Wind effects on fires

Urban mass fires are relatively infrequent events which have historically resulted in immense losses of life and property. Mass fires often have occurred as the result of natural disasters or warfare. The development of nuclear weapons has increased the likelihood of urban mass fires due to the high...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inProgress in energy and combustion science Vol. 17; no. 2; pp. 83 - 134
Main Author Pitts, William M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford Elsevier Ltd 1991
Elsevier Science
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0360-1285
1873-216X
DOI10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H

Cover

Abstract Urban mass fires are relatively infrequent events which have historically resulted in immense losses of life and property. Mass fires often have occurred as the result of natural disasters or warfare. The development of nuclear weapons has increased the likelihood of urban mass fires due to the high level of thermal radiation generated by a nuclear detonation. There are a large number of wind-fire interactions which are important in the initiation, development, and spread of these large fires. Dramatic examples include the extremely high winds and fire whirls which are often generated by such fires. Other effects such as wind-aided fire spread, fire brand spotting, and the effects of the atmospheric turbulent boundary layer can contribute significantly to the growth and behavior of mass fires. In this review characteristics of the two types of mass fire—fire storm and conflagration—are discussed. Brief histories of urban mass fire and research efforts on this topic are given. Models which have been developed to predict the initiation, development, spread, and behavior of mass fires following the detonation of a nuclear device in an urban environment are summarized. The current understanding of the fire processes which are believed to control mass fire behavior are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the wind-fire interactions mentioned in the last paragraph. This discussion forms the basis for an analysis of the effectiveness of existing models for mass fire growth and behavior. It is concluded that the understanding of the important physical processes is incomplete and that models for mass fire development and behavior are likely to be subject to large and uncharacterized errors. The possibility of improving our understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes utilizing reduced-scale experiments is assessed.
AbstractList In this review characteristics of the two types of mass fire-fire storm and conflagration-are discussed. Brief histories of urban mass fire and research efforts on this topic are given. Models which have been developed to predict the initiation, development, spread, and behavior of mass fires following the detonation of a nuclear device in an urban environment are summarized. The current understanding of the fire processes which are believed to control mass fire behavior are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the wind-fire interactions. This discussion forms the basis for an analysis of the effectiveness of existing models for mass fire growth and behavior. It is concluded that the understanding of the important physical processes is incomplete and that models for mass fire development and behavior are likely to be subject to large and uncharacterized errors. The possibility of improving our understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes utilizing reduced-scale experiments is assessed.
Urban mass fires are relatively infrequent events which have historically resulted in immense losses of life and property. Mass fires often have occurred as the result of natural disasters or warfare. The development of nuclear weapons has increased the likelihood of urban mass fires due to the high level of thermal radiation generated by a nuclear detonation. There are a large number of wind-fire interactions which are important in the initiation, development, and spread of these large fires. Dramatic examples include the extremely high winds and fire whirls which are often generated by such fires. Other effects such as wind-aided fire spread, fire brand spotting, and the effects of the atmospheric turbulent boundary layer can contribute significantly to the growth and behavior of mass fires. In this review characteristics of the two types of mass fire—fire storm and conflagration—are discussed. Brief histories of urban mass fire and research efforts on this topic are given. Models which have been developed to predict the initiation, development, spread, and behavior of mass fires following the detonation of a nuclear device in an urban environment are summarized. The current understanding of the fire processes which are believed to control mass fire behavior are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the wind-fire interactions mentioned in the last paragraph. This discussion forms the basis for an analysis of the effectiveness of existing models for mass fire growth and behavior. It is concluded that the understanding of the important physical processes is incomplete and that models for mass fire development and behavior are likely to be subject to large and uncharacterized errors. The possibility of improving our understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes utilizing reduced-scale experiments is assessed.
Author Pitts, William M.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: William M.
  surname: Pitts
  fullname: Pitts, William M.
  organization: Center for Fire Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ‡ ‡ Formerly National Bureau of Standards. Gaithersburg, MD 20899, U.S.A
BackLink http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=19487014$$DView record in Pascal Francis
BookMark eNp9kLFLAzEUh4NUsK2Obg5dFB1OXy53ycVBkKKeUHBRdAtp8gKRa64mV8H_3qstHRw6Zfm-3yPfiAxCG5CQMwrXFCi_AcYho3lVXkp6JQGoyOoDMqSVYFlO-ceADHfIERml9AkAvOBySE7ffbATdA5NlyZtmDgfMR2TQ6ebhCfbd0zeHh9ep3U2e3l6nt7PMsN42WXFnOeOWi4N1cxKqLRwUJa6QimZAJpbrSthRVXo3EAJKAS1zsxBcI7WODYmF5vdZWy_Vpg6tfDJYNPogO0qqbwsmWD9N8bkfAvqZHTjog7GJ7WMfqHjj6KyqPp7Rc_dbjgT25QiOmV8pzvfhi5q3ygKal1MrXOodQ4lqforpupeLv7Ju_392t1Gw77Ut8eokvEYDNo-pemUbf3-gV8mKoHY
CODEN PECSDO
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1007_s10694_014_0441_2
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102202_2014_885961
crossref_primary_10_5532_KJAFM_2013_15_3_178
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11676_025_01832_z
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF11117
crossref_primary_10_1002_fam_3264
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11069_024_06778_9
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2011_07_008
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2017_03_076
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF04028
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102200903401241
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_advengsoft_2006_09_002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2023_103877
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_expthermflusci_2017_11_020
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_combustflame_2020_07_001
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2022_103570
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF18014
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foreco_2022_120258
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_018_2560_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fuel_2020_119781
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF16070
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102202_2023_2273329
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2008_06_004
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF07119
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10973_024_13309_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2015_04_007
crossref_primary_10_1063_1_870426
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_combustflame_2005_05_013
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF10124
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_energy_2019_03_061
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10694_023_01364_0
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10694_010_0187_4
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_combustflame_2004_05_001
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_expthermflusci_2023_111059
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF07072
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pecs_2022_101039
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF06143
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102200701600978
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2023_103974
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2017_03_028
crossref_primary_10_9709_JKSS_2013_22_2_101
crossref_primary_10_1093_biosci_bix146
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2013_01_027
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssci_2024_106657
crossref_primary_10_1016_0360_1285_94_90001_9
crossref_primary_10_2190_AF_22_2_f
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF06010
crossref_primary_10_1016_S0082_0784_00_80702_X
crossref_primary_10_5532_KJAFM_2014_16_4_259
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40725_017_0058_z
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apm_2021_11_010
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijheatmasstransfer_2012_07_015
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2006_01_006
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40725_017_0057_0
crossref_primary_10_3801_IAFSS_FSS_8_951
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_combustflame_2023_113203
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_proci_2010_05_102
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102202_2017_1296433
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cscm_2022_e01357
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF06002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijthermalsci_2021_107032
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10694_023_01366_y
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF12118
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_combustflame_2018_05_028
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102202_2020_1712376
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2008_03_004
crossref_primary_10_1002_fam_2803
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10694_010_0160_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_combustflame_2017_09_038
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envsoft_2018_05_009
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10694_013_0360_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijthermalsci_2020_106295
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2009_11_001
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102200802424609
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_proci_2020_11_006
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102200108952160
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102200108952161
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matcom_2007_06_001
crossref_primary_10_1143_JPSJ_69_1075
crossref_primary_10_3801_IAFSS_FSS_6_695
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_icheatmasstransfer_2009_06_008
crossref_primary_10_3801_IAFSS_FSS_4_361
crossref_primary_10_1016_S0010_2180_01_00302_9
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF14089
crossref_primary_10_3390_fire7110398
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tws_2020_107384
crossref_primary_10_3763_asre_2005_4836
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF15177
crossref_primary_10_13182_NT08_A3922
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apm_2006_04_001
crossref_primary_10_1155_2011_548328
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecoinf_2023_102266
crossref_primary_10_3801_IAFSS_FSS_8_851
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2017_04_022
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10694_018_0748_5
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pecs_2022_101070
crossref_primary_10_1080_00102209708935639
crossref_primary_10_3390_fire7110384
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_proci_2006_07_109
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF07143
crossref_primary_10_1071_WF08113
Cites_doi 10.1016/0010-2180(69)90108-4
10.1080/00102207008952248
10.1007/BF02629468
10.1007/BF02588554
10.1016/0004-6981(81)90241-9
10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<0127:ESOAAC>2.0.CO;2
10.1016/S0010-2180(60)80053-3
10.1016/0010-2180(77)90081-5
10.1016/0010-2180(83)90129-3
10.1016/0004-6981(75)90088-8
10.1038/193013a0
10.1080/00102208208923599
10.1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0751:HRVACF>2.0.CO;2
10.1146/annurev.ns.18.120168.001101
10.1016/S0010-2180(72)80082-8
10.1016/0010-2180(68)90101-6
10.1115/1.3247379
10.1175/1520-0477(1980)061<0682:IAVAWA>2.0.CO;2
10.3210/fst.8.9
10.21236/ADA153152
10.2172/6533811
10.1139/x88-058
10.1016/0379-7112(83)90002-4
10.1007/BF02588541
10.1007/BF02473115
10.1038/scientificamerican0988-36
10.21236/AD0673797
10.6028/jres.093.143
10.1021/i160010a011
10.1016/0010-2180(79)90077-4
10.1016/0010-2180(61)90117-1
10.1016/0010-2180(83)90123-2
10.1016/0010-2180(70)90006-4
10.1080/00102208408923782
10.1080/00102207308952367
10.1080/00102208408923787
10.1016/0010-2180(69)90072-8
10.1139/x86-229
10.1080/00102206908952223
10.1016/0010-2180(81)90014-6
10.5962/bhl.title.69024
10.1038/306351a0
10.1016/S0010-2180(71)80005-6
10.1016/0010-2180(84)90049-X
10.1017/S0022112075000651
10.1016/0017-9310(86)90034-7
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 1991
1991 INIST-CNRS
Copyright_xml – notice: 1991
– notice: 1991 INIST-CNRS
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
IQODW
7SU
8FD
C1K
FR3
KR7
DOI 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H
DatabaseName CrossRef
Pascal-Francis
Environmental Engineering Abstracts
Technology Research Database
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
Engineering Research Database
Civil Engineering Abstracts
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Civil Engineering Abstracts
Engineering Research Database
Technology Research Database
Environmental Engineering Abstracts
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
DatabaseTitleList Civil Engineering Abstracts

DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
Applied Sciences
EISSN 1873-216X
EndPage 134
ExternalDocumentID 308154250
19487014
10_1016_0360_1285_91_90017_H
036012859190017H
GroupedDBID --K
--M
-~X
.~1
0R~
123
1B1
1~.
1~5
29P
4.4
457
4G.
5VS
7-5
71M
8P~
9JN
AACTN
AAEDT
AAEDW
AAHCO
AAIAV
AAIKJ
AAKOC
AALRI
AAOAW
AAQFI
AAQXK
AARJD
AAXUO
ABJNI
ABMAC
ABNUV
ABTAH
ABXDB
ABYKQ
ACDAQ
ACGFS
ACNNM
ACRLP
ADBBV
ADEWK
ADEZE
ADIYS
ADMUD
ADTZH
AEBSH
AECPX
AEKER
AENEX
AFFNX
AFKWA
AFTJW
AGHFR
AGUBO
AGYEJ
AHHHB
AHIDL
AHJVU
AHPOS
AIEXJ
AIKHN
AITUG
AJBFU
AJOXV
AKURH
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMFUW
AMRAJ
ASPBG
AVWKF
AXJTR
AZFZN
BELTK
BJAXD
BKOJK
BLXMC
CS3
DU5
EBS
EFJIC
EFLBG
EJD
ENUVR
EO8
EO9
EP2
EP3
FDB
FEDTE
FGOYB
FIRID
FNPLU
FYGXN
G-2
G-Q
GBLVA
HVGLF
HZ~
IHE
J1W
JARJE
JJJVA
KOM
LY6
M41
MO0
N9A
NEJ
O-L
O9-
OAUVE
OZT
P-8
P-9
P2P
PC.
Q38
R2-
RIG
RNS
ROL
RPZ
SAC
SDF
SDG
SES
SEW
SPC
SPCBC
SSG
SSR
SST
SSZ
T5K
T9H
WUQ
XPP
ZMT
ZY4
~02
~G-
AATTM
AAXKI
AAYWO
AAYXX
ABWVN
ACLOT
ACRPL
ACVFH
ADCNI
ADNMO
AEIPS
AEUPX
AFJKZ
AFPUW
AGQPQ
AIGII
AIIUN
AKBMS
AKRWK
AKYEP
ANKPU
APXCP
CITATION
EFKBS
~HD
BNPGV
IQODW
SSH
7SU
8FD
C1K
FR3
KR7
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c365t-4b62f1d69c1a3d908a7f055a8e9937012daa87d784a2c050e771dfcb0766edcf3
ISSN 0360-1285
IngestDate Sun Sep 28 03:10:53 EDT 2025
Wed Apr 02 07:13:51 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:05:45 EDT 2025
Wed Oct 01 01:36:19 EDT 2025
Fri Feb 23 02:33:16 EST 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 2
Keywords Fire development
Interaction
Fire
Wind effect
Urban area
Large scale
Model test
Mathematical model
Language English
License https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0
CC BY 4.0
LinkModel OpenURL
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c365t-4b62f1d69c1a3d908a7f055a8e9937012daa87d784a2c050e771dfcb0766edcf3
Notes ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-1
content type line 23
PQID 25537387
PQPubID 23500
PageCount 52
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_25537387
pascalfrancis_primary_19487014
crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_0360_1285_91_90017_H
crossref_primary_10_1016_0360_1285_91_90017_H
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_0360_1285_91_90017_H
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 1900
PublicationDate 1991
1991-1-00
19910101
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 1991-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – year: 1991
  text: 1991
PublicationDecade 1990
PublicationPlace Oxford
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Oxford
PublicationTitle Progress in energy and combustion science
PublicationYear 1991
Publisher Elsevier Ltd
Elsevier Science
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier Ltd
– name: Elsevier Science
References Quintiere (BIB183) July, 1988
Thomas (BIB108) 1963
Welker, Sliepcevich (BIB134) November, 1965
Vodvarka (BIB60) January, 1970
Fang, Steward (BIB95) 1969; 13
Countryman (BIB2) 1964
Bracciaventi, Feldman, Newman (BIB45) March, 1968
Glasstone, Dolan (BIB31) 1977
Welker, Sliepcevich (BIB136) 1966; 2
Waterman, Takata (BIB59) June, 1969
Carrier, Fendell, Hsu (BIB127) April, 1985
Prahl, T'ien (BIB124) 1973; 7
Tarifa, Del Notario, Moreno, Villa (BIB147) May, 1967
Nielsen (BIB76) January, 1970
Byram, Martin (BIB64) 1970; 16
Thomas, Pickard (BIB119) 1961
Vogel, Williams (BIB102) 1970; 1
Adams, Williams, Tregellas-Williams (BIB79) 1973
Rios, Welker, Sliepcevich (BIB123) October, 1967
Brode (BIB40) 1968; 18
The Committee on Fire Research (BIB3) 1958–1959; 1
Yamashita (BIB19) 1979
Baldwin, Thomas, Wraight (BIB168) May, 1964
Palmer (BIB70) 1981; 15
(BIB132) 1962
Committee on the Atmospheric Effects of Nuclear Explosions (BIB33) 1985
Martin, Ramstad, Colvin (BIB46) April, 1968
Brode, Small, Thomas, Larson, Speicher (BIB23) January, 1981
Takata, Salzberg (BIB48) June, 1968
Fons, Clements, George (BIB98) 1963
Reitter, Kang, Takata (BIB57) June, 1985
Waterman, Takata (BIB42) July, 1983
Steward (BIB109) 1970; 2
Parker, Corlett, Lee (BIB188) July, 1968
Vodvarka (BIB61) September, 1969
Groce, McKay (BIB38) February, 1982
Heskestad (BIB111) 1983; 5
Phung, Willoughby (BIB7) 1965; 2
Thomas (BIB106) 1960; 4
Muraszew, Fedele, Kuby (BIB153) 1979; 34
Beach, Carrier, Fendell, Gat, Hsu, Kwoh, Lake, Wagner, Wolff (BIB128) November, 1986
Thomas, Baldwin, Theobald (BIB164) February, 1968
McCaffrey (BIB78) 1983; 52
Anderson (BIB91) 1964
Albini (BIB144) July, 1979
Williams (BIB186) 1969; 11
Stevenson, Schermerhorn, Miller (BIB13) 1975
Fons (BIB115) 1946; 72
(BIB131) 1961
McCarter, Broido (BIB100) 1965; 2
Waterman, Labes, Salzberg, Tammey, Vodvarka (BIB30) November, 1964
Byram (BIB133) 1959
Byram, Clements, Elliott, George (BIB99) June, 1964
Haines (BIB160) 1982; 21
Berlad, Lee (BIB145) 1968; 12
Lee, Garris (BIB163) 1968
Wardlaw (BIB177) July, 1988
Carrier, Fendell, Fleeter, Gat, Cohen (BIB126) April, 1984
Smith, Morton, Leslie (BIB74) 1975; 68
Pope, Harper (BIB175) 1966
Spalding (BIB180) 1963
Fang (BIB116) August, 1969
Lohneiss (BIB156) 1966; 8
Thomas, Webster, Raftery (BIB107) 1961; 5
Rios (BIB122) 1966
Rodden, John, Laurino (BIB62) May, 1965
Bracciaventi, Feldman, Newman (BIB44) September, 1967
Emmons (BIB73) 1965
Sanderlin, Ball, Johansom (BIB81) May, 1981
(BIB18) December, 1982
Church, Snow, Dessens (BIB69) 1980; 61
Rothermel (BIB12) January, 1972
Reinhold (BIB176) 1982
Storey, Leonard, Yundt (BIB86) 1969
Parker (BIB187) October, 1967
Welker, Sliepcevich (BIB138) 1966; 2
Steward (BIB87) 1974
Stanbury (BIB43) September, 1965
Horiuchi (BIB17) May, 1981
Hottel (BIB179) 1961
Fons, Clements, Elliott, George (BIB97) 1962
Putnam (BIB137) 1965
Reitter, Kang, McCallen (BIB9) August, 1982
Vodvarka (BIB174) June, 1969
Anderson, Rothermel (BIB92) 1965
Small, Larson (BIB65) July, 1983
Rothermel, Anderson (BIB93) 1966
Berl (BIB158) 1964; 6
Karter (BIB1) 1988; 82
Counihan (BIB170) 1975; 9
Heskestad (BIB181) 1975; 6
Dessens (BIB82) 1962; 193
Smith, Haines, Main (BIB162) 1986; 39
Frandsen, Rothermel (BIB113) 1972; 19
Thomas, Pickard, Wraight (BIB112) January, 1963
Kalghatgi (BIB197) 1983; 52
Kanury (BIB182) November, 1984
Waterman (BIB58) January, 1969
National Institute of Standards and Technology, personal communication (September, 1988).
Byram (BIB171) 1966; 4
Emmons (BIB14) 1979
Rothermel (BIB193) 1967
Baldwin (BIB27) October, 1967
Carrier, Fendell (BIB29) 1986; 108
Cermak (BIB190) 1982
Chandler, Storey, Tangren (BIB22) 1963
Reitter (BIB54) November, 1983
Fisher (BIB26) 1946
Martin, Hughes (BIB41) July, 1983
Albini (BIB143) 1981; 43
Benech (BIB83) 1976; 15
Albini (BIB150) 1983
Reitter, McCallan, Kang (BIB34) June, 1982
Milburn (BIB194) 1965
Martin, Pendleton, Burgess (BIB165) 1976; 12
Sasaki, Tadahisa (BIB16) 1979
Fleeter, Fendell, Cohen, Gat, Witte (BIB125) 1984; 57
Hottel, Williams, Steward (BIB88) 1965
Currey, Fons (BIB114) 1940; 62
Phung, Willoughby (BIB6) January, 1965
Renner, Martin, Jones (BIB37) June, 1966
Haines, Smith (BIB161) 1983; 306
Countryman (BIB84) 1969
Fons (BIB191) 1940; 38
Albini, Rand (BIB51) September, 1965
Weisbecker, Lee (BIB8) August, 1970
Frandsen (BIB141) 1971; 16
Steward, Wuest, Waibel (BIB104) August, 1977
Albini (BIB173) 1982; 29
Huffman, Welker, Sliepcevich (BIB169) December, 1967
Corlett (BIB72) 1974
Welker (BIB135) 1965
Steward, Tennankore (BIB103) 1981
Wilson (BIB96) June, 1982
Baum, McCaffrey (BIB77) 1989
Carrier, Fendell, Feldman (BIB28) 1985; 107
Heskestad (BIB110) 1981
Lee, Granito (BIB24) 1974; 41
Pyne (BIB11) 1982
Lee, Hellman (BIB155) 1970; 15
Carrier, Fendell, Feldman (BIB75) 1984; 39
Palmer (BIB85) 1969
Crowley, Smith, Avise, Whitney (BIB47) May, 1968
Evans, Tracy (BIB157) January, 1969
Emori, Saito (BIB20) 1982; 18
Morris (BIB151) October, 1987
McKinney (BIB25) 1989; 14
Broido (BIB36) 1963; 5
Lee, Hellman (BIB154) 1969; 13
Pagni, Peterson (BIB142) 1973
Tieleman (BIB189) 1982
Williams (BIB185) October, 1967
Faure (BIB178) 1961
Fendell (BIB129) 1986–1988
Welker, Sliepcevich (BIB195) September, 1964
Backovsky, Martin, McKee (BIB10) May, 1982
Tsukagoshi (BIB56) 1988; 8
Thomas, Simms, Wraight (BIB101) June, 1965
Nelson, Adkins (BIB117) 1986; 16
Thomas (BIB121) June, 1965
von Hippel, Levi, Postol, Daugherty (BIB32) 1988; 259
Brode, Small (BIB35) June, 1983
Byram, Clements, Bishop, Nelson (BIB120) June, 1966
MacFarlane (BIB50) October, 1967
De Ris (BIB89) 1979
Weihs, Small (BIB68) October, 1985
Gains (BIB4) October, 1967
Steward, Tennankore (BIB105) October, 1979
Groce, McKay (BIB39) April, 1988
Palmer (BIB159) July, 1983
Albini (BIB149) March, 1981
Williams (BIB184) October, 1967
Schmidt (BIB52) September, 1979
Small, Larson (BIB66) 1984/1985; 22
Wind-Generating Installation (BIB192) 1960
Bracciaventi (BIB49) September, 1969
Kalghatgi (BIB196) 1981; 26
Small, Larson, Remetch, Brode (BIB67) September, 1986
Soma, Saito (BIB21) July, 1988
Muraszew, Fedele (BIB152) 1977; 30
Nelson, Adkins (BIB130) 1988; 18
Morton, Taylor, Turner (BIB71) 1956; 24
Tarifa, Del Notario, Moreno (BIB148) 1965
Lee (BIB146) 1972; 25
Chandler (BIB90) September, 1965
Quintiere (BIB15) 1984; 39
Lee, Otto (BIB166) 1975
Poreh, Cermak (BIB172) July, 1988
Reitter (BIB53) July, 1983
(BIB118) 1961
Pipkin, Sliepcevich (BIB139) 1964; 3
Putnam, Speich (BIB167) 1963
Miller, Jenkins, Keller (BIB5) August, 1970
Emmons, Ying (BIB63) 1967
Anderson (BIB94) 1969
Law (BIB55) 1965
Hamada (BIB140) 1952; 1
Tieleman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB189) 1982
Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB164) 1968
Rothermel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB193) 1967
Stevenson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB13) 1975
Pope (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB175) 1966
Anderson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB92) 1965
Martin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB165) 1976; 12
Benech (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB83) 1976; 15
Lohneiss (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB156) 1966; 8
Williams (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB186) 1969; 11
Evans (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB157) 1969
Quintiere (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB183) 1988
Parker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB188) 1968
Vodvarka (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB60) 1970
(10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB18) 1982
Fleeter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB125) 1984; 57
Waterman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB58) 1969
Reitter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB57) 1985
Martin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB41) 1983
Brode (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB40) 1968; 18
Bracciaventi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB49) 1969
(10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB131) 1961
Groce (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB39) 1988
Phung (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB7) 1965; 2
Tarifa (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB148) 1965
Counihan (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB170) 1975; 9
De Ris (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB89) 1979
Kalghatgi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB197) 1983; 52
Emori (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB20) 1982; 18
Reitter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB9) 1982
Williams (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB185) 1967
Hottel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB88) 1965
(10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB115_2) 1958; 1
Groce (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB38) 1982
Nielsen (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB76) 1970
Steward (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB103) 1981
Anderson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB91) 1964
Chandler (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB22) 1963
Countryman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB2) 1964
Martin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB46) 1968
Palmer (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB85) 1969
Welker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB138) 1966; 2
Fang (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB116) 1969
Smith (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB162) 1986; 39
Law (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB55) 1965
Cermak (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB190) 1982
Hamada (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB140) 1952; 1
Pipkin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB139) 1964; 3
Wardlaw (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB177) 1988
Welker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB136) 1966; 2
Parker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB187) 1967
Haines (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB160) 1982; 21
Baldwin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB168) 1964
Bracciaventi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB44) 1967
Williams (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB184) 1967
Rodden (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB62) 1965
The Committee on Fire Research (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB3) 1958; 1
Prahl (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB124) 1973; 7
Tarifa (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB147) 1967
Broido (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB36) 1963; 5
Tsukagoshi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB56) 1988; 8
Spalding (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB180) 1963
Crowley (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB47) 1968
Baum (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB77) 1989
Baldwin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB27) 1967
Chandler (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB90) 1965
Backovsky (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB10) 1982
MacFarlane (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB50) 1967
Muraszew (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB152) 1977; 30
Small (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB66) 1984; 22
Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB150) 1983
Wind-Generating Installation (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB192) 1960
Vogel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB102) 1970; 1
Byram (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB120) 1966
Sanderlin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB81) 1981
Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB119) 1961
Wilson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB96) 1982
Heskestad (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB111) 1983; 5
Horiuchi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB17) 1981
Corlett (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB72) 1974
Steward (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB109) 1970; 2
Smith (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB74) 1975; 68
Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB106) 1960; 4
Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB155) 1970; 15
Carrier (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB126) 1984
Anderson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB94) 1969
Waterman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB30) 1964
Welker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB195) 1964
Quintiere (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB15) 1984; 39
Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB146) 1972; 25
Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB107) 1961; 5
Nelson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB117) 1986; 16
Carrier (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB127) 1985
Faure (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB178) 1961
Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB144) 1979
Stanbury (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB43) 1965
Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB51) 1965
Carrier (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB28) 1985; 107
Reitter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB54) 1983
Fons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB97) 1962
Rios (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB122) 1966
Hottel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB179) 1961
Miller (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB5) 1970
Waterman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB42) 1983
Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB121) 1965
Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB101) 1965
Weisbecker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB8) 1970
Karter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB1) 1988; 82
Fisher (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB26) 1946
Milburn (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB194) 1965
Steward (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB87) 1974
Heskestad (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB181) 1975; 6
Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB154) 1969; 13
Nelson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB130) 1988; 18
Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB24) 1974; 41
Emmons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB63) 1967
Weihs (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB68) 1985
Brode (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB35) 1983
Reitter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB34) 1982
Renner (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB37) 1966
Church (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB69) 1980; 61
Currey (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB114) 1940; 62
Yamashita (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB19) 1979
McKinney (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB25) 1989; 14
Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB166) 1975
Palmer (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB159) 1983
Fang (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB95) 1969; 13
Morton (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB71) 1956; 24
Storey (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB86) 1969
Carrier (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB75) 1984; 39
Sasaki (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB16) 1979
Kalghatgi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB196) 1981; 26
von Hippel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB32) 1988; 259
Glasstone (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB31) 1977
Byram (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB171) 1966; 4
Rothermel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB93) 1966
Fons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB98) 1963
Vodvarka (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB174) 1969
Welker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB135) 1965
Rothermel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB12) 1972
Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB143) 1981; 43
Dessens (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB82) 1962; 193
Countryman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB84) 1969
Brode (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB23) 1981
Berlad (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB145) 1968; 12
McCarter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB100) 1965; 2
Fons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB191) 1940; 38
Pyne (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB11) 1982
Reinhold (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB176) 1982
Committee on the Atmospheric Effects of Nuclear Explosions (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB33) 1985
Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB108) 1963
Heskestad (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB110) 1981
Phung (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB6) 1965
Muraszew (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB153) 1979; 34
(10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB132) 1962
Small (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB65) 1983
Morris (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB151) 1987
Frandsen (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB113) 1972; 19
Byram (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB64) 1970; 16
Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB149) 1981
Emmons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB14) 1979
Carrier (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB29) 1986; 108
Putnam (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB137) 1965
Rios (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB123) 1967
Welker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB134) 1965
Takata (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB48) 1968
McCaffrey (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB78) 1983; 52
Bracciaventi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB45) 1968
(10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB118) 1961
Steward (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB104) 1977
Gains (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB4) 1967
Waterman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB59) 1969
Adams (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB79) 1973
Fendell (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB129) 1986
Vodvarka (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB61) 1969
Haines (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB161) 1983; 306
Huffman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB169) 1967
Kanury (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB182) 1984
Frandsen (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB141) 1971; 16
Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB173) 1982; 29
Byram (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB99) 1964
Fons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB115_1) 1946; 72
Beach (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB128) 1986
Berl (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB158) 1964; 6
Soma (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB21) 1988
Byram (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB133) 1959
Poreh (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB172) 1988
Steward (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB105) 1979
Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB163) 1968
Palmer (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB70) 1981; 15
Small (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB67) 1986
Reitter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB53) 1983
10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB80
Emmons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB73) 1965
Putnam (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB167) 1963
Schmidt (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB52) 1979
Pagni (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB142) 1973
Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB112) 1963
References_xml – year: 1986–1988
  ident: BIB129
  article-title: Firespread: model and experiment
  publication-title: Progress Rep. for Defense Nuclear Agency Contract DNA 001-86-C-0297
– start-page: 130
  year: 1961
  end-page: 149
  ident: BIB178
  article-title: Study of convection currents created by fires of large area
  publication-title: The Use of Models in Fire Research
– reference: , National Institute of Standards and Technology, personal communication (September, 1988).
– start-page: 26
  year: October, 1967
  end-page: 38
  ident: BIB123
  article-title: Interaction effects of wind-blown flames from burning wood cribs
  publication-title: Proc.: Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program, Panel N-3 (Thermal Radiation) Mass Fire Res. Symp., DASIAC Special Rep. 59
– start-page: 16dash1
  year: September, 1965
  end-page: 16dash24
  ident: BIB43
  article-title: Ignition and fire spread in urban areas following a nuclear attack
  publication-title: Proc.: Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program, Panel N 3
– start-page: 129
  year: 1989
  end-page: 148
  ident: BIB77
  article-title: Fire induced flow field—theory and experiment
  publication-title: Fire Safety Sci.—Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Fire Safety
– volume: 21
  start-page: 751
  year: 1982
  ident: BIB160
  publication-title: J. Appl. Meteorol.
– year: August, 1969
  ident: BIB116
  article-title: An investigation of the effect of controlled wind on the rate of fire spread
  publication-title: Ph.D. Thesis
– year: September, 1969
  ident: BIB49
  article-title: Fire start capabilities of nuclear detonations in urban areas—a prediction model
  publication-title: Lab. Project 040-90, Prog. Rep. 4
– start-page: 91
  year: October, 1967
  end-page: 144
  ident: BIB185
  article-title: Scaling mass fires, Appendix C in Urban mass fire scaling considerations
  publication-title: Rep. USNRDL-TR-67-150
– year: May, 1968
  ident: BIB47
  article-title: Firefly: a computer model to assess the extent of nuclear fire damage in urbanized areas
  publication-title: Supplemental Rep. Office of Civil Defense, Contract No. DAHC20-67-C-0147
– start-page: 361
  year: July, 1988
  end-page: 372
  ident: BIB183
  article-title: Scaling applications in fire research
  publication-title: Proc. Int. Symp. Scale Modeling
– volume: 2
  start-page: 211
  year: 1966
  ident: BIB136
  publication-title: Fire Technol.
– year: May, 1967
  ident: BIB147
  article-title: Transport and combustion of firebrands
– year: April, 1985
  ident: BIB127
  article-title: Modeling of aspects of large-area fires
  publication-title: Technical Rep. DNA-TR-85-100
– year: April, 1984
  ident: BIB126
  article-title: Laboratory modeling of aspects of large fires
  publication-title: Technical Rep. DNA-TR-84-18
– year: October, 1979
  ident: BIB105
  article-title: Fire spread and individual particle burning rates for uniform fuel matrices
  publication-title: Paper presented at the Western States Section Meeting of the Combustion Institute
– start-page: 42
  year: 1960
  end-page: 43
  ident: BIB192
  publication-title: Fire Res. 1959
– volume: 29
  start-page: 225
  year: 1982
  ident: BIB173
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
– volume: 61
  start-page: 682
  year: 1980
  ident: BIB69
  publication-title: Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
– start-page: 18
  year: 1961
  end-page: 22
  ident: BIB118
  publication-title: Effect of wind on rate of fire spread
– volume: 43
  start-page: 155
  year: 1981
  ident: BIB143
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– volume: 13
  start-page: 645
  year: 1969
  ident: BIB154
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– volume: 8
  start-page: 9
  year: 1988
  ident: BIB56
  publication-title: Fire Sci. Technol.
– volume: 11
  start-page: 1
  year: 1969
  ident: BIB186
  article-title: Scaling mass fires
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– start-page: 147
  year: 1975
  end-page: 155
  ident: BIB13
  article-title: Simulation of Southern California forest fires
  publication-title: 15th Sym. (Int.) Combust.
– year: September, 1964
  ident: BIB195
  article-title: Technical Rep. No. 1. A low speed wind tunnel for measuring the effect of wind on buoyant diffusion flames
  publication-title: Rep. Office of Civil Defense Contract OCD-OS-62-89
– volume: 3
  start-page: 147
  year: 1964
  ident: BIB139
  publication-title: I&EC Fundam.
– start-page: 32
  year: 1961
  end-page: 47
  ident: BIB179
  article-title: Fire modeling
  publication-title: The Use of Models in Fire Research
– year: 1965
  ident: BIB55
  article-title: Heat radiation from fires and building separation
  publication-title: Fire Research Technical Paper No. 5
– year: 1969
  ident: BIB94
  article-title: Heat transfer and fire spread
  publication-title: Res. Paper INT-69
– year: June, 1969
  ident: BIB174
  article-title: Full-scale burns in urban areas. Part I. Fire spread between structures
  publication-title: Final Technical Rep. IITRI Project J6009
– volume: 15
  start-page: 2079
  year: 1981
  ident: BIB70
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
– year: 1979
  ident: BIB16
  article-title: Probability of fire spread in urban fires and their simulations
  publication-title: Rep. No. 47
– volume: 4
  start-page: 381
  year: 1960
  ident: BIB106
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– year: 1983
  ident: BIB150
  article-title: Potential spotting distance from wind-driven surface fires
  publication-title: Res. Pap. INT-309
– start-page: 71
  year: July, 1983
  end-page: 77
  ident: BIB65
  article-title: Analysis of the large urban fire environment
  publication-title: Proc.: 17th Asilomar Conf. Fire and Blast Effects of Nuclear Weapons
– volume: 15
  start-page: 127
  year: 1976
  ident: BIB83
  publication-title: J. Appl. Meteorol.
– volume: 12
  start-page: 33
  year: 1976
  ident: BIB165
  publication-title: Fire Technol.
– start-page: 25
  year: 1962
  end-page: 27
  ident: BIB132
  publication-title: Effect of wind on flames
– start-page: 152
  year: July, 1983
  end-page: 156
  ident: BIB53
  article-title: A heat conduction analog model of urban fire spread
  publication-title: Proc.: 17th Asilomar Conf. Fire and Blast Effects of Nuclear Weapons
– year: May, 1964
  ident: BIB168
  article-title: The merging of flames from separate fuel beds
  publication-title: F.R. Note No. 551
– volume: 52
  start-page: 91
  year: 1983
  ident: BIB197
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– year: March, 1981
  ident: BIB149
  article-title: Spot fire distance from isolated sources—extensions of a predictive model
  publication-title: Res. Note INT-309
– volume: 72
  start-page: 93
  year: 1946
  ident: BIB115
  publication-title: J. Agri. Res.
– year: July, 1979
  ident: BIB144
  article-title: Spot fire distance from burning trees—a predictive model
  publication-title: General Technical Rep. INT-56
– year: December, 1982
  ident: BIB18
  publication-title: Report on development of city fire prevention methodology
– year: 1964
  ident: BIB91
  article-title: Mechanisms of fire spread, research progress report no. 1
  publication-title: Res. Paper INT-8
– year: October, 1967
  ident: BIB187
  article-title: Urban mass fire scaling considerations
  publication-title: Rep. USNRDL-TR-67-150
– start-page: 475
  year: 1967
  end-page: 488
  ident: BIB63
  article-title: The fire whirl
  publication-title: 11th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– year: February, 1968
  ident: BIB164
  article-title: Some model-scale experiments with multiple fires
  publication-title: F.R. Note No. 700
– volume: 2
  start-page: 65
  year: 1965
  ident: BIB100
  publication-title: Pyrodynamics
– year: 1977
  ident: BIB31
  article-title: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
– year: January, 1969
  ident: BIB157
  article-title: Observations of mass fire 460-14 at Mono Lake
  publication-title: Rep. USNRDL-LR-158
– year: June, 1966
  ident: BIB120
  article-title: Final report: project fire model. An experimental study of model fires
  publication-title: Final Rep. Office of Civil Defense Study OCD-PS-65-40
– start-page: 27
  year: 1979
  end-page: 34
  ident: BIB19
  article-title: Experimental study of air flow around fire in the open
  publication-title: Rep. No. 48
– volume: 6
  start-page: 253
  year: 1975
  ident: BIB181
  publication-title: J. Fire Flammability
– volume: 1
  start-page: 1
  year: 1958–1959
  ident: BIB3
  article-title: A proposed fire research program
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– year: January, 1969
  ident: BIB58
  article-title: Experimental study of firebrand generation
  publication-title: Final Technical Rep., IITRI Project J6130
– year: June, 1966
  ident: BIB37
  article-title: Parameters governing urban vulnerability to fire from nuclear bursts
  publication-title: Rep. USNRDL-TR-1040
– year: June, 1965
  ident: BIB101
  article-title: Fire spread in wooden cribs. Part II. Heat transfer experiments in still air
  publication-title: F.R. Note No. 599
– start-page: 315
  year: 1974
  end-page: 378
  ident: BIB87
  article-title: Fire spread through a fuel bed
  publication-title: Heat Tranfer in Fires: Thermophysics, Social Aspects, Economic Impact
– volume: 18
  start-page: 391
  year: 1988
  ident: BIB130
  publication-title: Can. J. For. Res.
– volume: 306
  start-page: 351
  year: 1983
  ident: BIB161
  publication-title: Nature
– year: 1969
  ident: BIB85
  article-title: Project Flambeau—an investigation of mass fire (1964–1967), Vol. II, catalogue of project Flambeau fires, 1964–1967
  publication-title: Final Rep. Office of Civil Defense Order No. OCD-PS-65-26
– volume: 107
  start-page: 19
  year: 1985
  ident: BIB28
  publication-title: J. Heat Transfer
– start-page: 951
  year: 1965
  end-page: 964
  ident: BIB73
  article-title: Fundamental problems of the free burning fire
  publication-title: 10th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– year: May, 1982
  ident: BIB10
  article-title: Experimental extinguishment of fire by blast
  publication-title: Final Rep. for SRI Project DYU 3341
– volume: 57
  start-page: 289
  year: 1984
  ident: BIB125
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– year: February, 1982
  ident: BIB38
  article-title: Historical fires bibliography
  publication-title: Topical Rep. SAI-133-82-038-LJ
– volume: 39
  start-page: 11
  year: 1984
  ident: BIB15
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
– start-page: 197
  year: October, 1967
  end-page: 205
  ident: BIB50
  article-title: A method used to predict numbers of urban buildings lost due to fire in a nuclear attack
  publication-title: Proc.: Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program, Panel N-3 (Thermal Radiation) Mass Fire Res. Symp., DASIAC Special Rep. 59
– start-page: 176
  year: July, 1983
  end-page: 182
  ident: BIB42
  article-title: Modeling urban fire growth
  publication-title: Proc.: 17th Asilomar Conf. Fire and Blast Effects of Nuclear Weapons
– volume: 19
  start-page: 17
  year: 1972
  ident: BIB113
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– volume: 25
  start-page: 503
  year: 1972
  ident: BIB146
  publication-title: Appl. Mech. Rev.
– year: January, 1970
  ident: BIB60
  article-title: Urban burns—full-scale field studies
  publication-title: Final Technical Rep., IITRI Project J6171
– start-page: 951
  year: 1981
  end-page: 960
  ident: BIB110
  article-title: Peak gas velocities and flame heights of buoyancy-controlled turbulent diffusion flames
  publication-title: 18th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– volume: 62
  start-page: 219
  year: 1940
  ident: BIB114
  publication-title: Mech. Engng.
– year: October, 1987
  ident: BIB151
  article-title: A simple method for computing spotting distances from wind-driven surface fires
  publication-title: Res. Note INT-374
– year: 1963
  ident: BIB22
  article-title: Prediction of fire spread following nuclear explosions
  publication-title: Res. Paper PSW-5
– start-page: 1009
  year: 1965
  end-page: 1019
  ident: BIB92
  article-title: Influence of moisture and wind upon the characteristics of free-burning fires
  publication-title: 10th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– year: June, 1964
  ident: BIB99
  article-title: An experimental study of model fires
  publication-title: Technical Rep. No. 3
– year: September, 1986
  ident: BIB67
  article-title: Analysis of the burning region and plume of a large fire
  publication-title: Rep. DNA-TR-86-401
– start-page: 14
  year: 1961
  end-page: 15
  ident: BIB131
  publication-title: Effect of wind on flame length
– start-page: 1099
  year: 1973
  end-page: 1107
  ident: BIB142
  article-title: Flame spread through porous fuels
  publication-title: 14th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– volume: 1
  start-page: 41
  year: 1952
  ident: BIB140
  publication-title: Bull. Fire Prev. Soc. Jap.
– start-page: 240
  year: October, 1967
  end-page: 242
  ident: BIB4
  article-title: Background and general progress on project Flambeau
  publication-title: Proc.: Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program, Panel N-3 (Thermal Radiation) Mass Fire Res. Symp., DASIAC Special Rep. 59
– year: August, 1982
  ident: BIB9
  article-title: Civil defense research priorities for blast and fire effects of nuclear weapons on urban areas
  publication-title: Final Rep. UCRL-53339
– volume: 5
  start-page: 1
  year: 1963
  ident: BIB36
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– volume: 7
  start-page: 271
  year: 1973
  ident: BIB124
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
– volume: 16
  start-page: 1293
  year: 1986
  ident: BIB117
  publication-title: Can. J. For. Res.
– start-page: 105
  year: 1961
  end-page: 112
  ident: BIB119
  article-title: Fire spread in forests and heathland materials
  publication-title: Rep. For. Res. 1961
– year: June, 1983
  ident: BIB35
  article-title: Nuclear weapon effect research at PSR—1982. Volume XIII—fire damage and strategic targeting
  publication-title: Rep. DNA-TR-82-179-V13
– start-page: 157
  year: 1975
  end-page: 162
  ident: BIB166
  article-title: Gross vortex activities in a simple simulated urban fire
  publication-title: 15th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– year: May, 1965
  ident: BIB62
  article-title: Exploratory analysis of fire storms
  publication-title: Report prepared for the Office of Civil Defense, Contract N228-(62479)65419
– start-page: 13dash1
  year: September, 1965
  end-page: 13dash32
  ident: BIB51
  article-title: Statistical considerations on the spread of fires
  publication-title: Proc.: Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program, Panel N 3
– year: 1982
  ident: BIB11
  article-title: Fire in America
– volume: 18
  start-page: 153
  year: 1968
  ident: BIB40
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci.
– year: 1959
  ident: BIB133
  article-title: Combustion of forest fuel
  publication-title: Forest Fires: Control and Use
– year: November, 1965
  ident: BIB134
  article-title: Technical Report No. 2. The effect of wind on flames
  publication-title: Rep. Office of Civil Defense Contract OCD-OS-62-89
– year: June, 1968
  ident: BIB48
  article-title: Development and application of a complete fire-spread model: Vol. I (development phase)
  publication-title: Final Rep. Office of Civil Defense Contract N0022867C1498
– year: 1966
  ident: BIB93
  article-title: Fire spread characteristics determined in the laboratory
  publication-title: Res. Paper INT-30
– start-page: 641
  year: 1981
  end-page: 646
  ident: BIB103
  article-title: The measurement of the burning rate of an individual dowel in a uniform fuel matrix
  publication-title: 18th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– year: August, 1977
  ident: BIB104
  article-title: Some characteristics of fires within uniform fuel matrices
  publication-title: ASME Publication No. 77-HT-71
– year: January, 1963
  ident: BIB112
  article-title: On the size and orientation of buoyant diffusion flames and the effect of wind
  publication-title: F.R. Note No. 516
– start-page: 997
  year: 1965
  end-page: 1007
  ident: BIB88
  article-title: The modeling of firespread through a fuel bed
  publication-title: 10th Symp (Int.) Combust.
– volume: 39
  start-page: 59
  year: 1986
  ident: BIB162
  publication-title: Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
– year: 1985
  ident: BIB33
  article-title: The Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major Nuclear Exchange
– year: 1965
  ident: BIB194
  article-title: The design and calibration of a very low speed open circuit wind tunnel
  publication-title: Master's Thesis
– volume: 6
  start-page: 1
  year: 1964
  ident: BIB158
  article-title: Current fire research problems
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– volume: 4
  start-page: 271
  year: 1966
  ident: BIB171
  publication-title: Pyrodynamics
– volume: 259
  start-page: 36
  year: 1988
  ident: BIB32
  publication-title: Sci. Am.
– volume: 1
  start-page: 429
  year: 1970
  ident: BIB102
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 265
  year: 1970
  ident: BIB155
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– year: 1969
  ident: BIB86
  article-title: Project Flambeau—an investigation of mass fire (1964–1967), Vol. III, appendices
  publication-title: Final Rep. Office of Civil Defense Order No. OCD-PS-65-26
– volume: 193
  start-page: 13
  year: 1962
  ident: BIB82
  publication-title: Nature
– year: August, 1970
  ident: BIB5
  article-title: Analysis of four models of the nuclear-caused ignitions and early fires in urban areas
  publication-title: Final Rep. DC-FR-1210
– year: April, 1968
  ident: BIB46
  article-title: Development and application of an interim fire-behavior model
  publication-title: Final Rep. URS 674-3
– start-page: 867
  year: 1963
  end-page: 877
  ident: BIB167
  article-title: A model study of the interaction of multiple turbulent diffusion flames
  publication-title: 9th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– year: June, 1985
  ident: BIB57
  article-title: Toward quantifying the source term for predicting climatic effects of nuclear war: applications of urban fire codes
  publication-title: Rep. UCRL-53647
– year: November, 1983
  ident: BIB54
  article-title: A heat conduction analog model of urban fire spread
  publication-title: Rep. UCID-19933
– volume: 68
  start-page: 1
  year: 1975
  ident: BIB74
  publication-title: J. Fluid Mech.
– volume: 8
  start-page: 184
  year: 1966
  ident: BIB156
  article-title: Observations of a fire-generated vortex
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– start-page: 1101
  year: 1979
  end-page: 1111
  ident: BIB14
  article-title: The prediction of fires in buildings
  publication-title: 17th Sym. (Int.) Combust.
– year: January, 1970
  ident: BIB76
  article-title: Mass fire data analysis
  publication-title: Final Rep., IITRI Project J6099
– year: January, 1972
  ident: BIB12
  article-title: A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels
  publication-title: Res. Paper INT-115
– year: May, 1981
  ident: BIB17
  article-title: The speed of fire spreading in a section of a town consisting of wooden buildings
  publication-title: Architectural Fire Protection
– year: June, 1982
  ident: BIB96
  article-title: A reexamination of fire spread in free-burning porous fuel beds
  publication-title: Res. Paper INT-289
– start-page: 265
  year: 1968
  end-page: 273
  ident: BIB163
  article-title: Formation of multiple fire whirls
  publication-title: 12th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– year: May, 1981
  ident: BIB81
  article-title: Mass fire model concept.
  publication-title: Final Rep. DNA 5803F
– volume: 2
  start-page: 203
  year: 1970
  ident: BIB109
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
– year: January, 1965
  ident: BIB6
  article-title: Prediction models for fire spread following nuclear attacks
  publication-title: Rep. No. URS 641-6
– year: June, 1965
  ident: BIB121
  article-title: Fire spread in wooden cribs. Part III. The effects of wind
  publication-title: F.R. Note No. 600
– year: July, 1968
  ident: BIB188
  article-title: An experimental test of mass fire scaling principles
  publication-title: Rep. NRDL-TR-68-117
– start-page: 155
  year: July, 1988
  end-page: 163
  ident: BIB177
  article-title: The use of scale models for aerodynamic investigations into the effects of wind on structures
  publication-title: Proc. Int. Symp. Scale Modeling
– start-page: 860
  year: 1963
  end-page: 866
  ident: BIB98
  publication-title: 9th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– start-page: 106
  year: October, 1967
  end-page: 126
  ident: BIB184
  article-title: Three unconventional approaches to experimental scaling of mass fires
  publication-title: Proc.: Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program, Panel N-3 (Thermal Radiation) Mass Fire Res. Symp., DASIAC Special Rep. 59
– year: September, 1967
  ident: BIB44
  article-title: Fuel array survey of Providence, Rhode Island
  publication-title: Lab. Project 040-90, Prog. Rep. 2
– start-page: 255
  year: 1974
  end-page: 276
  ident: BIB72
  article-title: Fire violence and modeling
  publication-title: Heat Transfer in Fires: Thermophysics, Social Aspects, Economic Impact
– start-page: 66
  year: July, 1983
  end-page: 70
  ident: BIB159
  article-title: Project Flambeau experimental fire measurements
  publication-title: Proc.: 17th Asilomar Conf. Fire and Blast Effects of Nuclear Weapons
– year: September, 1969
  ident: BIB61
  article-title: Firebrand field studies
  publication-title: Final Technical Rep., IITRI Project J6148
– volume: 52
  start-page: 149
  year: 1983
  ident: BIB78
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– year: January, 1981
  ident: BIB23
  article-title: Fire, airblast, and underground effects from nuclear explosions—some current progress
  publication-title: Rep. DNA 5741T
– year: November, 1984
  ident: BIB182
  article-title: Considerations in scale-modeling of large urban fires
  publication-title: Technical Rep. DNA-TR-84-439
– volume: 5
  start-page: 359
  year: 1961
  ident: BIB107
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– volume: 22
  start-page: 173
  year: 1984/1985
  ident: BIB66
  publication-title: Isr. J. Technol.
– volume: 30
  start-page: 321
  year: 1977
  ident: BIB152
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– year: 1964
  ident: BIB2
  article-title: Mass fires and fire behavior
  publication-title: Rep. PSW-19, U.S. Forest Service
– year: March, 1968
  ident: BIB45
  article-title: Fuel array survey of Detroit, Michigan
  publication-title: Lab. Project 040-90, Prog. Rep. 3
– start-page: 1021
  year: 1965
  end-page: 1037
  ident: BIB148
  article-title: On the flight and lifetimes of burning particles of wood
  publication-title: 10th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– start-page: 417
  year: July, 1988
  end-page: 423
  ident: BIB172
  article-title: Scale-model simulations of large-area fire plumes
  publication-title: Proc. Int. Symp. Scale Modeling
– year: 1965
  ident: BIB135
  article-title: The effect of wind on uncontrolled buoyant diffusion flames from burning liquids
  publication-title: Ph.D. Dissertation
– volume: 12
  start-page: 172
  year: 1968
  ident: BIB145
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– start-page: 97
  year: 1982
  end-page: 125
  ident: BIB190
  article-title: Physical modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in long boundary-layer wind tunnels (BLWT)
  publication-title: Wind Tunnel Modeling for Civil Engineering Applications
– volume: 82
  start-page: 33
  year: 1988
  ident: BIB1
  publication-title: Fire J.
– year: 1946
  ident: BIB26
  article-title: Incendiary Warfare
– start-page: 1045
  year: 1973
  end-page: 1052
  ident: BIB79
  article-title: Air velocity, temperature, and radiantheat measurements within and around a large free-burning fire
  publication-title: 14th Symp (Int.) Combust.
– volume: 108
  start-page: 50
  year: 1986
  ident: BIB29
  publication-title: Mech. Engng
– start-page: 170
  year: October, 1967
  end-page: 196
  ident: BIB27
  article-title: Firestorm, its size and importance
  publication-title: Proc.: Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program Panel N-3 (Thermal Radiation) Mass Fire Res. Symp., DASIAC Special Rep. 59
– year: October, 1985
  ident: BIB68
  article-title: Swirl induced by large area fires
  publication-title: Technical Rep. DNA-TR-86-80
– volume: 26
  start-page: 214
  year: 1981
  ident: BIB196
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
– start-page: 189
  year: July, 1983
  end-page: 194
  ident: BIB41
  article-title: Flashover modeling for direct course
  publication-title: Proc.: 17th Asilomar Conf. Fire and Blast Effects of Nuclear Weapons
– year: June, 1982
  ident: BIB34
  article-title: Literature survey of blast and fire effects of nuclear weapons on urban areas
  publication-title: Rep. UCRL-53340
– volume: 16
  start-page: 386
  year: 1970
  ident: BIB64
  publication-title: For. Sci.
– start-page: 833
  year: 1963
  end-page: 843
  ident: BIB180
  article-title: The art of partial modeling
  publication-title: 9th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– volume: 39
  start-page: 135
  year: 1984
  ident: BIB75
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
– year: December, 1967
  ident: BIB169
  publication-title: Technical Rep. No. 1441-3: wind and interaction effects on free-burning fires
– volume: 41
  start-page: 12
  year: 1974
  ident: BIB24
  publication-title: Fire Command!
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1
  year: 1956
  ident: BIB71
  publication-title: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A
– year: 1962
  ident: BIB97
  article-title: Project fire model
  publication-title: Summary Progress Rep.—II
– year: November, 1986
  ident: BIB128
  article-title: Laboratory fire modeling: 1. Wind-aided fire spread; 2. Wet coagulation of smoke
  publication-title: Technical Rep. DNA-TR-86-248
– volume: 13
  start-page: 392
  year: 1969
  ident: BIB95
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– year: 1982
  ident: BIB176
  article-title: Wind Tunnel Modeling for Civil Engineering Applications
– volume: 16
  start-page: 9
  year: 1971
  ident: BIB141
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– volume: 5
  start-page: 103
  year: 1983
  ident: BIB111
  publication-title: Fire Saf. J.
– volume: 14
  start-page: 42
  year: 1989
  ident: BIB25
  publication-title: Firehouse
– start-page: 844
  year: 1963
  end-page: 859
  ident: BIB108
  article-title: The size of flames from natural fires
  publication-title: 9th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– start-page: 1003
  year: 1979
  end-page: 1016
  ident: BIB89
  article-title: Fire radiation—a review
  publication-title: 17th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– year: 1969
  ident: BIB84
  article-title: Project Flambeau—an investigation of mass fire (1964–1967), Vol. I
  publication-title: Final Rep. Office of Civil Defense Order No. OCD-PS-65-26
– year: 1966
  ident: BIB122
  article-title: Interaction effects of wind-blown proximate flames from burning wood cribs
  publication-title: Ph.D. Thesis
– start-page: 14dash1
  year: September, 1965
  end-page: 14dash14
  ident: BIB90
  article-title: Fire spread in a rural area
  publication-title: Proc.: Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program, Panel N 3
– year: April, 1988
  ident: BIB39
  article-title: Historical fires
  publication-title: Technical Rep. DNA-TR-88-128
– volume: 2
  start-page: 127
  year: 1966
  ident: BIB138
  publication-title: Fire Technol.
– year: September, 1979
  ident: BIB52
  article-title: A parametric study of probabilistic fire spread effects
  publication-title: Paper P-1372
– year: June, 1969
  ident: BIB59
  article-title: Laboratory study of ignition of host materials by firebrands
  publication-title: Final Technical Rep., IITRI Project 6142
– start-page: 1039
  year: 1965
  end-page: 1046
  ident: BIB137
  article-title: A model study of wind-blown free-burning fires
  publication-title: 10th Symp. (Int.) Combust.
– volume: 18
  start-page: 319
  year: 1982
  ident: BIB20
  publication-title: Fire Technol.
– year: 1966
  ident: BIB175
  article-title: Low-speed Wind Tunnel Testing
– volume: 9
  start-page: 871
  year: 1975
  ident: BIB170
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
– year: 1967
  ident: BIB193
  article-title: Airflow characteristics—wind tunnel and combustion facilities
  publication-title: Northern For. Fire Lab. Rep.
– volume: 2
  start-page: 39
  year: 1965
  ident: BIB7
  publication-title: Pyrodynamics
– year: August, 1970
  ident: BIB8
  article-title: Evaluations of systems of fire development
  publication-title: Final Rep. for Office of Civil Defense Contract DAHC20-67-C-0116
– start-page: 353
  year: July, 1988
  end-page: 360
  ident: BIB21
  article-title: A study of fire whirl on mass fires using scale models
  publication-title: Proc. Int. Symp. Scale Modeling
– volume: 34
  start-page: 29
  year: 1979
  ident: BIB153
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
– year: November, 1964
  ident: BIB30
  article-title: Prediction of fire damage to installations and built-up areas from nuclear weapons
  publication-title: Final Rep.—Phase 3 for the National Military Command System Support Center, Contract No. CDA-8
– start-page: 73
  year: 1982
  end-page: 96
  ident: BIB189
  article-title: Simulation criteria based on meteorological or theoretical considerations
  publication-title: Wind Tunnel Modeling for Civil Engineering Applications
– volume: 38
  start-page: 881
  year: 1940
  ident: BIB191
  publication-title: J. For.
– year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB93
  article-title: Fire spread characteristics determined in the laboratory
– volume: 13
  start-page: 392
  year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB95
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(69)90108-4
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB86
  article-title: Project Flambeau—an investigation of mass fire (1964–1967), Vol. III, appendices
– year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB8
  article-title: Evaluations of systems of fire development
– start-page: 1009
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB92
  article-title: Influence of moisture and wind upon the characteristics of free-burning fires
– volume: 2
  start-page: 203
  year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB109
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1080/00102207008952248
– start-page: 844
  year: 1963
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB108
  article-title: The size of flames from natural fires
– start-page: 18
  year: 1961
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB118
– volume: 41
  start-page: 12
  issue: 3
  year: 1974
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB24
  publication-title: Fire Command!
– year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB44
  article-title: Fuel array survey of Providence, Rhode Island
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB59
  article-title: Laboratory study of ignition of host materials by firebrands
– year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB135
  article-title: The effect of wind on uncontrolled buoyant diffusion flames from burning liquids
– start-page: 860
  year: 1963
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB98
– volume: 12
  start-page: 33
  year: 1976
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB165
  publication-title: Fire Technol.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02629468
– volume: 2
  start-page: 211
  year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB136
  publication-title: Fire Technol.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02588554
– volume: 15
  start-page: 2079
  year: 1981
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB70
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(81)90241-9
– volume: 25
  start-page: 503
  year: 1972
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB146
  publication-title: Appl. Mech. Rev.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 127
  year: 1976
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB83
  publication-title: J. Appl. Meteorol.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<0127:ESOAAC>2.0.CO;2
– year: 1984
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB182
  article-title: Considerations in scale-modeling of large urban fires
– year: 1964
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB2
  article-title: Mass fires and fire behavior
  publication-title: Rep. PSW-19, U.S. Forest Service
– volume: 4
  start-page: 381
  year: 1960
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB106
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/S0010-2180(60)80053-3
– year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB18
– start-page: 353
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB21
  article-title: A study of fire whirl on mass fires using scale models
– year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB176
– volume: 30
  start-page: 321
  year: 1977
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB152
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(77)90081-5
– year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB35
  article-title: Nuclear weapon effect research at PSR—1982. Volume XIII—fire damage and strategic targeting
– start-page: 147
  year: 1975
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB13
  article-title: Simulation of Southern California forest fires
– year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB134
  article-title: Technical Report No. 2. The effect of wind on flames
  publication-title: Rep. Office of Civil Defense Contract OCD-OS-62-89
– year: 1986
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB128
  article-title: Laboratory fire modeling: 1. Wind-aided fire spread; 2. Wet coagulation of smoke
– start-page: 130
  year: 1961
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB178
  article-title: Study of convection currents created by fires of large area
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB61
  article-title: Firebrand field studies
– year: 1959
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB133
  article-title: Combustion of forest fuel
– start-page: 1003
  year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB89
  article-title: Fire radiation—a review
– year: 1985
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB68
  article-title: Swirl induced by large area fires
– start-page: 32
  year: 1961
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB179
  article-title: Fire modeling
– year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB62
  article-title: Exploratory analysis of fire storms
– year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB121
  article-title: Fire spread in wooden cribs. Part III. The effects of wind
– year: 1972
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB12
  article-title: A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels
– volume: 52
  start-page: 149
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB78
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(83)90129-3
– volume: 9
  start-page: 871
  year: 1975
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB170
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(75)90088-8
– start-page: 1101
  year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB14
  article-title: The prediction of fires in buildings
– volume: 108
  start-page: 50
  issue: 12
  year: 1986
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB29
  publication-title: Mech. Engng
– volume: 193
  start-page: 13
  year: 1962
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB82
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/193013a0
– year: 1987
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB151
  article-title: A simple method for computing spotting distances from wind-driven surface fires
– volume: 29
  start-page: 225
  year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB173
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1080/00102208208923599
– start-page: 155
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB177
  article-title: The use of scale models for aerodynamic investigations into the effects of wind on structures
– start-page: 1021
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB148
  article-title: On the flight and lifetimes of burning particles of wood
– volume: 21
  start-page: 751
  year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB160
  publication-title: J. Appl. Meteorol.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0751:HRVACF>2.0.CO;2
– year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB10
  article-title: Experimental extinguishment of fire by blast
– year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB37
  article-title: Parameters governing urban vulnerability to fire from nuclear bursts
– volume: 18
  start-page: 153
  year: 1968
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB40
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci.
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.ns.18.120168.001101
– volume: 19
  start-page: 17
  year: 1972
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB113
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/S0010-2180(72)80082-8
– start-page: 16dash1
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB43
  article-title: Ignition and fire spread in urban areas following a nuclear attack
– start-page: 997
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB88
  article-title: The modeling of firespread through a fuel bed
– start-page: 66
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB159
  article-title: Project Flambeau experimental fire measurements
– start-page: 1039
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB137
  article-title: A model study of wind-blown free-burning fires
– year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB16
  article-title: Probability of fire spread in urban fires and their simulations
– start-page: 129
  year: 1989
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB77
  article-title: Fire induced flow field—theory and experiment
– year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB122
  article-title: Interaction effects of wind-blown proximate flames from burning wood cribs
– year: 1986
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB67
  article-title: Analysis of the burning region and plume of a large fire
– volume: 12
  start-page: 172
  year: 1968
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB145
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(68)90101-6
– year: 1963
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB22
  article-title: Prediction of fire spread following nuclear explosions
– year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB193
  article-title: Airflow characteristics—wind tunnel and combustion facilities
  publication-title: Northern For. Fire Lab. Rep.
– year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB11
– volume: 16
  start-page: 386
  year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB64
  publication-title: For. Sci.
– year: 1964
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB99
  article-title: An experimental study of model fires
– start-page: 27
  year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB19
  article-title: Experimental study of air flow around fire in the open
– volume: 11
  start-page: 1
  year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB186
  article-title: Scaling mass fires
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– volume: 4
  start-page: 271
  year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB171
  publication-title: Pyrodynamics
– volume: 107
  start-page: 19
  year: 1985
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB28
  publication-title: J. Heat Transfer
  doi: 10.1115/1.3247379
– year: 1968
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB45
  article-title: Fuel array survey of Detroit, Michigan
– start-page: 157
  year: 1975
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB166
  article-title: Gross vortex activities in a simple simulated urban fire
– start-page: 951
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB73
  article-title: Fundamental problems of the free burning fire
– year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB39
  article-title: Historical fires
– volume: 61
  start-page: 682
  year: 1980
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB69
  publication-title: Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1980)061<0682:IAVAWA>2.0.CO;2
– year: 1981
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB149
  article-title: Spot fire distance from isolated sources—extensions of a predictive model
– volume: 8
  start-page: 9
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB56
  publication-title: Fire Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.3210/fst.8.9
– year: 1962
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB97
  article-title: Project fire model
– year: 1946
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB26
– year: 1984
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB126
  article-title: Laboratory modeling of aspects of large fires
  doi: 10.21236/ADA153152
– year: 1968
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB48
  article-title: Development and application of a complete fire-spread model: Vol. I (development phase)
– start-page: 105
  year: 1961
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB119
  article-title: Fire spread in forests and heathland materials
– volume: 82
  start-page: 33
  issue: 5
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB1
  publication-title: Fire J.
– year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB5
  article-title: Analysis of four models of the nuclear-caused ignitions and early fires in urban areas
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB58
  article-title: Experimental study of firebrand generation
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1
  year: 1956
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB71
– volume: 62
  start-page: 219
  year: 1940
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB114
  publication-title: Mech. Engng.
– year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB52
  article-title: A parametric study of probabilistic fire spread effects
– year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB34
  article-title: Literature survey of blast and fire effects of nuclear weapons on urban areas
  doi: 10.2172/6533811
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB174
  article-title: Full-scale burns in urban areas. Part I. Fire spread between structures
– year: 1964
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB195
  article-title: Technical Rep. No. 1. A low speed wind tunnel for measuring the effect of wind on buoyant diffusion flames
– year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB76
  article-title: Mass fire data analysis
– volume: 2
  start-page: 39
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB7
  publication-title: Pyrodynamics
– year: 1985
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB33
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB49
  article-title: Fire start capabilities of nuclear detonations in urban areas—a prediction model
– year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB55
  article-title: Heat radiation from fires and building separation
– volume: 1
  start-page: 41
  year: 1952
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB140
  publication-title: Bull. Fire Prev. Soc. Jap.
– year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB175
– start-page: 42
  year: 1960
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB192
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB116
  article-title: An investigation of the effect of controlled wind on the rate of fire spread
– volume: 18
  start-page: 391
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB130
  publication-title: Can. J. For. Res.
  doi: 10.1139/x88-058
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB157
  article-title: Observations of mass fire 460-14 at Mono Lake
– volume: 1
  start-page: 23
  year: 1958
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB115_2
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– start-page: 14dash1
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB90
  article-title: Fire spread in a rural area
– start-page: 176
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB42
  article-title: Modeling urban fire growth
– start-page: 265
  year: 1968
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB163
  article-title: Formation of multiple fire whirls
– start-page: 197
  year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB50
  article-title: A method used to predict numbers of urban buildings lost due to fire in a nuclear attack
– volume: 6
  start-page: 1
  year: 1964
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB158
  article-title: Current fire research problems
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB144
  article-title: Spot fire distance from burning trees—a predictive model
– volume: 5
  start-page: 103
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB111
  publication-title: Fire Saf. J.
  doi: 10.1016/0379-7112(83)90002-4
– volume: 2
  start-page: 127
  year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB138
  publication-title: Fire Technol.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02588541
– volume: 18
  start-page: 319
  year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB20
  publication-title: Fire Technol.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02473115
– volume: 259
  start-page: 36
  issue: 3
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB32
  publication-title: Sci. Am.
  doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0988-36
– start-page: 97
  year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB190
  article-title: Physical modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in long boundary-layer wind tunnels (BLWT)
– start-page: 14
  year: 1961
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB131
– volume: 6
  start-page: 253
  year: 1975
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB181
  publication-title: J. Fire Flammability
– year: 1985
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB57
  article-title: Toward quantifying the source term for predicting climatic effects of nuclear war: applications of urban fire codes
– year: 1981
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB23
  article-title: Fire, airblast, and underground effects from nuclear explosions—some current progress
– start-page: 255
  year: 1974
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB72
  article-title: Fire violence and modeling
– year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB147
  article-title: Transport and combustion of firebrands
– start-page: 13dash1
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB51
  article-title: Statistical considerations on the spread of fires
– start-page: 833
  year: 1963
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB180
  article-title: The art of partial modeling
– start-page: 106
  year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB184
  article-title: Three unconventional approaches to experimental scaling of mass fires
– year: 1968
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB47
  article-title: Firefly: a computer model to assess the extent of nuclear fire damage in urbanized areas
  doi: 10.21236/AD0673797
– year: 1968
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB46
  article-title: Development and application of an interim fire-behavior model
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB84
  article-title: Project Flambeau—an investigation of mass fire (1964–1967), Vol. I
– start-page: 71
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB65
  article-title: Analysis of the large urban fire environment
– ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB80
  doi: 10.6028/jres.093.143
– volume: 38
  start-page: 881
  year: 1940
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB191
  publication-title: J. For.
– volume: 14
  start-page: 42
  issue: 2
  year: 1989
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB25
  publication-title: Firehouse
– start-page: 26
  year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB123
  article-title: Interaction effects of wind-blown flames from burning wood cribs
– start-page: 417
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB172
  article-title: Scale-model simulations of large-area fire plumes
– volume: 3
  start-page: 147
  year: 1964
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB139
  publication-title: I&EC Fundam.
  doi: 10.1021/i160010a011
– volume: 34
  start-page: 29
  year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB153
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(79)90077-4
– year: 1968
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB164
  article-title: Some model-scale experiments with multiple fires
– year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB169
  publication-title: Technical Rep. No. 1441-3: wind and interaction effects on free-burning fires
– year: 1981
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB17
  article-title: The speed of fire spreading in a section of a town consisting of wooden buildings
– year: 1981
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB81
  article-title: Mass fire model concept.
– start-page: 240
  year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB4
  article-title: Background and general progress on project Flambeau
– start-page: 867
  year: 1963
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB167
  article-title: A model study of the interaction of multiple turbulent diffusion flames
– volume: 5
  start-page: 359
  year: 1961
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB107
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(61)90117-1
– start-page: 25
  year: 1962
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB132
– year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB54
  article-title: A heat conduction analog model of urban fire spread
– volume: 8
  start-page: 184
  year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB156
  article-title: Observations of a fire-generated vortex
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– volume: 52
  start-page: 91
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB197
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(83)90123-2
– year: 1986
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB129
  article-title: Firespread: model and experiment
– start-page: 152
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB53
  article-title: A heat conduction analog model of urban fire spread
– year: 1963
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB112
  article-title: On the size and orientation of buoyant diffusion flames and the effect of wind
– year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB60
  article-title: Urban burns—full-scale field studies
– volume: 15
  start-page: 265
  year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB155
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(70)90006-4
– year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB194
  article-title: The design and calibration of a very low speed open circuit wind tunnel
– volume: 39
  start-page: 11
  year: 1984
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB15
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1080/00102208408923782
– start-page: 170
  year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB27
  article-title: Firestorm, its size and importance
– volume: 26
  start-page: 214
  year: 1981
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB196
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
– start-page: 189
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB41
  article-title: Flashover modeling for direct course
– year: 1977
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB31
– year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB150
  article-title: Potential spotting distance from wind-driven surface fires
– volume: 72
  start-page: 93
  year: 1946
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB115_1
  publication-title: J. Agri. Res.
– volume: 7
  start-page: 271
  year: 1973
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB124
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1080/00102207308952367
– year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB6
  article-title: Prediction models for fire spread following nuclear attacks
– volume: 39
  start-page: 135
  year: 1984
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB75
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1080/00102208408923787
– start-page: 91
  year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB185
  article-title: Scaling mass fires, Appendix C in Urban mass fire scaling considerations
– start-page: 475
  year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB63
  article-title: The fire whirl
– year: 1964
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB30
  article-title: Prediction of fire damage to installations and built-up areas from nuclear weapons
– year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB96
  article-title: A reexamination of fire spread in free-burning porous fuel beds
– volume: 13
  start-page: 645
  year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB154
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(69)90072-8
– year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB38
  article-title: Historical fires bibliography
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB85
  article-title: Project Flambeau—an investigation of mass fire (1964–1967), Vol. II, catalogue of project Flambeau fires, 1964–1967
– volume: 1
  start-page: 1
  year: 1958
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB3
  article-title: A proposed fire research program
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB9
  article-title: Civil defense research priorities for blast and fire effects of nuclear weapons on urban areas
– year: 1964
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB91
  article-title: Mechanisms of fire spread, research progress report no. 1
– volume: 16
  start-page: 1293
  year: 1986
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB117
  publication-title: Can. J. For. Res.
  doi: 10.1139/x86-229
– volume: 22
  start-page: 173
  year: 1984
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB66
  publication-title: Isr. J. Technol.
– start-page: 361
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB183
  article-title: Scaling applications in fire research
– year: 1968
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB188
  article-title: An experimental test of mass fire scaling principles
– volume: 1
  start-page: 429
  year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB102
  publication-title: Combust. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1080/00102206908952223
– start-page: 73
  year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB189
  article-title: Simulation criteria based on meteorological or theoretical considerations
– volume: 5
  start-page: 1
  year: 1963
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB36
  publication-title: Fire Res. Abstr. Rev.
– volume: 2
  start-page: 65
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB100
  publication-title: Pyrodynamics
– volume: 43
  start-page: 155
  year: 1981
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB143
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(81)90014-6
– year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB94
  article-title: Heat transfer and fire spread
  doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.69024
– volume: 306
  start-page: 351
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB161
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/306351a0
– volume: 16
  start-page: 9
  year: 1971
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB141
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/S0010-2180(71)80005-6
– start-page: 1045
  year: 1973
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB79
  article-title: Air velocity, temperature, and radiantheat measurements within and around a large free-burning fire
– start-page: 315
  year: 1974
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB87
  article-title: Fire spread through a fuel bed
– volume: 57
  start-page: 289
  year: 1984
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB125
  publication-title: Combust. Flame
  doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(84)90049-X
– year: 1985
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB127
  article-title: Modeling of aspects of large-area fires
– year: 1967
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB187
  article-title: Urban mass fire scaling considerations
– start-page: 951
  year: 1981
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB110
  article-title: Peak gas velocities and flame heights of buoyancy-controlled turbulent diffusion flames
– start-page: 1099
  year: 1973
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB142
  article-title: Flame spread through porous fuels
– year: 1964
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB168
  article-title: The merging of flames from separate fuel beds
– year: 1977
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB104
  article-title: Some characteristics of fires within uniform fuel matrices
– year: 1966
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB120
  article-title: Final report: project fire model. An experimental study of model fires
– volume: 68
  start-page: 1
  year: 1975
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB74
  publication-title: J. Fluid Mech.
  doi: 10.1017/S0022112075000651
– start-page: 641
  year: 1981
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB103
  article-title: The measurement of the burning rate of an individual dowel in a uniform fuel matrix
– year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB101
  article-title: Fire spread in wooden cribs. Part II. Heat transfer experiments in still air
– volume: 39
  start-page: 59
  year: 1986
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB162
  publication-title: Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
  doi: 10.1016/0017-9310(86)90034-7
– year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB105
  article-title: Fire spread and individual particle burning rates for uniform fuel matrices
SSID ssj0006469
Score 1.647782
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Urban mass fires are relatively infrequent events which have historically resulted in immense losses of life and property. Mass fires often have occurred as...
In this review characteristics of the two types of mass fire-fire storm and conflagration-are discussed. Brief histories of urban mass fire and research...
SourceID proquest
pascalfrancis
crossref
elsevier
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 83
SubjectTerms Applied sciences
Building technical equipments
Buildings
Buildings. Public works
Detonation
Errors
Exact sciences and technology
Fire behavior of materials and structures
Fire protection
Fires
Initiation
Mathematical models
Reactions (chemical)
Storms
Urban environments
Title Wind effects on fires
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H
https://www.proquest.com/docview/25537387
Volume 17
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVLSH
  databaseName: Elsevier Journals
  customDbUrl:
  mediaType: online
  eissn: 1873-216X
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0006469
  issn: 0360-1285
  databaseCode: AKRWK
  dateStart: 19760101
  isFulltext: true
  providerName: Library Specific Holdings
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3db9MwELdQ9wJCA8YQ5WPkgQcQyojTJI4fpwlUmEAIOnVv1tmxn1A6rd3L_vrdxY6TMVABqUorq7al-1n34dzvjrHXGG1pDdykANKlhQGTYtjcpNIZURoHADnxnb98reanxeez8mxoodixSzb60Fz9llfyP6jiGOJKLNl_QDYuigP4G_HFJyKMz7_CeIkB9ZCR0b5zqL_WY3fzG2VfkS6jwiCe5Rd4bJq6eOGUYAGjhvy0WHTJfMvDcE_aBIrccBcQSSo_RnN7chQlYfjuOFHxiRHA-UiL-dYywR5yf9l4S9X6qD8ujP6wRN2Lxo3s3nwwL_0r9V-sTswF5BJjpox6ke_kAr2FCds5Ovm-PIn2tCq6xoRxp54Ayav3ceyN5G_Dzn9yMO6fwxqPvfP9Sm6Z3s6fWDxkuyEQSI48qo_YHdvusQchKEiCaNd77N6oYuRjtk-QJwHyZNUmHeT77PTjh8XxPA2dLVIzq8pNWugqd7yppOEwa2RWg3BZWUJtyV1En6EBqEUj6gJyk5WZFYI3zugMBWQb42ZP2KRdtfYpS5xz2lRG2lrLwhVWa4dLWPwGl0NeTdmsF4cyoew7dR_5qfr8PhKiIiEqyVUnRDWfsjTOOvdlT7b8X_SSVuHgepdM4XHZMvPgBjDDduFcTNmrHimFqo_eZ0FrV5drhdEw1eUSz7Yt8Zzd9Rl-9HnBJpuLS_sSfcmNPgiH7RoJlm7y
linkProvider Library Specific Holdings
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wind+effects+on+fires&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+energy+and+combustion+science&rft.au=PITTS%2C+W.+M&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.issn=0360-1285&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=83&rft.epage=134&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0360-1285%2891%2990017-H&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=19487014
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0360-1285&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0360-1285&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0360-1285&client=summon