Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities

• Published in: Protection and control of modern power systems Vol. 7; no. 1; p. 33
• Main Authors: Gupta, Neelesh Kumar, Kar, Manoj Kumar, Singh, Arun Kumar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Singapore Springer Nature Singapore 01.12.2022; Power System Protection and Control Press
• Subjects: Algorithms; Control systems design; Controllers; Design; Electrical Machines and Networks; Energy; Energy Systems; Frequency control; Literature reviews; Nonlinearity; Optimization techniques; Original Research; Power Electronics; Proportional integral derivative; Rank tests; Renewable and Green Energy; Statistical analysis; Test systems; Tracking control; Trigonometric functions; Load frequency control; Statistical analysis; Improved sine–cosine algorithm; FOPID; WSRT; 2-DOF-PID
• ISSN: 2367-2617; 2367-0983; 2367-0983
• DOI: 10.1186/s41601-022-00255-w

This paper proposes an improved sine–cosine algorithm (ISCA) based 2-DOF-PID controller for load frequency control. A three-area test system is built for study, while some physical constraints (nonlinearities) are considered for the investigation of a realistic power system. The proposed method is used as the parameter optimizer of the LFC controller in different scenarios. The 2-DOF-PID controllers are used because of their capability of fast disturbance rejection without significant increase of overshoot in set-point tracking. The 2-DOF-PID controllers’ efficacy is observed by examining the responses with the outcomes obtained with PID and FOPID controllers. The simulation results with the suggested scheme are correlated with some of the existing algorithms, such as SCA, SSA, ALO, and PSO in three different scenarios, i.e., a disturbance in two areas, in three areas, and in the presence of physical constraints. In addition, the study is extended to a four-area power system. Statistical analysis is performed using the Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test (WSRT) on 20 independent runs. This confirms the supremacy of the proposed method.