Extracting Symptoms of Complex Conditions From Online Discourse (Subreddit to Symptomatology): Lexicon-Based Approach

• Published in: JMIR medical informatics Vol. 13; p. e70940
• Main Authors: Hossain, Bushra, Preum, Sarah M, Rabbi, Md Fazle, Ara, Rifat, Ali, Mohammed Eunus
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Canada JMIR Publications 12.09.2025
• Subjects: Application programming interface; Data collection; Data Mining - methods; Datasets; Disease; Female; Humans; Large language models; Multimedia; Natural Language Processing; Patients; Polycystic ovary syndrome; Public health; Social Media; Social networks; Subject specialists; natural language processing; online discourse; large language models; symptomatology; health information extraction; complex medical condition; disease-specific symptoms; polycystic ovary syndrome
• ISSN: 2291-9694; 2291-9694
• DOI: 10.2196/70940

Millions of people affected with complex medical conditions with diverse symptoms often turn to online discourse to share their experiences. While some studies have explored natural language processing methods and medical information extraction tools, these typically focus on generic symptoms in clinical notes and struggle to identify patient-reported, disease-specific, subtle symptoms from online health discourse. We aimed to extract patient-reported, disease-specific symptoms shared on social media reflecting the lived experiences of thousands of affected individuals and explore the characteristics, prevalence, and occurrence patterns of the symptoms. We propose a lexicon-based symptom extraction (LSE) method to identify a diverse list of disease-specific, patient-reported symptoms. We initially used a large language model to accelerate the extraction of symptom-related key phrases that formed the lexicon. We evaluated the effectiveness of lexicon extraction against human annotation using a Jaccard index score. We then leveraged BERT-Base, BioBERT, and Phrase-BERT-based embeddings to learn representations of these symptom-related key phrases and cluster similar symptoms using k-means and hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (HDBSCAN). Among the different options explored in our experiments, BioBERT-based k-means clustering was found to be the most effective. Finally, we applied symptom normalization to eliminate duplicate and redundant entries in the comprehensive symptom list. In a real-world polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) subreddit dataset, we found that LSE significantly outperformed state-of-the-art baselines, achieving at least 41% and 20% higher F -scores (mean 86.10) than automatic medical extraction tools and large language models, respectively. Notably, the comprehensive list of 64 PCOS symptoms generated via LSE ensured extensive coverage of symptoms reported in 7 reputable eHealth forums. Analyzing PCOS symptomatology revealed 28 potentially emerging symptoms and 8 self-reported comorbidities co-occurring with PCOS. The comprehensive patient-reported, disease-specific symptom list can help patients and health practitioners resolve uncertainties surrounding the disease, eliminating the variability of PCOS symptoms prevailing in the community. Analyzing PCOS symptomatology across varied dimensions provides valuable insights for public health research.