMwFLbGkICbiX86BhgJBEyNmsRxnFwgVLpWGxsbEp3UO8uJbTSpS0rTCvWZeALejnPipFOZxN1uE8dN-p3f5JzzEfLG11pkOo49wbTyIghKvYQDIIynNs1B-0Q9nf_raXx4Hn2Z8MkW-dP2wmBZZWsTa0OtyxzfkffA8acCxYf3bFMW8e1g9Gn200MGKfzS2tJpOBE5NqtfkL5VH48OAOu3YTgajgeHXsMw4OUMXKkXJL7RaRZqHmdxAs7ZGHCZIlBwm5GBSMEqo_PAZjbWliUxM2EQqSRLII5SPGKw7S1yW7CIYTWZmFzlegE4RvcRlbHU7106rltTgT4J-B-CDTdYswVc9wn_RLq1xxvdJztNqEr7TrYekC1TPCR3By1D3CPyu502QAfrsc-uq7NLv0N6XM5XdLieJt6lqtDUcV_WF_Vzx1xBLwpazwjBXxuY6bSipaXDCtuiQDvo2QUceY8UkF06xMG5q9liWXXpiblsdx1gJeoHel4ZTSEKp2dTxyO0ouOGAuMxGd8ENE_IdlEW5hmhEMLCLowL4-vIGpWmECSxPLYiFZB9hh2y30IhZ27Eh4TUCHGT13DrkM8I1nohTueuD5TzH7JRdiksyxRXYOC0HynOE59xG0S5UKHF3t4OeYdQS7QhC4BHNa0QcL84jUv2E47FgyJKO2RvYyUAnG-eboVFNranklea0iGv16fxSqynK0y5xDXcEc3D0z91QrZ-JMz4wyCId_-_-StyBxRQnhydHj8n90KkRa5L7_bI9mK-NC8gVltkL2utoETesBb-BVbXUWM |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chemical+Characterization%2C+Sensory+Evaluation%2C+and+Biological+Activity+in+Neuronal+Cells+of+Essential+Oils+%28Rose%2C+Eucalyptus%2C+Lemon%2C+and+Clove%29+Used+for+Olfactory+Training&rft.jtitle=Molecules+%28Basel%2C+Switzerland%29&rft.au=Rosa%2C+Antonella&rft.au=Piras+Franca&rft.au=Piras%2C+Alessandra&rft.au=Silva%2C+Porcedda&rft.date=2025-09-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=1420-3049&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=17&rft.spage=3591&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fmolecules30173591&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1420-3049&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1420-3049&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1420-3049&client=summon |