A Cross-cultural exploration of problematic Internet use, pathological personality traits, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, and self-esteem in 14 countries

The primary objective of this study was to compare the estimates of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) from 14 countries around the world, considering gender. The second objective was to explore the relationships between PIU and personality-related variables (pathological personality traits, defense mec...

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Published inAnnales médico psychologiques Vol. 183; no. 4; pp. 400 - 406
Main Authors Laconi, Stéphanie, Kalaitzaki, Argyroula, Spritzer, Daniel Tornaim, Hauck, Simone, Gnisci, Augusto, Sergi, Ida, Vally, Zahir, Tudorel, Otilia, Vintila, Mona, Malik, Sadia, Ramos-Diaz, Jano, Männikkö, Niko, Cikrikci, Ozkan, Salas, Gonzalo, Ardila, Ruben, Zambrano, Danilo, Lopez-Calle, Claudio, Sahlan, Reza Nahid
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier Masson SAS 01.04.2025
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0003-4487
DOI10.1016/j.amp.2022.09.008

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Abstract The primary objective of this study was to compare the estimates of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) from 14 countries around the world, considering gender. The second objective was to explore the relationships between PIU and personality-related variables (pathological personality traits, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, and self-esteem). Our total sample consisted of 7726 participants (30.8% male, n=2378), aged between 18 and 86 years old (M=25.55; SD=9.8). Recruited online, they completed several scales about their Internet use, defense mechanisms and coping strategies, self-esteem, and pathological personality traits. The PIU accounted for between 20.5% and 75% of participants using the PIUQ-9, while “self-perception” of PIU with a single item revealed estimates from 2% to 60.1%, with gender differences. Systematically, PIU significantly correlated with two variables: borderline personality traits (from .09 at P<.05 to .42 at P<.01) and immature defense mechanisms (from .13 to .42 at P<.01). Dependent, avoidant, narcissistic, histrionic, and antisocial personality traits were positive predictors of PIU and self-esteem, paranoid and schizoid personalities were negative predictors. This research highlights the many cross-cultural differences. Its design also allows for a better understanding of gender differences. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de comparer les estimations d’Utilisation Problématique d’Internet (UPI) dans 14 pays à travers le monde, en considérant le genre. Le second objectif était d’explorer les relations entre l’UPI et les variables de personnalité (traits pathologiques, défenses, coping et estime de soi). Notre échantillon total était composé de 7 726 participants (30,8 % d’hommes, n=2 378), âgés entre 18 et 86 ans (M=25,55 ; DS=9,8). Recrutés en ligne, ils ont complété plusieurs échelles à propos de leurs utilisations d’Internet, leurs défenses et stratégies de coping, leur estime de soi et les traits pathologiques de personnalité. L’UPI représentait entre 20,5 % et 75 % des participants en utilisant la PIUQ-9, et entre 2 % à 60,1 % en utilisant un item unique d’autoévaluation, avec des différences de genre. Systématiquement, l’UPI était corrélée significativement avec deux variables : les traits limites (de 0,09, p<0,05 à 0,42, p<0,01) et les mécanismes de défense immatures (de 0,13 à 0,42, p<0,01). Les traits dépendants, évitants, narcissiques, histrioniques et antisociaux étaient des prédicteurs positifs de l’UPI ; l’estime de soi, les traits paranoïdes et schizoïdes étaient des prédicteurs négatifs. Cette recherche met en lumière les nombreuses différences interculturelles. Son design permet également de mieux comprendre certaines différences de genre.
AbstractList The primary objective of this study was to compare the estimates of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) from 14 countries around the world, considering gender. The second objective was to explore the relationships between PIU and personality-related variables (pathological personality traits, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, and self-esteem). Our total sample consisted of 7726 participants (30.8% male, n=2378), aged between 18 and 86 years old (M=25.55; SD=9.8). Recruited online, they completed several scales about their Internet use, defense mechanisms and coping strategies, self-esteem, and pathological personality traits. The PIU accounted for between 20.5% and 75% of participants using the PIUQ-9, while “self-perception” of PIU with a single item revealed estimates from 2% to 60.1%, with gender differences. Systematically, PIU significantly correlated with two variables: borderline personality traits (from .09 at P<.05 to .42 at P<.01) and immature defense mechanisms (from .13 to .42 at P<.01). Dependent, avoidant, narcissistic, histrionic, and antisocial personality traits were positive predictors of PIU and self-esteem, paranoid and schizoid personalities were negative predictors. This research highlights the many cross-cultural differences. Its design also allows for a better understanding of gender differences. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de comparer les estimations d’Utilisation Problématique d’Internet (UPI) dans 14 pays à travers le monde, en considérant le genre. Le second objectif était d’explorer les relations entre l’UPI et les variables de personnalité (traits pathologiques, défenses, coping et estime de soi). Notre échantillon total était composé de 7 726 participants (30,8 % d’hommes, n=2 378), âgés entre 18 et 86 ans (M=25,55 ; DS=9,8). Recrutés en ligne, ils ont complété plusieurs échelles à propos de leurs utilisations d’Internet, leurs défenses et stratégies de coping, leur estime de soi et les traits pathologiques de personnalité. L’UPI représentait entre 20,5 % et 75 % des participants en utilisant la PIUQ-9, et entre 2 % à 60,1 % en utilisant un item unique d’autoévaluation, avec des différences de genre. Systématiquement, l’UPI était corrélée significativement avec deux variables : les traits limites (de 0,09, p<0,05 à 0,42, p<0,01) et les mécanismes de défense immatures (de 0,13 à 0,42, p<0,01). Les traits dépendants, évitants, narcissiques, histrioniques et antisociaux étaient des prédicteurs positifs de l’UPI ; l’estime de soi, les traits paranoïdes et schizoïdes étaient des prédicteurs négatifs. Cette recherche met en lumière les nombreuses différences interculturelles. Son design permet également de mieux comprendre certaines différences de genre.
Author Ramos-Diaz, Jano
Männikkö, Niko
Ardila, Ruben
Vally, Zahir
Gnisci, Augusto
Lopez-Calle, Claudio
Sahlan, Reza Nahid
Malik, Sadia
Hauck, Simone
Sergi, Ida
Laconi, Stéphanie
Cikrikci, Ozkan
Zambrano, Danilo
Salas, Gonzalo
Kalaitzaki, Argyroula
Vintila, Mona
Tudorel, Otilia
Spritzer, Daniel Tornaim
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  surname: Laconi
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  givenname: Daniel Tornaim
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  organization: Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Psychodynamic Psychiatry Research Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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  surname: Hauck
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  organization: Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Psychodynamic Psychiatry Research Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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  givenname: Augusto
  surname: Gnisci
  fullname: Gnisci, Augusto
  organization: Department of Psychology, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Italy
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Ida
  surname: Sergi
  fullname: Sergi, Ida
  organization: Department of Psychology, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Italy
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  givenname: Zahir
  surname: Vally
  fullname: Vally, Zahir
  organization: Department of Cognitive Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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  givenname: Otilia
  surname: Tudorel
  fullname: Tudorel, Otilia
  organization: Department of Psychology, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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  givenname: Mona
  surname: Vintila
  fullname: Vintila, Mona
  organization: Department of Psychology, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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  givenname: Sadia
  surname: Malik
  fullname: Malik, Sadia
  organization: Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
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  givenname: Jano
  surname: Ramos-Diaz
  fullname: Ramos-Diaz, Jano
  organization: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Peru
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  givenname: Niko
  surname: Männikkö
  fullname: Männikkö, Niko
  organization: University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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  givenname: Ozkan
  surname: Cikrikci
  fullname: Cikrikci, Ozkan
  organization: Department of Psychological Counselling, Faculty of Education, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Turkey
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  givenname: Gonzalo
  surname: Salas
  fullname: Salas, Gonzalo
  organization: Académico Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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  givenname: Ruben
  surname: Ardila
  fullname: Ardila, Ruben
  organization: National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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  givenname: Danilo
  surname: Zambrano
  fullname: Zambrano, Danilo
  organization: National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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  givenname: Claudio
  surname: Lopez-Calle
  fullname: Lopez-Calle, Claudio
  organization: Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador
– sequence: 18
  givenname: Reza Nahid
  surname: Sahlan
  fullname: Sahlan, Reza Nahid
  organization: Department of Clinical Psychology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Keywords Cross-cultural
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Estime
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Self-esteem
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Défenses
Internet
Coping
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Snippet The primary objective of this study was to compare the estimates of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) from 14 countries around the world, considering gender. The...
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SubjectTerms Coping
Cross-cultural
Defense
Défenses
Estime
Interculturel
Internet
Personality
Personnalité
Self-esteem
Title A Cross-cultural exploration of problematic Internet use, pathological personality traits, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, and self-esteem in 14 countries
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2022.09.008
Volume 183
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