Chromium–tungsten heterogeneous catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to fatty acid methyl ester
Chromium–tungsten mixed oxides heterogeneous catalysts were prepared and evaluated in the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The reactions were conducted in a batch reactor at temperature range of 110–190 °C and catalysts were characterized...
Saved in:
| Published in | Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers Vol. 54; pp. 64 - 70 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Elsevier B.V
01.09.2015
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1876-1070 1876-1089 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020 |
Cover
| Abstract | Chromium–tungsten mixed oxides heterogeneous catalysts were prepared and evaluated in the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The reactions were conducted in a batch reactor at temperature range of 110–190 °C and catalysts were characterized by BET, SEM, TEM, FTIR and XRD. The effects of catalyst preparation conditions (metal ratio, calcination temperature and time), the influence of reaction conditions (temperature and time, methanol/PFAD molar ratio, catalyst dosage) and catalyst stability were studied. The prepared catalyst with formula CrWO2 (calcined at 600 °C for 3 h) gave the maximum FAME content of 86% at best reaction conditions (170 °C; 3 h, 2:1 methanol/PFAD molar ratio; 1.5 wt.% catalyst dosages) and can be recycled for several times. Thus, CrWO2 has good potentials as heterogeneous catalyst for FAME synthesis from high acid value oils.
•Chromium–tungsten mixed oxides solid catalyst synthesized via sol–gel.•Catalyst is active in esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to methyl esters.•The maximum methyl ester content is 86%.•Catalyst is stable for several cycles and separates easily from product mixture.
[Display omitted] |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Chromium–tungsten mixed oxides heterogeneous catalysts were prepared and evaluated in the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The reactions were conducted in a batch reactor at temperature range of 110–190 °C and catalysts were characterized by BET, SEM, TEM, FTIR and XRD. The effects of catalyst preparation conditions (metal ratio, calcination temperature and time), the influence of reaction conditions (temperature and time, methanol/PFAD molar ratio, catalyst dosage) and catalyst stability were studied. The prepared catalyst with formula CrWO2 (calcined at 600 °C for 3 h) gave the maximum FAME content of 86% at best reaction conditions (170 °C; 3 h, 2:1 methanol/PFAD molar ratio; 1.5 wt.% catalyst dosages) and can be recycled for several times. Thus, CrWO2 has good potentials as heterogeneous catalyst for FAME synthesis from high acid value oils.
•Chromium–tungsten mixed oxides solid catalyst synthesized via sol–gel.•Catalyst is active in esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to methyl esters.•The maximum methyl ester content is 86%.•Catalyst is stable for several cycles and separates easily from product mixture.
[Display omitted] |
| Author | Lim, J.K. Hameed, B.H. Wan, Zuraida |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Zuraida surname: Wan fullname: Wan, Zuraida organization: School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, 14300 Penang, Malaysia – sequence: 2 givenname: J.K. surname: Lim fullname: Lim, J.K. organization: School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, 14300 Penang, Malaysia – sequence: 3 givenname: B.H. surname: Hameed fullname: Hameed, B.H. email: chbassim@usm.my organization: School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, 14300 Penang, Malaysia |
| BookMark | eNqFkE1OwzAQhS1UJErpCdj4Agl2nMTxggWq-JOQ2MDacpxx6yiJK9ut1B134IachLRFCLGA2cxoZr6nmXeOJoMbAKFLSlJKaHnVpm20GtKM0CIlLCUZOUFTWvEyoaQSk--akzM0D6El--Aky4op2i5W3vV203-8vcfNsAwRBryCCN4tYQC3CVirqLpdiNg4j2Fc8NbYsWndgJ3Ba9X12KgYd1hp2-DGhmi7TkXA0f0c9BBXu-6ocIFOjeoCzL_yDL3e3b4sHpKn5_vHxc1TohlnMWnyijaC6opkrKozWlNTmawgmps8p2UOgmvBWGHysha1ZgXhtKyhqArRcEFyNkPiqKu9C8GDkdrGw-nRK9tJSuTeQ9nKg4dy76EkTI4ejiz7xa697ZXf_UNdHykY39pa8DJoC4OGxnrQUTbO_sl_AkPEkXA |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s10562_021_03698_2 crossref_primary_10_3390_ma12091431 crossref_primary_10_3390_catal11050604 crossref_primary_10_1002_slct_202001381 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_energy_2017_11_116 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_renene_2016_12_053 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_renene_2022_01_123 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cattod_2024_114886 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1349_1_012116 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtice_2016_11_001 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_1c07230 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fuel_2020_119965 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fuel_2024_132986 crossref_primary_10_1080_15567036_2018_1503757 crossref_primary_10_3775_jie_100_301 crossref_primary_10_3390_polym12040942 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclepro_2016_12_163 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molliq_2025_127333 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jece_2021_105052 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1349_1_012143 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_renene_2018_09_043 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_enconman_2021_114165 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_renene_2018_07_031 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1793_1_012048 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12649_022_01779_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fuel_2020_119543 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00656-1 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.10.052 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.12.011 10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.02.013 10.1016/j.catcom.2004.09.001 10.1016/j.renene.2013.06.037 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.05.030 10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.03.016 10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.07.005 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.02.008 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.100 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.01.014 10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.028 10.1016/j.cep.2009.04.001 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.024 10.1007/s11814-010-0070-5 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2015 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2015 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Economics Engineering |
| EISSN | 1876-1089 |
| EndPage | 70 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1016_j_jtice_2015_03_020 S187610701500111X |
| GroupedDBID | --K --M .DC .~1 0R~ 1B1 1~. 1~5 4.4 457 4G. 5VS 7-5 71M 8P~ 8RM AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAIAV AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAXUO ABFNM ABJNI ABMAC ABMYL ABNUV ABXDB ABYKQ ACDAQ ACGFS ACRLP ADBBV ADEWK ADEZE ADMUD AEBSH AEKER AENEX AFKWA AFTJW AGHFR AGUBO AGYEJ AHPOS AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AJBFU AJOXV AKRWK AKURH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ AXJTR BKOJK BLXMC DU5 EBS EFJIC EFLBG EJD ENUVR EP2 EP3 FDB FEDTE FIRID FNPLU FYGXN GBLVA HVGLF HZ~ J1W KOM M41 MO0 N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. Q38 RIG ROL SDF SES SPC SPCBC SSG SSZ T5K ~G- AATTM AAXKI AAYWO AAYXX ABWVN ACRPL ACVFH ADCNI ADNMO AEIPS AEUPX AFJKZ AFPUW AFXIZ AGCQF AGRNS AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKYEP ANKPU APXCP BNPGV CITATION SSH |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c373t-d481d91c80238b21b1f8f250c7f44164e97c9335f46b9bc350716be5859d79043 |
| IEDL.DBID | .~1 |
| ISSN | 1876-1070 |
| IngestDate | Tue Jul 01 00:40:42 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:51:08 EDT 2025 Sat Mar 23 16:30:41 EDT 2024 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Metal oxides Palm fatty acid distillate Solid catalyst Methyl ester |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c373t-d481d91c80238b21b1f8f250c7f44164e97c9335f46b9bc350716be5859d79043 |
| PageCount | 7 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_jtice_2015_03_020 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtice_2015_03_020 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_jtice_2015_03_020 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2015-09-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2015-09-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 09 year: 2015 text: 2015-09-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers |
| PublicationYear | 2015 |
| Publisher | Elsevier B.V |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier B.V |
| References | Chin, Abdullah, Hameed (bib0006) 2012; 183 Hayyan, Alam, Mirghani, Kabbashi, Hakimi, Siran (bib0007) 2011; 92 Badday, Abdullah, Lee (bib0005) 2014; 62 Olutoye, Hameed (bib0001) 2010; 91 Jacobson, Gopinath, Meher, Dalai (bib0008) 2008; 85 Mongkolbovornkij, Champreda, Sutthisripok, Laosiripojana (bib0017) 2010; 91 Rashtizadeh, Farzaneh (bib0002) 2013; 44 Furuta, Matsuhashi, Arata (bib0009) 2004; 5 Olutoye, Hameed (bib0015) 2011; 102 Shu, Gao, Nawaz, Liao, Wang, Wang (bib0004) 2010; 87 Munari F., Cavagnino D., Cadoppi A. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Milan, Italy. Application note: 10212;2007. Senso, Jongsomjit, Praserthdam (bib0016) 2011; 92 Park, Lee, Kim, Lee, Lee (bib0010) 2008; 131 Liu, Wang (bib0003) 2009; 48 Kim, Oh, Joo, Jung, Yi (bib0011) 2010; 27 López, Castellón, Torres, Díaz, Robles (bib0012) 2001; 218 Olutoye, Wong, Chin, Hameed (bib0018) 2014; 124 Alemdaroglu (bib0013) 2001; 47 Chin (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0006) 2012; 183 Kim (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0011) 2010; 27 Hayyan (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0007) 2011; 92 Shu (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0004) 2010; 87 Mongkolbovornkij (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0017) 2010; 91 Jacobson (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0008) 2008; 85 Olutoye (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0015) 2011; 102 Liu (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0003) 2009; 48 Rashtizadeh (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0002) 2013; 44 Olutoye (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0018) 2014; 124 Olutoye (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0001) 2010; 91 Badday (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0005) 2014; 62 Alemdaroglu (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0013) 2001; 47 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0014 Senso (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0016) 2011; 92 Park (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0010) 2008; 131 López (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0012) 2001; 218 Furuta (10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0009) 2004; 5 |
| References_xml | – volume: 131 start-page: 238 year: 2008 end-page: 243 ident: bib0010 article-title: The heterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty acids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel publication-title: Catal Today – volume: 27 start-page: 431 year: 2010 end-page: 434 ident: bib0011 article-title: Effect of preparation method on structure and catalytic activity of Cr-promoted Cu catalyst in glycerol hydrogenolysis publication-title: Korean J Chem Eng – volume: 102 start-page: 3819 year: 2011 end-page: 3826 ident: bib0015 article-title: Synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester from used vegetable cooking oil by solid reusable Mg publication-title: Bioresour Technol – volume: 92 start-page: 920 year: 2011 end-page: 924 ident: bib0007 article-title: Reduction of high content of free fatty acid in sludge palm oil via acid catalyst for biodiesel production publication-title: Fuel Process Technol – volume: 62 start-page: 10 year: 2014 end-page: 17 ident: bib0005 article-title: Transesterification of crude Jatropha oil by activated carbon-supported heteropolyacid catalyst in an ultrasound-assisted reactor system publication-title: Renew Energy – reference: Munari F., Cavagnino D., Cadoppi A. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Milan, Italy. Application note: 10212;2007. – volume: 218 start-page: 295 year: 2001 end-page: 306 ident: bib0012 article-title: Chromium oxide supported on zirconium- and lanthanum-doped mesoporous silica for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane publication-title: Appl Catal A Gen – volume: 5 start-page: 721 year: 2004 end-page: 723 ident: bib0009 article-title: Biodiesel fuel production with solid superacid catalysis in fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure publication-title: Catal Commun – volume: 91 start-page: 1510 year: 2010 end-page: 1516 ident: bib0017 article-title: Esterification of industrial-grade palm fatty acid distillate over modified ZrO publication-title: Fuel Process Technol – volume: 92 start-page: 1537 year: 2011 end-page: 1542 ident: bib0016 article-title: Effect of calcination treatment of zirconia on W/ZrO publication-title: Fuel Process Technol – volume: 85 start-page: 86 year: 2008 end-page: 91 ident: bib0008 article-title: Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil publication-title: Appl Catal B Environ – volume: 124 start-page: 54 year: 2014 end-page: 60 ident: bib0018 article-title: Synthesis of FAME from the methanolysis of palm fatty acid distillate using highly active solid oxide acid catalyst publication-title: Fuel Process Technol – volume: 48 start-page: 1152 year: 2009 end-page: 1156 ident: bib0003 article-title: Biodiesel production from rapeseed deodorizer distillate in a packed column reactor publication-title: Chem Eng Process – volume: 87 start-page: 2589 year: 2010 end-page: 2596 ident: bib0004 article-title: Synthesis of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil with large amounts of free fatty acids using a carbon-based solid acid catalyst publication-title: Appl Energy – volume: 91 start-page: 653 year: 2010 end-page: 659 ident: bib0001 article-title: Transesterification of palm oil on K publication-title: Fuel Process Technol – volume: 44 start-page: 917 year: 2013 end-page: 923 ident: bib0002 article-title: Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by Sr-Ti mixed oxides nanocomposites publication-title: J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng – volume: 47 start-page: 27 year: 2001 end-page: 35 ident: bib0013 article-title: Determination methods for the acidity of solid surfaces publication-title: Commun Faculty Sci Univ Ankara Ser B – volume: 183 start-page: 104 year: 2012 end-page: 107 ident: bib0006 article-title: Sugar cane bagasse as solid catalyst for synthesis of methyl esters from palm fatty acid distillate publication-title: Chem Eng J – volume: 218 start-page: 295 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0012 article-title: Chromium oxide supported on zirconium- and lanthanum-doped mesoporous silica for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane publication-title: Appl Catal A Gen doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00656-1 – volume: 131 start-page: 238 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0010 article-title: The heterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty acids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel publication-title: Catal Today doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.10.052 – volume: 92 start-page: 920 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0007 article-title: Reduction of high content of free fatty acid in sludge palm oil via acid catalyst for biodiesel production publication-title: Fuel Process Technol doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.12.011 – volume: 124 start-page: 54 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0018 article-title: Synthesis of FAME from the methanolysis of palm fatty acid distillate using highly active solid oxide acid catalyst publication-title: Fuel Process Technol doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.02.013 – volume: 5 start-page: 721 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0009 article-title: Biodiesel fuel production with solid superacid catalysis in fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure publication-title: Catal Commun doi: 10.1016/j.catcom.2004.09.001 – volume: 62 start-page: 10 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0005 article-title: Transesterification of crude Jatropha oil by activated carbon-supported heteropolyacid catalyst in an ultrasound-assisted reactor system publication-title: Renew Energy doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.06.037 – volume: 91 start-page: 1510 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0017 article-title: Esterification of industrial-grade palm fatty acid distillate over modified ZrO2 (with WO3−, SO4− and TiO2−): effects of co-solvent adding and water removal publication-title: Fuel Process Technol doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.05.030 – volume: 92 start-page: 1537 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0016 article-title: Effect of calcination treatment of zirconia on W/ZrO2 catalysts for transesterification publication-title: Fuel Process Technol doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.03.016 – volume: 85 start-page: 86 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0008 article-title: Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil publication-title: Appl Catal B Environ doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.07.005 – ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0014 – volume: 44 start-page: 917 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0002 article-title: Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by Sr-Ti mixed oxides nanocomposites publication-title: J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.02.008 – volume: 102 start-page: 3819 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0015 article-title: Synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester from used vegetable cooking oil by solid reusable Mg1-xZn1+xO2 catalyst publication-title: Bioresour Technol doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.100 – volume: 91 start-page: 653 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0001 article-title: Transesterification of palm oil on KyMg1-xZn1+xO3: Effect of Mg-Zn interaction publication-title: Fuel Process Technol doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.01.014 – volume: 183 start-page: 104 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0006 article-title: Sugar cane bagasse as solid catalyst for synthesis of methyl esters from palm fatty acid distillate publication-title: Chem Eng J doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.028 – volume: 48 start-page: 1152 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0003 article-title: Biodiesel production from rapeseed deodorizer distillate in a packed column reactor publication-title: Chem Eng Process doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2009.04.001 – volume: 87 start-page: 2589 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0004 article-title: Synthesis of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil with large amounts of free fatty acids using a carbon-based solid acid catalyst publication-title: Appl Energy doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.024 – volume: 47 start-page: 27 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0013 article-title: Determination methods for the acidity of solid surfaces publication-title: Commun Faculty Sci Univ Ankara Ser B – volume: 27 start-page: 431 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020_bib0011 article-title: Effect of preparation method on structure and catalytic activity of Cr-promoted Cu catalyst in glycerol hydrogenolysis publication-title: Korean J Chem Eng doi: 10.1007/s11814-010-0070-5 |
| SSID | ssj0000070225 |
| Score | 2.1866317 |
| Snippet | Chromium–tungsten mixed oxides heterogeneous catalysts were prepared and evaluated in the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to produce fatty... |
| SourceID | crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 64 |
| SubjectTerms | Metal oxides Methyl ester Palm fatty acid distillate Solid catalyst |
| Title | Chromium–tungsten heterogeneous catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to fatty acid methyl ester |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.020 |
| Volume | 54 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LSwMxEA5SD-pBfOKbHDy6drfJPnKUYqkKvajQ25JsEmzpC41CL-J_8B_6S5zJ7pYK4sFjdjPLkplMvoQv3xByrq3gQskwUCKMA54qFWSZtEEaGpFpaGvpCbK9pPvIb_txf4W067swSKuscn-Z0322rp40q9FszgaD5n0EExk2L7hlx4LpfbzBzlOM9cv3aHHOgno2LV97FfsHaFCLD3ma1xA5Zkjxir3YKdb9_m2BWlp0Oltks0KL9Kr8oW2yYiY7ZK2-TPyyQzaW9AR3yRtK3Y4Hr-Ovj08Hsxg8OKFPSHiZQpwY2ORTf1wzf3EUwCr1KgnIFfLuoVNLZ3I0plY6N6eyGGiqMQVApDhD3XT5BVaeno_KL-yRx871Q7sbVIUVgoKlzAWaA0oVUYHib5lqRSqymQUsVKQW0FHCjUgLwVhseaKEKhhixkQZ2FkInYqQs33SmEwn5oBQK6S0ADuSluJcZ6HKJOM6jqRhlrM0OyStejTzolIdx-IXo7ymlw1z74IcXZCHLAcXHJKLhdGsFN34u3tSuyn_ETs5LAt_GR791_CYrGOr5JqdkIZ7fjWnAE6cOvPRd0ZWr27uur1viN7mQQ |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3JThwxEC0ROJAcIpZEgQTwIUc60z12Lz5GCDSsl4A0N8tu28qg2RRMpLkg_oE_zJekyt2NBinikGMv1Wq5yuVX1vMrgK_WSyGNThMj0zwRpTFJVWmflKmTlcVrqyNB9qoY3IizYT5cgaPuLAzRKtvc3-T0mK3bO712NHvz0aj3I8OJjMULlezUMH34BtYEtTnAoP72kD1vtJCgTT82XyWDhCw69aHI87olkhlxvPKodkqNv_-1Qi2tOicb8L6Fi-x780ebsOKmW7DenSa-24J3S4KC2_CbtG4no_vJn8engNMYXThlP4nxMsNAcVjls7hfs7gLDNEqizIJRBaK_mEzz-Z6PGFeh7Bguh5ZZikHYKgEx8Js-QG1nl6Mmy98gJuT4-ujQdJ2VkhqXvKQWIEwVWY1qb9Vpp-ZzFcewVBdeoRHhXCyrCXnuReFkabmBBoL47C0kLaUqeAfYXU6m7pPwLzU2iPuKPpGCFulptJc2DzTjnvBy2oH-t1oqrqVHafuF2PV8ctuVXSBIheolCt0wQ4cPhvNG9WN118vOjepF8GjcF14zXD3fw0PYH1wfXmhLk6vzj_DW3rSEM--wGr4de_2EKkEsx8j8S_PYOfK |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chromium%E2%80%93tungsten+heterogeneous+catalyst+for+esterification+of+palm+fatty+acid+distillate+to+fatty+acid+methyl+ester&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Taiwan+Institute+of+Chemical+Engineers&rft.au=Wan%2C+Zuraida&rft.au=Lim%2C+J.K.&rft.au=Hameed%2C+B.H.&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.pub=Elsevier+B.V&rft.issn=1876-1070&rft.eissn=1876-1089&rft.volume=54&rft.spage=64&rft.epage=70&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jtice.2015.03.020&rft.externalDocID=S187610701500111X |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1876-1070&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1876-1070&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1876-1070&client=summon |