Neuromorphic place cells
A neuromorphic simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system shows potential for more efficient implementation than its traditional counterpart. At the mean time a neuromorphic model of spatial encoding neurons in silicon could provide insights on the functionality and dynamic between each gro...
Saved in:
| Published in | Neuromorphic computing and engineering Vol. 4; no. 2; pp. 24009 - 24026 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
IOP Publishing
01.06.2024
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2634-4386 2634-4386 |
| DOI | 10.1088/2634-4386/ad48b0 |
Cover
| Abstract | A neuromorphic simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system shows potential for more efficient implementation than its traditional counterpart. At the mean time a neuromorphic model of spatial encoding neurons in silicon could provide insights on the functionality and dynamic between each group of cells. Especially when realistic factors including variations and imperfections on the neural movement encoding are presented to challenge the existing hypothetical models for localization. We demonstrate a mixed-mode implementation for spatial encoding neurons including theta cells, egocentric place cells, and the typical allocentric place cells. Together, they form a biologically plausible network that could reproduce the localization functionality of place cells observed in rodents. The system consists of a theta chip with 128 theta cell units and an FPGA implementing 4 networks for egocentric place cells formation that provides the capability for tracking on a 11 by 11 place cell grid. Experimental results validate the robustness of our model when suffering from as much as 18% deviation, induced by parameter variations in analog circuits, from the mathematical model of theta cells. We provide a model for implementing dynamic neuromorphic SLAM systems for dynamic-scale mapping of cluttered environments, even when subject to significant errors in sensory measurements and real-time analog computation. We also suggest a robust approach for the network topology of spatial cells that can mitigate neural non-uniformity and provides a hypothesis for the function of grid cells and the existence of egocentric place cells. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | A neuromorphic simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system shows potential for more efficient implementation than its traditional counterpart. At the mean time a neuromorphic model of spatial encoding neurons in silicon could provide insights on the functionality and dynamic between each group of cells. Especially when realistic factors including variations and imperfections on the neural movement encoding are presented to challenge the existing hypothetical models for localization. We demonstrate a mixed-mode implementation for spatial encoding neurons including theta cells, egocentric place cells, and the typical allocentric place cells. Together, they form a biologically plausible network that could reproduce the localization functionality of place cells observed in rodents. The system consists of a theta chip with 128 theta cell units and an FPGA implementing 4 networks for egocentric place cells formation that provides the capability for tracking on a 11 by 11 place cell grid. Experimental results validate the robustness of our model when suffering from as much as 18% deviation, induced by parameter variations in analog circuits, from the mathematical model of theta cells. We provide a model for implementing dynamic neuromorphic SLAM systems for dynamic-scale mapping of cluttered environments, even when subject to significant errors in sensory measurements and real-time analog computation. We also suggest a robust approach for the network topology of spatial cells that can mitigate neural non-uniformity and provides a hypothesis for the function of grid cells and the existence of egocentric place cells. |
| Author | Chen, Zhaoqi Nasrallah, Alia Etienne-Cummings, Ralph |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Zhaoqi orcidid: 0000-0003-2716-7495 surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Zhaoqi organization: The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Alia surname: Nasrallah fullname: Nasrallah, Alia organization: The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, United States of America – sequence: 3 givenname: Ralph surname: Etienne-Cummings fullname: Etienne-Cummings, Ralph organization: The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, United States of America |
| BookMark | eNqNkDtLA0EUhQeJYIzpU6aycs2d92wpQWMgaKP1ME_dsNlZZhMk_97ElWAhYnUvh3O-4rtEgyY1AaEJhlsMSs2IoKxgVImZ8UxZOEPDUzT48V-gcdetAYBIibHgQzR5CrucNim375WbtrVxYepCXXdX6Dyaugvj7ztCrw_3L_PHYvW8WM7vVoWjkmwLozC2JS9JKDmNCoixNnrsjLIUqC-DxWXkXgrJSq98ZExI4gj4SMByYekILXuuT2at21xtTN7rZCr9FaT8pk3eVq4OmhDqiKWCK8aZDdQY7IVUlDKFIUh3YOGetWtas_8wdX0CYtBHU_qoQh9V6N7UYQP9xuXUdTnE_0xu-kmVWr1Ou9wcBP1Vv_6l3rigmSYaCAModesj_QSJqoU8 |
| CODEN | NCEECN |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/BioCAS.2015.7348393 10.1002/hipo.20901 10.1109/ISCAS45731.2020.9180441 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0712-11.2011 10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.061307.090723 10.3389/fnins.2011.00073 10.1002/hipo.20518 10.1016/j.neunet.2015.10.002 10.1002/hipo.20327 10.1109/ISCAS.2019.8702579 10.1126/science.1222403 10.1016/S1474-6670(17)32056-6 10.1002/hipo.20115 10.1109/TNN.2011.2167020 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000291 10.1109/WMED.2009.4816148 10.1007/s10827-005-6558-z 10.1177/0278364909340592 10.1109/ICCSCE.2015.7482163 10.1088/2634-4386/ac9e6f 10.1038/nature03721 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05900.1997 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1 10.1109/ISCAS.2017.8050933 10.1007/s10514-012-9317-9 10.1002/hipo.20374 10.1007/978-3-319-28872-7_27 10.1109/ROBOT.2004.1307183 10.1126/science.1125572 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd |
| DBID | O3W TSCCA AAYXX CITATION ADTOC UNPAY DOA |
| DOI | 10.1088/2634-4386/ad48b0 |
| DatabaseName | Institute of Physics Open Access Journals (Activated by CARLI) IOPscience (Open Access) CrossRef Unpaywall for CDI: Periodical Content Unpaywall DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ - The Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: O3W name: Institute of Physics Open Access Journals (Activated by CARLI) url: http://iopscience.iop.org/ sourceTypes: Enrichment Source Publisher – sequence: 3 dbid: UNPAY name: Unpaywall url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://unpaywall.org/ sourceTypes: Open Access Repository |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Computer Science |
| EISSN | 2634-4386 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_223c2b3658454be3aa1d678334810e7c 10.1088/2634-4386/ad48b0 10_1088_2634_4386_ad48b0 ncead48b0 |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: NSF – fundername: Toshiba Corporation – fundername: Government of Kuwait |
| GroupedDBID | ABHWH ACHIP AKPSB ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS CJUJL GROUPED_DOAJ M~E N5L O3W OK1 TSCCA AAYXX AEINN CITATION ADTOC UNPAY |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-a811b9592e953f802abbfd1ca8b303d9eb19f5d76749d8df44672c20df20b56b3 |
| IEDL.DBID | UNPAY |
| ISSN | 2634-4386 |
| IngestDate | Fri Oct 03 12:46:23 EDT 2025 Sun Sep 07 11:28:53 EDT 2025 Wed Oct 01 01:51:35 EDT 2025 Tue Aug 20 22:17:06 EDT 2024 Sun Aug 18 17:00:26 EDT 2024 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 2 |
| Language | English |
| License | Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. cc-by |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c372t-a811b9592e953f802abbfd1ca8b303d9eb19f5d76749d8df44672c20df20b56b3 |
| Notes | NCE-100301.R1 |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2716-7495 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad48b0 |
| PageCount | 18 |
| ParticipantIDs | iop_journals_10_1088_2634_4386_ad48b0 doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_223c2b3658454be3aa1d678334810e7c crossref_primary_10_1088_2634_4386_ad48b0 unpaywall_primary_10_1088_2634_4386_ad48b0 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2024-06-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2024-06-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 06 year: 2024 text: 2024-06-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | Neuromorphic computing and engineering |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | NCE |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Neuromorph. Comput. Eng |
| PublicationYear | 2024 |
| Publisher | IOP Publishing |
| Publisher_xml | – name: IOP Publishing |
| References | Folowosele (ncead48b0bib26) 2011; 22 Krupic (ncead48b0bib29) 2012; 337 Ball (ncead48b0bib3) 2013; 34 Varghese (ncead48b0bib25) 2015 Kraetzschmar (ncead48b0bib28) 2004; 37 Mhatre (ncead48b0bib23) 2012; 22 Hafting (ncead48b0bib8) 2005; 436 Burgess (ncead48b0bib16) 2007; 17 Gupta (ncead48b0bib24) 2009 Moser (ncead48b0bib10) 2008; 31 Samsonovich (ncead48b0bib13) 1997; 17 Nasrallah (ncead48b0bib21) 2020 Chen (ncead48b0bib5) 2015; 72 Milford (ncead48b0bib6) 2010; 29 Welday (ncead48b0bib19) 2011; 31 Milford (ncead48b0bib4) 2016 O’keefe (ncead48b0bib9) 2005; 15 Burak (ncead48b0bib14) 2009; 5 Sargolini (ncead48b0bib11) 2006; 312 O’Keefe (ncead48b0bib7) 1971; 34 Cellon (ncead48b0bib20) 2019 Khairuddin (ncead48b0bib1) 2015 Conklin (ncead48b0bib15) 2005; 18 Burgess (ncead48b0bib17) 2008; 18 Indiveri (ncead48b0bib12) 2011; 5 Milford (ncead48b0bib2) 2004 Hasselmo (ncead48b0bib18) 2007; 17 Molin (ncead48b0bib27) 2017 Zhaoqi (ncead48b0bib22) 2022; 2 |
| References_xml | – year: 2015 ident: ncead48b0bib25 article-title: Dynamically reconfigurable silicon array of generalized integrate-and-fire neurons doi: 10.1109/BioCAS.2015.7348393 – volume: 22 start-page: 320 year: 2012 ident: ncead48b0bib23 article-title: Grid cell hexagonal patterns formed by fast self-organized learning within entorhinal cortex publication-title: Hippocampus doi: 10.1002/hipo.20901 – year: 2020 ident: ncead48b0bib21 article-title: Velocity-tuned oscillators for NeuroSLAM and spatial navigation doi: 10.1109/ISCAS45731.2020.9180441 – volume: 31 start-page: 16157 year: 2011 ident: ncead48b0bib19 article-title: Cosine directional tuning of theta cell burst frequencies: evidence for spatial coding by oscillatory interference publication-title: J. Neurosci. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0712-11.2011 – volume: 31 start-page: 69 year: 2008 ident: ncead48b0bib10 article-title: Place cells, grid cells, and the brain’s spatial representation system publication-title: Annu. Rev. Neurosci. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.061307.090723 – volume: 5 start-page: 73 year: 2011 ident: ncead48b0bib12 article-title: Neuromorphic silicon neuron circuits publication-title: Front. Neurosci. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00073 – volume: 18 start-page: 1157 year: 2008 ident: ncead48b0bib17 article-title: Grid cells and theta as oscillatory interference: theory and predictions publication-title: Hippocampus doi: 10.1002/hipo.20518 – volume: 72 start-page: 48 year: 2015 ident: ncead48b0bib5 article-title: Bio-inspired homogeneous multi-scale place recognition publication-title: Neural Netw. doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2015.10.002 – volume: 17 start-page: 801 year: 2007 ident: ncead48b0bib16 article-title: An oscillatory interference model of grid cell firing publication-title: Hippocampus doi: 10.1002/hipo.20327 – year: 2019 ident: ncead48b0bib20 article-title: Velocity-controlled oscillators for hippocampal navigation on spiking neuromorphic hardware doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2019.8702579 – volume: 337 start-page: 853 year: 2012 ident: ncead48b0bib29 article-title: Neural representations of location composed of spatially periodic bands publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.1222403 – volume: 37 start-page: 675 year: 2004 ident: ncead48b0bib28 article-title: Probabilistic quadtrees for variable-resolution mapping of large environments publication-title: IFAC Proc. Vol. doi: 10.1016/S1474-6670(17)32056-6 – volume: 15 start-page: 853 year: 2005 ident: ncead48b0bib9 article-title: Dual phase and rate coding in hippocampal place cells: theoretical significance and relationship to entorhinal grid cells publication-title: Hippocampus doi: 10.1002/hipo.20115 – volume: 22 start-page: 1915 year: 2011 ident: ncead48b0bib26 article-title: Silicon modeling of the Mihalaş–Niebur neuron publication-title: IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. doi: 10.1109/TNN.2011.2167020 – volume: 5 year: 2009 ident: ncead48b0bib14 article-title: Accurate path integration in continuous attractor network models of grid cells publication-title: PLoS Comput. Biol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000291 – year: 2009 ident: ncead48b0bib24 article-title: W-2W current steering dac for programming phase change memory doi: 10.1109/WMED.2009.4816148 – volume: 18 start-page: 183 year: 2005 ident: ncead48b0bib15 article-title: A controlled attractor network model of path integration in the rat publication-title: J. Comput. Neurosci. doi: 10.1007/s10827-005-6558-z – volume: 29 start-page: 1131 year: 2010 ident: ncead48b0bib6 article-title: Persistent navigation and mapping using a biologically inspired SLAM system publication-title: Int. J. Robot. Res. doi: 10.1177/0278364909340592 – year: 2015 ident: ncead48b0bib1 article-title: Review on simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) doi: 10.1109/ICCSCE.2015.7482163 – volume: 2 year: 2022 ident: ncead48b0bib22 article-title: Neuromorphic model of hippocampus place cells using an oscillatory interference technique for hardware implementation publication-title: Neuromorph. Comput. Eng. doi: 10.1088/2634-4386/ac9e6f – volume: 436 start-page: 801 year: 2005 ident: ncead48b0bib8 article-title: Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature03721 – volume: 17 start-page: 5900 year: 1997 ident: ncead48b0bib13 article-title: Path integration and cognitive mapping in a continuous attractor neural network model publication-title: J. Neurosci. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05900.1997 – volume: 34 start-page: 171 year: 1971 ident: ncead48b0bib7 article-title: The hippocampus as a spatial map: preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat publication-title: Brain Res. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1 – year: 2017 ident: ncead48b0bib27 article-title: Low-power, low-mismatch, highly-dense array of VLSI Mihalas–Niebur neurons doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2017.8050933 – volume: 34 start-page: 149 year: 2013 ident: ncead48b0bib3 article-title: OpenRatSLAM: an open source brain-based SLAM system publication-title: Auton. Robots doi: 10.1007/s10514-012-9317-9 – volume: 17 start-page: 1252 year: 2007 ident: ncead48b0bib18 article-title: Grid cell firing may arise from interference of theta frequency membrane potential oscillations in single neurons publication-title: Hippocampus doi: 10.1002/hipo.20374 – year: 2016 ident: ncead48b0bib4 article-title: RatSLAM: using models of rodent hippocampus for robot navigation and beyond doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28872-7_27 – year: 2004 ident: ncead48b0bib2 article-title: RatSLAM: a hippocampal model for simultaneous localization and mapping doi: 10.1109/ROBOT.2004.1307183 – volume: 312 start-page: 758 year: 2006 ident: ncead48b0bib11 article-title: Conjunctive representation of position, direction, and velocity in entorhinal cortex publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.1125572 |
| SSID | ssj0002771165 |
| Score | 2.2600114 |
| Snippet | A neuromorphic simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system shows potential for more efficient implementation than its traditional counterpart. At the... |
| SourceID | doaj unpaywall crossref iop |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 24009 |
| SubjectTerms | hardware implementation neuromorphic engineering oscillatory interference place cells SLAM |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV07T8MwELZQF2DgjRqeGWAAyWriOI49AqKqkGCiUjfLj1gqKm1EWyH-PWcnrdqFLqyJJV--s-_z5ezPCN04YqxmhcEM1hKYauawVtZh4CLngCK4Y_7s8Osb6_XpyyAfrFz15feE1fLANXAdoC9DdOaJMqe6zJRKLQTYcIA0KQvjo2_CxUoy9RHKaYXXlWnqkjCTOoRlFNOMMy-by3WyxkNBrh_YZTipdtH2fFypn281Gq0wTfcA7TVLxPihNu0QbZXjI7S_uH4hbmbjMWoHYY3PCSA1NHHYXBX7__DTE9TvPr8_9XBz0QE2WUFmWPE01SIXpBR55nhClNbOpkZxDQxjBcRT4XLrdXeE5dZBClcQQxLrSKJzprNT1BpPxmUbxcrAKy4oF6mgjAgFGYBLucmtKjJIhSN0t_hsWdV6FjLUoTmXHiLpIZI1RBF69Lgs23kl6vAA_CMb_8hN_onQLaAqm5kx_aOz67V2AKSkkkivwZYIWVkXofulZzbafvYftp-jHQL91zvDLlBr9jUvL2ENMtNXYbj9Agf-0hU priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – databaseName: Institute of Physics Open Access Journals (Activated by CARLI) dbid: O3W link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3NS8MwFH-MeVAPfsvqZw96UKi2SZsmeFJxDEG9ONwt5KMBYW7DbYj_vS9tNxyIeittykt_afJ7L8n7BeDEEWM1y03E0JeIUs1cpJV1EXKRc0gR3DGfO_zwyDrd9L6X9RpwNc-FGY7qof8CLyuh4ArCekMcvySMplFKOfMCuFxjvL7kV7e8cP4TfZlPsJA899Iy9dLkTy8uUFGp2I8Eg1ZXYXk6GKnPD9XvfyOb9gas1V5ieF3VaRMaxWAL1mcnMIR1h9yGVqmt8TZEsF5NWO6vCv1U_HgHuu2759tOVJ91EBmak0mkeJJokQlSiIw6HhOltbOJUVwjyViBQ6pwmfXSO8Jy6zCKy4khsXUk1hnTdBeag-GgaEGoDD7iIuUiESkjQmEQ4BJuMqtyitFwAGezz5ajStJClkvRnEsPkfQQyQqiAG48LvNyXoy6vIENI-uGkehhGKKp92WyVBdUqcQiB5Y5vnGRmwBOEVVZd47xL8aOF8ohkDKVRHoZtljIkXUBnM9b5s-67_3T7D6sEDRR7f86gObkfVocoqcx0UflH_UFoYvI4g priority: 102 providerName: IOP Publishing |
| Title | Neuromorphic place cells |
| URI | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/ad48b0 https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad48b0 https://doaj.org/article/223c2b3658454be3aa1d678334810e7c |
| UnpaywallVersion | publishedVersion |
| Volume | 4 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ - The Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2634-4386 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002771165 issn: 2634-4386 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20210101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVIOP databaseName: Institute of Physics Open Access Journals (Activated by CARLI) customDbUrl: eissn: 2634-4386 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002771165 issn: 2634-4386 databaseCode: O3W dateStart: 20210715 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://iopscience.iop.org/ providerName: IOP Publishing – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2634-4386 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002771165 issn: 2634-4386 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20210101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV07T8MwED6hdgAG3qjlmQEGkIISO3HsERAVQuIxUFEmy49YQkBb0VYIBn475yRFFCEei4fkIttnO9-dffcZYMcRYzXLTMjQlggTzVyolXUhYpFzCBHcMZ87fH7BTtvJWSftVPsdPhdm4vwenTPCaBImlDPPdss1Oud1lqLVXYN6--Lq8NbfHTcWqU4hv_tsAnUKcn7EkrtefxamR92-enlWDw-fcKU1X5IcDQo6Qh9Ocn8wGuoD8_qFrPEvTV6Aucq4DA7L2bAIU3l3CebHFzcE1TpehkZByfHYQx3fmaAIywr8Dv5gBdqtk-vj07C6IiE0NCPDUPE41iIVJBcpdTwiSmtnY6O4RmyyAv_EwqXWM_YIy61D5y8jhkTWkUinTNNVqHV73bwBgTL4iouEi1gkjAiFvoOLuUmtyig60U3YG6tQ9ksmDFmcYHMufZel77Isu9yEI6_jDznPYV08QD3JaklINEwM0dSbQGmic6pUbBE6i9TgKM9ME3ZxhGS1pgY_VLY9IYeKlIkk0rO3RUL2rWvC_sco_9r2tf8Ir8MMwXrK2LENqA2fRvkmWilDvVV491iev51geUlvtqop-w6x7t4z |
| linkProvider | Unpaywall |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1JS8QwFH64gMvBXRzXHvSgUKdN2jQ5ug3uelD0FrI0IOjM4Mwg_ntf2jgoiHorbcpLvpfke9m-AGw7YqxmhYkZxhJxppmLtbIuRi5yDimCO-bPDl9ds9P77Pwxfwz3nFZnYTrd0PXv42MtFFxDGDbE8SZhNIszypkXwOU6aXatG4Xx3DMnVugb-jCcZCFF4eVlwvLkTz9_o6NKtR9JBi1Pw-Sg3VXvb-r5-QvhtOZgJkSK0UGdr3kYKdsLMPt5C0MUGuUirFT6Gi8dBOzJRNUeq8hPx_eW4L51cnd0Gof7DmJDC9KPFU9TLXJBSpFTxxOitHY2NYprJBorsFsVLrdefkdYbh2O5ApiSGIdSXTONF2GsXanXa5ApAx-4iLjIhUZI0LhQMCl3ORWFRRHxA3Y_Sy27NayFrJajuZceoikh0jWEDXg0OMyTOcFqasX6BwZnCMxyjBEUx_P5JkuqVKpRR6szvkmZWEasIOoytBAer8Y2_qWDoGUmSTSS7ElQqKrG7A39MyfeV_9p9ktmLg9bsnLs-uLNZgiaK3eDrYOY_3XQbmBgUdfb1aV6wND7MzX |
| linkToUnpaywall | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3dS8MwED9ke1AfnJ9sfvZBHxQ62rRNk8cpjiE4fHAwn0I-GhDnNtyG6F_vpe2GE_Hjtb2S5JL0d5fL_Q7g1BJtFE21T9GW8GNFra-ksT5ikbUIEcxSlzt826WdXnzTT_rleYfLhVmK36NzRmgU-3HEqGO7ZQqd8ypN0OquQLXXvWs9uNpxc5EyCvndZ0uok5PzI5Y8jsbrsDobjuXbqxwMPuFKu1aQHE1yOkJ3neSpOZuqpn7_Qtb4ly5vwkZpXHqtYjVswUo23IbavHCDV-7jHajnlBzPI9Txo_bya1meO8Gf7EKvfX1_1fHLEgm-jlIy9SULQ8UTTjKeRJYFRCplTaglU4hNhuOfmNvEOMYebpix6PylRJPAWBKohKpoDyrD0TCrgyc1vmI8ZjzkMSVcou9gQ6YTI9MInegGnM9VKMYFE4bII9iMCTdk4YYsiiE34NLpeCHnOKzzB6gnUW4JgYaJJipyJlASqyySMjQInXlqcJClugFnOEOi3FOTHxo7WZJDRYpYEOHY2wIuxsY24GIxy7_2ff8_wgewRrCd4u7YIVSmL7PsCK2UqTouF-gHNLjbEw |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Neuromorphic+place+cells&rft.jtitle=Neuromorphic+computing+and+engineering&rft.au=Zhaoqi+Chen&rft.au=Alia+Nasrallah&rft.au=Ralph+Etienne-Cummings&rft.date=2024-06-01&rft.pub=IOP+Publishing&rft.eissn=2634-4386&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=024009&rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F2634-4386%2Fad48b0&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_223c2b3658454be3aa1d678334810e7c |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2634-4386&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2634-4386&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2634-4386&client=summon |