A velocity-based ACO algorithm for optimizing routes and social cost
Intrinsically, the attainment of optimal solution via the Ant Colony System (ACS) algorithm essentially depends on the attractiveness of the quantity of pheromone on a given path. This leads to neglecting the velocity of the ant which constitutes an important nature-based heuristic information. The...
Saved in:
| Published in | Scientific African Vol. 23; p. e02031 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Elsevier B.V
01.03.2024
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2468-2276 2468-2276 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031 |
Cover
| Abstract | Intrinsically, the attainment of optimal solution via the Ant Colony System (ACS) algorithm essentially depends on the attractiveness of the quantity of pheromone on a given path. This leads to neglecting the velocity of the ant which constitutes an important nature-based heuristic information. The aim of this paper is to improve an existing ACS algorithm by integrating ant velocity, an insight gained from the Intelligent Water Drops (IWD) algorithm. A bi-objective model was formulated and adapted into the proposed ACS algorithm to optimize route length and social cost associated with various activities along the route. The solution technique was based on the min-max approach. A 14-node road network data, measuring distances and social costs was used in validating the algorithm. Both the benchmark algorithm and our proposed ant velocity-based ACS algorithm yielded the same bi-optimal solution (12km,GHS7) of distance and social cost along the path 1→4→7→11→12→14. The proposed ACS algorithm converges at the 127th iteration, corresponding to approximately 3 s execution time. Obviously, the proposed ACS algorithm outperforms the benchmark algorithm which converges at the 207th iteration, with approximately 5 s execution time. Therefore, the proposed ACS algorithm has outperformed the benchmark ACS algorithm in respect of time (or the number of iterations needed for convergence) by approximately 39 %. Evidently, with a velocity of 0.2445 ms−2, the optimal time taken by the best ant to complete the tour is approximately 27 s. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Intrinsically, the attainment of optimal solution via the Ant Colony System (ACS) algorithm essentially depends on the attractiveness of the quantity of pheromone on a given path. This leads to neglecting the velocity of the ant which constitutes an important nature-based heuristic information. The aim of this paper is to improve an existing ACS algorithm by integrating ant velocity, an insight gained from the Intelligent Water Drops (IWD) algorithm. A bi-objective model was formulated and adapted into the proposed ACS algorithm to optimize route length and social cost associated with various activities along the route. The solution technique was based on the min-max approach. A 14-node road network data, measuring distances and social costs was used in validating the algorithm. Both the benchmark algorithm and our proposed ant velocity-based ACS algorithm yielded the same bi-optimal solution (12km,GHS7) of distance and social cost along the path 1→4→7→11→12→14. The proposed ACS algorithm converges at the 127th iteration, corresponding to approximately 3 s execution time. Obviously, the proposed ACS algorithm outperforms the benchmark algorithm which converges at the 207th iteration, with approximately 5 s execution time. Therefore, the proposed ACS algorithm has outperformed the benchmark ACS algorithm in respect of time (or the number of iterations needed for convergence) by approximately 39 %. Evidently, with a velocity of 0.2445 ms−2, the optimal time taken by the best ant to complete the tour is approximately 27 s. |
| ArticleNumber | e02031 |
| Author | Addor, John Awuah Otoo, Henry Okrah, Stephen Kwaku Wiah, Eric Neebo |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stephen Kwaku orcidid: 0009-0002-5496-0413 surname: Okrah fullname: Okrah, Stephen Kwaku email: sokrah@gctu.edu.gh organization: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Ghana Communication Technology University, PMB 100, Tesano, Accra, Ghana – sequence: 2 givenname: Eric Neebo orcidid: 0000-0002-0214-7036 surname: Wiah fullname: Wiah, Eric Neebo organization: Mathematical Sciences Department, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana – sequence: 3 givenname: Henry surname: Otoo fullname: Otoo, Henry organization: Mathematical Sciences Department, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana – sequence: 4 givenname: John Awuah orcidid: 0000-0003-2850-422X surname: Addor fullname: Addor, John Awuah organization: Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, Takoradi Technical University, P.O. Box 256, Takoradi, Ghana |
| BookMark | eNqNkMtqGzEUQEVIIY_mC7rRD4yjl_VYZGGcpg0EsmnX4o50x5UZj4w0SXC_PuNMKF2FrHQR9xwu54KcDnlAQr5xtuCM6-vtooYE3UIwIRfIBJP8hJwLpW0jhNGn_81n5KrWLWNMKC6cUefkdkWfsc8hjYemhYqRrtaPFPpNLmn8s6NdLjTvx7RLf9OwoSU_jVgpDJHWCYKehlzHr-RLB33Fq_f3kvy--_5r_bN5ePxxv149NEFqNTatYkJIAQx4jJZLJ1q1FGBYtGqpnJBOWyusg2j4smXOyFZ13ELUknEBVl6S-9kbM2z9vqQdlIPPkPzbRy4bD2VMoUcPjrkuOEDNtQrGWaGXaFpmguHYWpxcanY9DXs4vEDf_xNy5o9h_da_hfXHsH4OO2FyxkLJtRbsPkndzBROdZ4TluMODgFjKhjG6fz0If8K7CKSxw |
| Cites_doi | 10.1186/2251-712X-8-11 10.1177/0734242X07071312 10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600676 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.01.040 10.1016/j.asoc.2013.10.017 10.1016/j.swevo.2022.101046 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111789 10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.104076 10.1016/j.ejor.2008.02.028 10.1016/j.eurtel.2017.10.003 10.1007/s10489-022-03912-7 10.1137/0111081 10.1002/mcda.1516 10.1016/j.cor.2011.05.011 10.1371/journal.pone.0257317 10.1016/j.net.2023.02.005 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3056651 10.3389/fpls.2023.1101828 10.26650/JTL.2021.894265 10.1504/IJBIC.2009.022775 10.3390/recycling5020010 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.009 10.1007/s11721-007-0005-x 10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105139 10.9734/BJAST/2015/18907 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.185 10.1016/j.future.2020.03.051 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2023 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2023 |
| DBID | 6I. AAFTH AAYXX CITATION ADTOC UNPAY DOA |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031 |
| DatabaseName | ScienceDirect Open Access Titles Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access CrossRef Unpaywall for CDI: Periodical Content Unpaywall DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: UNPAY name: Unpaywall url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://unpaywall.org/ sourceTypes: Open Access Repository |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| EISSN | 2468-2276 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_a909fc9ae6164c798265e7b07c71eb8e 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031 10_1016_j_sciaf_2023_e02031 S2468227623004854 |
| GroupedDBID | 0R~ 0SF 6I. AACTN AAEDW AAFTH AALRI AAXUO ABMAC ADBBV ADVLN AEXQZ AFTJW AITUG AKRWK ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ BCNDV EBS FDB GROUPED_DOAJ M41 M~E NCXOZ OK1 ROL SSZ AAYWO AAYXX ACVFH ADCNI AEUPX AFPUW AIGII AKBMS AKYEP APXCP CITATION ADTOC UNPAY |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c364t-b402232a0a1dd81392b452a70d84549239688289ad715b0973b4f18ad63012a83 |
| IEDL.DBID | UNPAY |
| ISSN | 2468-2276 |
| IngestDate | Fri Oct 03 12:51:13 EDT 2025 Tue Aug 19 18:09:20 EDT 2025 Wed Oct 01 04:46:04 EDT 2025 Tue Oct 01 02:39:09 EDT 2024 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Social cost Ant system algorithm Metaheuristic Ant velocity Bi-objective problem |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. cc-by-nc-nd |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c364t-b402232a0a1dd81392b452a70d84549239688289ad715b0973b4f18ad63012a83 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0214-7036 0009-0002-5496-0413 0000-0003-2850-422X |
| OpenAccessLink | https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_a909fc9ae6164c798265e7b07c71eb8e unpaywall_primary_10_1016_j_sciaf_2023_e02031 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sciaf_2023_e02031 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_sciaf_2023_e02031 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | March 2024 2024-03-00 2024-03-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2024-03-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 03 year: 2024 text: March 2024 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | Scientific African |
| PublicationYear | 2024 |
| Publisher | Elsevier B.V Elsevier |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier B.V – name: Elsevier |
| References | Karadimas, Papitzelou, Loumos (bib0009) 2007; 25 López-Ibáñez, Stützle (bib0047) 2010 Okrah, Wiah, Otoo, Kangah (bib0030) 2023; 14 Seckiner, Shumye, Gecer (bib0017) 2021; 6 Xie, Tang, Cai (bib0036) 2022; 144 Gao, Wu, Wang (bib0038) 2023; 53 Yann, Siarry (bib0024) 2004 Dong, Bian, Zhao (bib0037) 2022; 258 Zhou, Li, Wang, Qiu, Shen (bib0035) 2022; 70 Zhou, Ma, Gu, Chen, Deng (bib0034) 2022; 114 Liu, Li, Chen, Zhao, Yue, Wu (bib0015) 2020; 17 Li, Soleimani, Zohal (bib0006) 2019; 227 Catay (bib0002) 2009; 6 Dorigo, Stützle (bib0043) 2004 Adeleke, Owkanni (bib0019) 2020; 5 Kparib, Twum, Boah (bib0029) 2019; 9 Zhang, Pu, Si (bib0032) 2021; 9 D. Otoo. Multi objective node routing problem with time windows: an alternate approach to solid waste collection and disposal in developing countries. PhD Thesis, Department of Mathematics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, 2015. Parsaei, Mohammadi, Javidan (bib0023) 2017; 6 Addor, Amponsah, Annan, Sebil (bib0003) 2013; 3 Tirkelaee, Alinaghian, Hosseinabadi, Bakhshi (bib0014) 2019; 77 Kuox, Wibowo, Zulvia (bib0005) 2016; 40 Ismail, Krisnaputra, Bahiuddin (bib0016) 2021; 15 Chen, Ting (bib0048) 2009; 8 Yousefikhoshbakht, Khorram (bib0028) 2021; 8 Zhang, Luo, Yin, Zou (bib0039) 2023; 55 Clarke, Krikorian, Rausen (bib0051) 1963; 11 Johnson, Bristow, McClure, Schneider (bib0026) 2009; 20 Liu, He (bib0010) 2012 G.A. Di Caro, and M. Dorigo. Ant Colony Optimization and its application to adaptive routing in telecommunication networks. PhD diss., PhD thesis, Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium, 2004. Liang, Jiao, Du, Qu (bib0033) 2021; 16 Bovwe, Nwaogazie (bib0011) 2015; 10 Markovic, Stankovic, Petrovic, Trajanovic (bib0012) 2019 Fidanova, Marinov, Alba (bib0021) 2010 Barros, do Nascimento, Martins, Junior (bib0025) 2008; 110 Paflesia, Pamosoaji (bib0013) 2019 Yi, Xu, Yan, Huang (bib0031) 2020; 109 Mensah, Arhin, Tumi-Acquah (bib0018) 2016; 6 Rancourt, Paquette (bib0027) 2014; 21 Khoshkangini, Zaboli, Conti (bib0022) 2014 Karadimas, Kouzas, Anagnostopoulosi, Loumos (bib0008) 2005; 6 Solís-Guzmán, Marrero, Montes-Delgado, Ramírez-de-Arellano (bib0046) 2009; 29 Yu, Zhang, Yao (bib0049) 2009; 1 Majid, Mohammad (bib0050) 2011; 5 Rizzoli, Montemanni, Lucibello, Gambadella (bib0001) 2007; 1 Gambardella, Tailllard, Dorigo (bib0042) 1999; 50 Reed, Yiannakou, Evering (bib0004) 2014; 15 Shah-Hsseini (bib0041) 2009; 1 Tian, Mo, Ma, Xiao, Jia, Lan, Zhang (bib0040) 2023; 14 Xu, Chen, Li (bib0044) 2012; 3 Addor, Wiah, Alao (bib0007) 2022; 9 Ismail (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0016) 2021; 15 Zhang (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0039) 2023; 55 Parsaei (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0023) 2017; 6 Clarke (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0051) 1963; 11 Zhang (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0032) 2021; 9 Chen (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0048) 2009; 8 Kuox (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0005) 2016; 40 Yousefikhoshbakht (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0028) 2021; 8 López-Ibáñez (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0047) 2010 Liu (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0015) 2020; 17 Yi (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0031) 2020; 109 Yann (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0024) 2004 Tirkelaee (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0014) 2019; 77 Liu (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0010) 2012 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0020 Kparib (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0029) 2019; 9 Paflesia (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0013) 2019 Shah-Hsseini (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0041) 2009; 1 Li (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0006) 2019; 227 Rancourt (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0027) 2014; 21 Rizzoli (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0001) 2007; 1 Johnson (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0026) 2009; 20 Xu (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0044) 2012; 3 Tian (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0040) 2023; 14 Okrah (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0030) 2023; 14 Khoshkangini (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0022) 2014 Zhou (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0035) 2022; 70 Karadimas (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0009) 2007; 25 Reed (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0004) 2014; 15 Mensah (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0018) 2016; 6 Markovic (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0012) 2019 Catay (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0002) 2009; 6 Adeleke (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0019) 2020; 5 Gao (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0038) 2023; 53 Xie (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0036) 2022; 144 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0045 Liang (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0033) 2021; 16 Seckiner (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0017) 2021; 6 Solís-Guzmán (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0046) 2009; 29 Fidanova (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0021) 2010 Addor (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0007) 2022; 9 Gambardella (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0042) 1999; 50 Barros (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0025) 2008; 110 Majid (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0050) 2011; 5 Zhou (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0034) 2022; 114 Addor (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0003) 2013; 3 Bovwe (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0011) 2015; 10 Dong (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0037) 2022; 258 Karadimas (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0008) 2005; 6 Yu (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0049) 2009; 1 Dorigo (10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0043) 2004 |
| References_xml | – volume: 144 year: 2022 ident: bib0036 article-title: The multi-objective inspection path-planning in radioactive environment based on an improved Ant Colony Optimization algorithm publication-title: Prog. Nucl. Energy – start-page: 95 year: 2010 end-page: 106 ident: bib0047 article-title: Automatic configuration of multiobjective ACO algorithms publication-title: Proceedings of the International Conference on Swarm Intelligence – volume: 53 start-page: 7326 year: 2023 end-page: 7342 ident: bib0038 article-title: A hybrid Ant Colony Optimization with fireworks algorithm to solve capacitated vehicle routing problem publication-title: Appl. Intell. – reference: D. Otoo. Multi objective node routing problem with time windows: an alternate approach to solid waste collection and disposal in developing countries. PhD Thesis, Department of Mathematics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, 2015. – volume: 3 start-page: 26 year: 2013 end-page: 36 ident: bib0003 article-title: School bus routing: a case study of Wood Bridge School Complex, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana publication-title: Int. J. Bus. Soc. Res. – volume: 258 year: 2022 ident: bib0037 article-title: Ship pipe route design using improved multi-objective Ant Colony Optimization publication-title: Ocean Eng. – volume: 8 start-page: 761 year: 2009 end-page: 776 ident: bib0048 article-title: Applying two-stage Ant Colony Optimization to solve the large-scale vehicle routing problem publication-title: J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud. – volume: 15 start-page: 14 year: 2021 end-page: 18 ident: bib0016 article-title: Application of Ant Colony Optimization for the shortest path problem of waste collection process publication-title: Kinet. Game Technol. Inf. Syst. Comput. Netw. Comput. Electron. Control – volume: 29 start-page: 2542 year: 2009 end-page: 2548 ident: bib0046 article-title: A Spanish model for quantification and management of construction waste publication-title: Waste Manag. – volume: 50 start-page: 167 year: 1999 end-page: 702 ident: bib0042 article-title: Ant colonies for the quadratic assignment problem publication-title: J. Oper. Res. Soc. – volume: 3 start-page: 582 year: 2012 end-page: 593 ident: bib0044 article-title: Makespan minimization on single batch-processing machine via Ant Colony Optimization publication-title: Comput. Oper. Res. – volume: 6 start-page: 219 year: 2009 end-page: 244 ident: bib0002 article-title: Ant Colony Optimization and its application to the vehicle routing problem with pickup and deliveries publication-title: Nat. Intell. Sched. Plan. Pack. Probl. – volume: 1 start-page: 171 year: 2009 end-page: 185 ident: bib0049 article-title: An improved Ant Colony Optimization for vehicle routing problem publication-title: Eur. J. Oper. Res. – volume: 114 year: 2022 ident: bib0034 article-title: Parameter adaptation-based Ant Colony Optimization with dynamic hybrid mechanism publication-title: Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. – volume: 17 start-page: 583 year: 2020 ident: bib0015 article-title: Path optimization of medical waste transport routes in the emergent public health event of covid –19: a hybrid optimization algorithm based on the immune – ant colony algorithm publication-title: Int. J. Environ. Public Health – volume: 6 start-page: 173 year: 2017 end-page: 180 ident: bib0023 article-title: A new adaptive traffic engineering method for telesurgery using ACO algorithm over software defined networks publication-title: Eur. Res. Telemed. Rech. Eur. Telemed. – volume: 8 start-page: 11 year: 2021 end-page: 20 ident: bib0028 article-title: Solving the vehicle routing problem by a hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm publication-title: J. Ind. Eng. Int. – start-page: 209 year: 2019 end-page: 212 ident: bib0012 article-title: Genetic and Ant Colony Optimization based communal waste collection vehicle routing publication-title: Conf. Int. Sec. Technol – volume: 25 start-page: 139 year: 2007 end-page: 147 ident: bib0009 article-title: Optimal solid waste collecting routes identified by the ant colony system algorithm publication-title: Waste Manag. Res. – volume: 110 start-page: 199 year: 2008 end-page: 214 ident: bib0025 article-title: The use of multi-objective optimization for reservoirs’ system operation with an evolutionary algorithm publication-title: Eur. J. Oper. Res. – volume: 9 start-page: 15 year: 2022 end-page: 36 ident: bib0007 article-title: Mathematical model for the cyclical dynamics of plastic waste management: a two-state closed model publication-title: J. Mater. Sci. Res. Rev. – volume: 14 start-page: 1 year: 2023 end-page: 4 ident: bib0030 article-title: Application of a modified ACO algorithm for optimizing routes and externality effect of solid waste management publication-title: ASRJETS – reference: G.A. Di Caro, and M. Dorigo. Ant Colony Optimization and its application to adaptive routing in telecommunication networks. PhD diss., PhD thesis, Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium, 2004. – volume: 10 start-page: 1 year: 2015 end-page: 19 ident: bib0011 article-title: Application of Ant Colony Optimization on solid waste collection: a case of University of Port Harcourt publication-title: Br. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. – volume: 1 start-page: 71 year: 2009 end-page: 79 ident: bib0041 article-title: The intelligent water drops algorithm: a nature-inspired swam-based optimization algorithm publication-title: Int. J. Bio Inspir. Comput. – volume: 11 start-page: 1096 year: 1963 end-page: 1102 ident: bib0051 article-title: Computing the N best loopless paths in a network publication-title: J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math. – start-page: 413 year: 2019 end-page: 416 ident: bib0013 article-title: A novel Ant Colony Optimization algorithm for waste collection problem publication-title: Proceedings of the 4th International conference on Information Technology, Information Systems and Electrical Engineering – start-page: 5 year: 2010 end-page: 9 ident: bib0021 article-title: ACO for optimal sensor layout publication-title: Proceedings of the IJCCI (ICEC) – volume: 40 start-page: 9990 year: 2016 end-page: 10001 ident: bib0005 article-title: Application of a fuzzy ant colony system to solve the dynamic vehicle routing problem with uncertain service time publication-title: Appl. Math. Model. – volume: 5 start-page: 10 year: 2020 ident: bib0019 article-title: Facity location problems: models, techniques and applications in waste management publication-title: Recycling – volume: 9 start-page: 24933 year: 2021 end-page: 24945 ident: bib0032 article-title: An adaptive improved ant colony system based on population information entropy for path planning of mobile robot publication-title: IEEE Access – volume: 70 year: 2022 ident: bib0035 article-title: Adaptive gradient descent enabled Ant Colony Optimization for routing problems publication-title: Swarm Evol. Comput. – start-page: 35 year: 2012 end-page: 39 ident: bib0010 article-title: Ant colony algorithm for waste collection vehicle arc routing problem with turn constraints publication-title: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security – volume: 55 start-page: 1838 year: 2023 end-page: 1854 ident: bib0039 article-title: Multi-objective path planning for mobile robot in nuclear accident environment based on improved Ant Colony Optimization with modified A* publication-title: Nucl. Eng. Technol. – volume: 77 start-page: 457 year: 2019 end-page: 470 ident: bib0014 article-title: An improved Ant Colony Optimization for multi-trip capacitated arc routing problem publication-title: Comput. Electr. Eng. – year: 2014 ident: bib0022 article-title: Efficient routing protocol via Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and breadth first search (BFS) publication-title: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cyber – volume: 20 start-page: 12 year: 2009 end-page: 23 ident: bib0026 article-title: Long distance truck drivers–their joys and frustrations publication-title: J. Transp. Manag. – volume: 21 start-page: 239 year: 2014 end-page: 255 ident: bib0027 article-title: Multicriteria optimization of a long-haul routing and scheduling problem publication-title: J. Multi Criteria Decis. Anal. – volume: 16 year: 2021 ident: bib0033 article-title: An improved Ant Colony Optimization algorithm based on context for tourism route planning publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 6 start-page: 29 year: 2021 end-page: 47 ident: bib0017 article-title: Minimizing solid waste collection routes using ant colony algorithm: a case in Gaziantep district publication-title: J. Transp. Logist. – volume: 109 start-page: 134 year: 2020 end-page: 148 ident: bib0031 article-title: Task optimization and scheduling of distributed cyber–physical system based on improved ant colony algorithm publication-title: Future Gener. Comput. Syst. – volume: 1 start-page: 135 year: 2007 end-page: 151 ident: bib0001 article-title: Ant Colony Optimization for real-world vehicle routing problem: from theory to applications publication-title: Swam Intell, – volume: 227 start-page: 1161 year: 2019 end-page: 1172 ident: bib0006 article-title: An improved Ant Colony Optimization algorithm for the multi-depot green vehicle routing problem with multiple objectives publication-title: J. Clean. Prod. – volume: 14 year: 2023 ident: bib0040 article-title: Design and validation of a multi-objective waypoint planning algorithm for UAV spraying in orchards based on improved ant colony algorithm publication-title: Front. Plant Sci. – volume: 5 start-page: 2729 year: 2011 end-page: 2737 ident: bib0050 article-title: An optimization algorithm for capacitated vehicle routing problem based on ant colony system publication-title: Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. – volume: 15 start-page: 169 year: 2014 end-page: 176 ident: bib0004 article-title: Ant colony algorithm for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem publication-title: Appl. Soft Comput. – volume: 6 start-page: 12 year: 2005 end-page: 13 ident: bib0008 article-title: Urban solid waste collection and routing. The ant colony strategic approach publication-title: Int. J. Simul. Syst. Sci. Technol. – year: 2004 ident: bib0043 article-title: Ant Colony Optimization – volume: 6 start-page: 16 year: 2016 end-page: 25 ident: bib0018 article-title: A heuristic approach to locating a landfill site in the Sekondi_Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana publication-title: Math. Theory Model. – volume: 9 start-page: 141 year: 2019 end-page: 174 ident: bib0029 article-title: A min max strategy to aid decision making in a bi-objective discrete optimization problem using an improved Ant Colony Algorithm publication-title: Am. J. Oper. Res. – year: 2004 ident: bib0024 article-title: Multi-objective optimization: principles and case studies – volume: 8 start-page: 11 issue: 1 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0028 article-title: Solving the vehicle routing problem by a hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm publication-title: J. Ind. Eng. Int. doi: 10.1186/2251-712X-8-11 – volume: 9 start-page: 15 issue: 2 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0007 article-title: Mathematical model for the cyclical dynamics of plastic waste management: a two-state closed model publication-title: J. Mater. Sci. Res. Rev. – year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0043 – volume: 25 start-page: 139 issue: 2 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0009 article-title: Optimal solid waste collecting routes identified by the ant colony system algorithm publication-title: Waste Manag. Res. doi: 10.1177/0734242X07071312 – start-page: 5 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0021 article-title: ACO for optimal sensor layout – volume: 15 start-page: 14 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0016 article-title: Application of Ant Colony Optimization for the shortest path problem of waste collection process publication-title: Kinet. Game Technol. Inf. Syst. Comput. Netw. Comput. Electron. Control – start-page: 35 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0010 article-title: Ant colony algorithm for waste collection vehicle arc routing problem with turn constraints – start-page: 95 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0047 article-title: Automatic configuration of multiobjective ACO algorithms – volume: 110 start-page: 199 issue: 3 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0025 article-title: The use of multi-objective optimization for reservoirs’ system operation with an evolutionary algorithm publication-title: Eur. J. Oper. Res. – volume: 20 start-page: 12 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0026 article-title: Long distance truck drivers–their joys and frustrations publication-title: J. Transp. Manag. – ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0045 – volume: 50 start-page: 167 issue: 2 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0042 article-title: Ant colonies for the quadratic assignment problem publication-title: J. Oper. Res. Soc. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600676 – volume: 3 start-page: 26 issue: 12 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0003 article-title: School bus routing: a case study of Wood Bridge School Complex, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana publication-title: Int. J. Bus. Soc. Res. – volume: 77 start-page: 457 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0014 article-title: An improved Ant Colony Optimization for multi-trip capacitated arc routing problem publication-title: Comput. Electr. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.01.040 – volume: 9 start-page: 141 issue: 4 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0029 article-title: A min max strategy to aid decision making in a bi-objective discrete optimization problem using an improved Ant Colony Algorithm publication-title: Am. J. Oper. Res. – volume: 15 start-page: 169 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0004 article-title: Ant colony algorithm for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem publication-title: Appl. Soft Comput. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2013.10.017 – volume: 70 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0035 article-title: Adaptive gradient descent enabled Ant Colony Optimization for routing problems publication-title: Swarm Evol. Comput. doi: 10.1016/j.swevo.2022.101046 – volume: 17 start-page: 583 issue: 16 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0015 article-title: Path optimization of medical waste transport routes in the emergent public health event of covid –19: a hybrid optimization algorithm based on the immune – ant colony algorithm publication-title: Int. J. Environ. Public Health – volume: 258 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0037 article-title: Ship pipe route design using improved multi-objective Ant Colony Optimization publication-title: Ocean Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111789 – volume: 144 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0036 article-title: The multi-objective inspection path-planning in radioactive environment based on an improved Ant Colony Optimization algorithm publication-title: Prog. Nucl. Energy doi: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.104076 – year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0022 article-title: Efficient routing protocol via Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and breadth first search (BFS) – volume: 1 start-page: 171 issue: 196 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0049 article-title: An improved Ant Colony Optimization for vehicle routing problem publication-title: Eur. J. Oper. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2008.02.028 – start-page: 413 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0013 article-title: A novel Ant Colony Optimization algorithm for waste collection problem – volume: 6 start-page: 173 issue: 3-4 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0023 article-title: A new adaptive traffic engineering method for telesurgery using ACO algorithm over software defined networks publication-title: Eur. Res. Telemed. Rech. Eur. Telemed. doi: 10.1016/j.eurtel.2017.10.003 – volume: 14 start-page: 1 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0030 article-title: Application of a modified ACO algorithm for optimizing routes and externality effect of solid waste management publication-title: ASRJETS – volume: 53 start-page: 7326 issue: 6 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0038 article-title: A hybrid Ant Colony Optimization with fireworks algorithm to solve capacitated vehicle routing problem publication-title: Appl. Intell. doi: 10.1007/s10489-022-03912-7 – volume: 11 start-page: 1096 issue: 4 year: 1963 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0051 article-title: Computing the N best loopless paths in a network publication-title: J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math. doi: 10.1137/0111081 – volume: 21 start-page: 239 issue: 5-6 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0027 article-title: Multicriteria optimization of a long-haul routing and scheduling problem publication-title: J. Multi Criteria Decis. Anal. doi: 10.1002/mcda.1516 – volume: 5 start-page: 2729 issue: 12 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0050 article-title: An optimization algorithm for capacitated vehicle routing problem based on ant colony system publication-title: Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. – start-page: 209 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0012 article-title: Genetic and Ant Colony Optimization based communal waste collection vehicle routing publication-title: Conf. Int. Sec. Technol – volume: 3 start-page: 582 issue: 39 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0044 article-title: Makespan minimization on single batch-processing machine via Ant Colony Optimization publication-title: Comput. Oper. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2011.05.011 – volume: 16 issue: 9 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0033 article-title: An improved Ant Colony Optimization algorithm based on context for tourism route planning publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257317 – volume: 55 start-page: 1838 issue: 5 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0039 article-title: Multi-objective path planning for mobile robot in nuclear accident environment based on improved Ant Colony Optimization with modified A* publication-title: Nucl. Eng. Technol. doi: 10.1016/j.net.2023.02.005 – volume: 9 start-page: 24933 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0032 article-title: An adaptive improved ant colony system based on population information entropy for path planning of mobile robot publication-title: IEEE Access doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3056651 – volume: 14 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0040 article-title: Design and validation of a multi-objective waypoint planning algorithm for UAV spraying in orchards based on improved ant colony algorithm publication-title: Front. Plant Sci. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1101828 – volume: 6 start-page: 219 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0002 article-title: Ant Colony Optimization and its application to the vehicle routing problem with pickup and deliveries publication-title: Nat. Intell. Sched. Plan. Pack. Probl. – volume: 6 start-page: 29 issue: 1 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0017 article-title: Minimizing solid waste collection routes using ant colony algorithm: a case in Gaziantep district publication-title: J. Transp. Logist. doi: 10.26650/JTL.2021.894265 – ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0020 – volume: 1 start-page: 71 issue: 1/2 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0041 article-title: The intelligent water drops algorithm: a nature-inspired swam-based optimization algorithm publication-title: Int. J. Bio Inspir. Comput. doi: 10.1504/IJBIC.2009.022775 – volume: 5 start-page: 10 issue: 2 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0019 article-title: Facity location problems: models, techniques and applications in waste management publication-title: Recycling doi: 10.3390/recycling5020010 – volume: 29 start-page: 2542 issue: 9 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0046 article-title: A Spanish model for quantification and management of construction waste publication-title: Waste Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.009 – volume: 1 start-page: 135 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0001 article-title: Ant Colony Optimization for real-world vehicle routing problem: from theory to applications publication-title: Swam Intell, doi: 10.1007/s11721-007-0005-x – year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0024 – volume: 8 start-page: 761 issue: 4 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0048 article-title: Applying two-stage Ant Colony Optimization to solve the large-scale vehicle routing problem publication-title: J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud. – volume: 114 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0034 article-title: Parameter adaptation-based Ant Colony Optimization with dynamic hybrid mechanism publication-title: Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105139 – volume: 10 start-page: 1 issue: 2 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0011 article-title: Application of Ant Colony Optimization on solid waste collection: a case of University of Port Harcourt publication-title: Br. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. doi: 10.9734/BJAST/2015/18907 – volume: 227 start-page: 1161 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0006 article-title: An improved Ant Colony Optimization algorithm for the multi-depot green vehicle routing problem with multiple objectives publication-title: J. Clean. Prod. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.185 – volume: 40 start-page: 9990 issue: 23 - 24 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0005 article-title: Application of a fuzzy ant colony system to solve the dynamic vehicle routing problem with uncertain service time publication-title: Appl. Math. Model. – volume: 6 start-page: 12 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0008 article-title: Urban solid waste collection and routing. The ant colony strategic approach publication-title: Int. J. Simul. Syst. Sci. Technol. – volume: 6 start-page: 16 issue: 2 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0018 article-title: A heuristic approach to locating a landfill site in the Sekondi_Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana publication-title: Math. Theory Model. – volume: 109 start-page: 134 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031_bib0031 article-title: Task optimization and scheduling of distributed cyber–physical system based on improved ant colony algorithm publication-title: Future Gener. Comput. Syst. doi: 10.1016/j.future.2020.03.051 |
| SSID | ssj0002412974 |
| Score | 2.265076 |
| Snippet | Intrinsically, the attainment of optimal solution via the Ant Colony System (ACS) algorithm essentially depends on the attractiveness of the quantity of... |
| SourceID | doaj unpaywall crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | e02031 |
| SubjectTerms | Ant system algorithm Ant velocity Bi-objective problem Metaheuristic Social cost |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV09T8MwELUQCywIBIjyJQ-MGGLHsZ2xFFCFBCwgsUXnj_ChNqlKKwS_nnPSorIAA2sU2ad3yb13yemZkCPlM2e4FCzPRMakdooBzwLjKgHpfe5Nc2bk9Y3q38urh-xh4aivOBPW2gO3wJ1CnuSlyyEoFPZO5yiHs6Btop3mwZoQq29i8oVmKtZg5CWBSnluM9QMdCGlQDTtFOlJiP_f-Dcqahz7vzHSyrQawfsbDAYLjHO5TtZmUpF22xA3yFKoNsl5l8YpH4fimUUG8rTbu6UweKyxy38aUtSgtMYyMHz-QFKi43qKWpJC5Wn7dZy6-nWyRe4vL-56fTY7CYG5VMkJs9jlofSBBLj3BkWbsDIToBNvZGOxlisTWyfwmmc2OvBYWXIDXuH7K8Ck22S5qquwQ6gLUPLSOp3KUpY2gFYefBAlpLiDSDrkeA5KMWoNL4r5JNhL0WBYRAyLFsMOOYvAfd0a3aqbC5jDYpbD4rccdoiaw17MiL8ldFzq-efd2VeS_hLt7n9Eu0dWcUnZDqLtk-XJeBoOUJlM7GHzEH4CTNDfTA priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals |
| Title | A velocity-based ACO algorithm for optimizing routes and social cost |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e02031 https://doaj.org/article/a909fc9ae6164c798265e7b07c71eb8e |
| UnpaywallVersion | publishedVersion |
| Volume | 23 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2468-2276 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002412974 issn: 2468-2276 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20180101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2468-2276 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002412974 issn: 2468-2276 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20180101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre – providerCode: PRVLSH databaseName: Elsevier Journals customDbUrl: mediaType: online eissn: 2468-2276 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002412974 issn: 2468-2276 databaseCode: AKRWK dateStart: 20181201 isFulltext: true providerName: Library Specific Holdings |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3Pb9MwFLZQe-DENsFEp1H5wBFXieMfyTFsVNMmBkJUG6fo-UdYty6ZulTT-tfznKQTRQiNa-TY1nt2vu_F730m5L1y0qax4CyTXDKhrWIQS89iFYFwLnNpe2fk53N1MhOnl_Ky19kOtTBb5_dtHhYiAQStTZ5MfDg2w1BnqCQS7wEZzs6_5j_C9XGhfohzrTa6Qn9_cwt7Won-LQh6uaru4PEBFovfIGa609Vu37fKhCGz5GayaszErv_QbXzm7HfJq55q0rxbG3vkha9ek-Ochiwhi-SbBQRzND_6QmHxs17Om6tbihyW1vgZuZ2vEdTosl4hF6VQOdr9Xae2vm_ekNn00_ejE9bfpMBsokTDDEaJSJ0ggti5FEkfN0Jy0JFLRSvRlqk0hF7gdCxNUPAxooxTcAr3P4c02SeDqq78W0KthzIujdWJKEVpPGjlwHleQoIj8GhEPmxsXNx1ghnFJpPsumjNUQRzFJ05RuRj8MNT06B23T5AMxb95ikgi7LSZuAVBndWZxgSSa9NpK2OvUn9iKiNF4ueOHSEALua_3t09uTz58z24D_bH5JBs1z5d8hbGjMmw_zs28XZuI37x_3q_QWQ0euk |
| linkProvider | Unpaywall |
| linkToUnpaywall | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LT-MwELZW7WFPyyJYbRGLfNgjrhLHj-RYCqhaiceBSuwpGj_CdikJalMh-PWMkxRtVwjBNXJsa8bO900885mQn8pJm8aCs0xyyYS2ikEsPYtVBMK5zKXNnZFn52oyFb-u5XWnsx1qYTbO75s8LEQCCFqbPBn6cGyGoU5fSSTePdKfnl-Ofofr40L9EOdarXWFXn9zA3saif4NCPq8Ku_h8QHm838g5nSrrd1eNsqEIbPkdriqzdA-_afb-M7ZfyVfOqpJR-3a2CaffLlDjkc0ZAlZJN8sIJijo_EFhflNtZjVf-4oclha4WfkbvaEoEYX1Qq5KIXS0fbvOrXVst4l09OTq_GEdTcpMJsoUTODUSJSJ4ggdi5F0seNkBx05FLRSLRlKg2hFzgdSxMUfIwo4hScwv3PIU2-kV5Zlf47odZDERfG6kQUojAetHLgPC8gwRF4NCCHaxvn961gRr7OJPubN-bIgzny1hwDchT88NI0qF03D9CMebd5csiirLAZeIXBndUZhkTSaxNpq2NvUj8gau3FvCMOLSHArmZvj85efP6e2e59sP0-6dWLlf-BvKU2B916fQbCm-kM |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+velocity-based+ACO+algorithm+for+optimizing+routes+and+social+cost&rft.jtitle=Scientific+African&rft.au=Okrah%2C+Stephen+Kwaku&rft.au=Wiah%2C+Eric+Neebo&rft.au=Otoo%2C+Henry&rft.au=Addor%2C+John+Awuah&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft.issn=2468-2276&rft.eissn=2468-2276&rft.volume=23&rft.spage=e02031&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.sciaf.2023.e02031&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1016_j_sciaf_2023_e02031 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2468-2276&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2468-2276&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2468-2276&client=summon |