Wind effects on fires
Urban mass fires are relatively infrequent events which have historically resulted in immense losses of life and property. Mass fires often have occurred as the result of natural disasters or warfare. The development of nuclear weapons has increased the likelihood of urban mass fires due to the high...
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Published in | Progress in energy and combustion science Vol. 17; no. 2; pp. 83 - 134 |
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Main Author | |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Oxford
Elsevier Ltd
1991
Elsevier Science |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 0360-1285 1873-216X |
DOI | 10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H |
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Abstract | Urban mass fires are relatively infrequent events which have historically resulted in immense losses of life and property. Mass fires often have occurred as the result of natural disasters or warfare. The development of nuclear weapons has increased the likelihood of urban mass fires due to the high level of thermal radiation generated by a nuclear detonation.
There are a large number of wind-fire interactions which are important in the initiation, development, and spread of these large fires. Dramatic examples include the extremely high winds and fire whirls which are often generated by such fires. Other effects such as wind-aided fire spread, fire brand spotting, and the effects of the atmospheric turbulent boundary layer can contribute significantly to the growth and behavior of mass fires.
In this review characteristics of the two types of mass fire—fire storm and conflagration—are discussed. Brief histories of urban mass fire and research efforts on this topic are given. Models which have been developed to predict the initiation, development, spread, and behavior of mass fires following the detonation of a nuclear device in an urban environment are summarized. The current understanding of the fire processes which are believed to control mass fire behavior are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the wind-fire interactions mentioned in the last paragraph. This discussion forms the basis for an analysis of the effectiveness of existing models for mass fire growth and behavior.
It is concluded that the understanding of the important physical processes is incomplete and that models for mass fire development and behavior are likely to be subject to large and uncharacterized errors. The possibility of improving our understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes utilizing reduced-scale experiments is assessed. |
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AbstractList | In this review characteristics of the two types of mass fire-fire storm and conflagration-are discussed. Brief histories of urban mass fire and research efforts on this topic are given. Models which have been developed to predict the initiation, development, spread, and behavior of mass fires following the detonation of a nuclear device in an urban environment are summarized. The current understanding of the fire processes which are believed to control mass fire behavior are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the wind-fire interactions. This discussion forms the basis for an analysis of the effectiveness of existing models for mass fire growth and behavior. It is concluded that the understanding of the important physical processes is incomplete and that models for mass fire development and behavior are likely to be subject to large and uncharacterized errors. The possibility of improving our understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes utilizing reduced-scale experiments is assessed. Urban mass fires are relatively infrequent events which have historically resulted in immense losses of life and property. Mass fires often have occurred as the result of natural disasters or warfare. The development of nuclear weapons has increased the likelihood of urban mass fires due to the high level of thermal radiation generated by a nuclear detonation. There are a large number of wind-fire interactions which are important in the initiation, development, and spread of these large fires. Dramatic examples include the extremely high winds and fire whirls which are often generated by such fires. Other effects such as wind-aided fire spread, fire brand spotting, and the effects of the atmospheric turbulent boundary layer can contribute significantly to the growth and behavior of mass fires. In this review characteristics of the two types of mass fire—fire storm and conflagration—are discussed. Brief histories of urban mass fire and research efforts on this topic are given. Models which have been developed to predict the initiation, development, spread, and behavior of mass fires following the detonation of a nuclear device in an urban environment are summarized. The current understanding of the fire processes which are believed to control mass fire behavior are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the wind-fire interactions mentioned in the last paragraph. This discussion forms the basis for an analysis of the effectiveness of existing models for mass fire growth and behavior. It is concluded that the understanding of the important physical processes is incomplete and that models for mass fire development and behavior are likely to be subject to large and uncharacterized errors. The possibility of improving our understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes utilizing reduced-scale experiments is assessed. |
Author | Pitts, William M. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: William M. surname: Pitts fullname: Pitts, William M. organization: Center for Fire Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ‡ ‡ Formerly National Bureau of Standards. Gaithersburg, MD 20899, U.S.A |
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Keywords | Fire development Interaction Fire Wind effect Urban area Large scale Model test Mathematical model |
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12 Benech (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB83) 1976; 15 Lohneiss (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB156) 1966; 8 Williams (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB186) 1969; 11 Evans (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB157) 1969 Quintiere (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB183) 1988 Parker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB188) 1968 Vodvarka (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB60) 1970 (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB18) 1982 Fleeter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB125) 1984; 57 Waterman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB58) 1969 Reitter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB57) 1985 Martin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB41) 1983 Brode (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB40) 1968; 18 Bracciaventi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB49) 1969 (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB131) 1961 Groce (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB39) 1988 Phung (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB7) 1965; 2 Tarifa (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB148) 1965 Counihan (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB170) 1975; 9 De Ris (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB89) 1979 Kalghatgi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB197) 1983; 52 Emori (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB20) 1982; 18 Reitter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB9) 1982 Williams (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB185) 1967 Hottel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB88) 1965 (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB115_2) 1958; 1 Groce (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB38) 1982 Nielsen (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB76) 1970 Steward (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB103) 1981 Anderson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB91) 1964 Chandler (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB22) 1963 Countryman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB2) 1964 Martin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB46) 1968 Palmer (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB85) 1969 Welker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB138) 1966; 2 Fang (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB116) 1969 Smith (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB162) 1986; 39 Law (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB55) 1965 Cermak (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB190) 1982 Hamada (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB140) 1952; 1 Pipkin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB139) 1964; 3 Wardlaw (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB177) 1988 Welker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB136) 1966; 2 Parker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB187) 1967 Haines (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB160) 1982; 21 Baldwin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB168) 1964 Bracciaventi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB44) 1967 Williams (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB184) 1967 Rodden (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB62) 1965 The Committee on Fire Research (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB3) 1958; 1 Prahl (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB124) 1973; 7 Tarifa (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB147) 1967 Broido (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB36) 1963; 5 Tsukagoshi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB56) 1988; 8 Spalding (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB180) 1963 Crowley (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB47) 1968 Baum (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB77) 1989 Baldwin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB27) 1967 Chandler (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB90) 1965 Backovsky (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB10) 1982 MacFarlane (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB50) 1967 Muraszew (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB152) 1977; 30 Small (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB66) 1984; 22 Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB150) 1983 Wind-Generating Installation (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB192) 1960 Vogel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB102) 1970; 1 Byram (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB120) 1966 Sanderlin (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB81) 1981 Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB119) 1961 Wilson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB96) 1982 Heskestad (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB111) 1983; 5 Horiuchi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB17) 1981 Corlett (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB72) 1974 Steward (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB109) 1970; 2 Smith (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB74) 1975; 68 Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB106) 1960; 4 Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB155) 1970; 15 Carrier (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB126) 1984 Anderson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB94) 1969 Waterman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB30) 1964 Welker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB195) 1964 Quintiere (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB15) 1984; 39 Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB146) 1972; 25 Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB107) 1961; 5 Nelson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB117) 1986; 16 Carrier (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB127) 1985 Faure (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB178) 1961 Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB144) 1979 Stanbury (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB43) 1965 Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB51) 1965 Carrier (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB28) 1985; 107 Reitter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB54) 1983 Fons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB97) 1962 Rios (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB122) 1966 Hottel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB179) 1961 Miller (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB5) 1970 Waterman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB42) 1983 Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB121) 1965 Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB101) 1965 Weisbecker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB8) 1970 Karter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB1) 1988; 82 Fisher (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB26) 1946 Milburn (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB194) 1965 Steward (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB87) 1974 Heskestad (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB181) 1975; 6 Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB154) 1969; 13 Nelson (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB130) 1988; 18 Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB24) 1974; 41 Emmons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB63) 1967 Weihs (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB68) 1985 Brode (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB35) 1983 Reitter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB34) 1982 Renner (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB37) 1966 Church (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB69) 1980; 61 Currey (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB114) 1940; 62 Yamashita (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB19) 1979 McKinney (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB25) 1989; 14 Lee (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB166) 1975 Palmer (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB159) 1983 Fang (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB95) 1969; 13 Morton (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB71) 1956; 24 Storey (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB86) 1969 Carrier (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB75) 1984; 39 Sasaki (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB16) 1979 Kalghatgi (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB196) 1981; 26 von Hippel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB32) 1988; 259 Glasstone (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB31) 1977 Byram (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB171) 1966; 4 Rothermel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB93) 1966 Fons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB98) 1963 Vodvarka (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB174) 1969 Welker (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB135) 1965 Rothermel (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB12) 1972 Albini (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB143) 1981; 43 Dessens (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB82) 1962; 193 Countryman (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB84) 1969 Brode (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB23) 1981 Berlad (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB145) 1968; 12 McCarter (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB100) 1965; 2 Fons (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB191) 1940; 38 Pyne (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB11) 1982 Reinhold (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB176) 1982 Committee on the Atmospheric Effects of Nuclear Explosions (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB33) 1985 Thomas (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB108) 1963 Heskestad (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB110) 1981 Phung (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB6) 1965 Muraszew (10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H_BIB153) 1979; 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Snippet | Urban mass fires are relatively infrequent events which have historically resulted in immense losses of life and property. Mass fires often have occurred as... In this review characteristics of the two types of mass fire-fire storm and conflagration-are discussed. Brief histories of urban mass fire and research... |
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SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Building technical equipments Buildings Buildings. Public works Detonation Errors Exact sciences and technology Fire behavior of materials and structures Fire protection Fires Initiation Mathematical models Reactions (chemical) Storms Urban environments |
Title | Wind effects on fires |
URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(91)90017-H https://www.proquest.com/docview/25537387 |
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