Decision-Making under Stress: The Hiding behind a Small Cake Effect
ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will...
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Published in | Revista de administração contemporânea Vol. 27; no. 6; pp. 1 - 12 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Rio de Janeiro
Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração
01.11.2023
Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (ANPAD) |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 1415-6555 1982-7849 1982-7849 |
DOI | 10.1590/1982-7849rac2023230023.en |
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Abstract | ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will respond with a greater propensity for opportunistic behavior. However, stress might also decrease the potential for deception when the decision requires strategic/analytical responses. Method: we implemented a laboratory experiment using the ultimatum game with asymmetric information, in which only the first mover was fully informed about the size of the endowment. Our experiment compared the decisions of subjects who received a stress stimulus from an adapted Trier social stress test for groups (TSST-G) protocol with a control group. Results: we found that under stress, proposers transferred more to responders. In contrast, non-stressed players were more likely to take advantage of information asymmetry by choosing lower strategic offers, which is consistent with the so-called ‘hide behind a small cake’ effect. Regression analysis also indicated that larger offers are not necessarily associated with increased prosocial motives since stressed proposers became more confident about the responder’s ability to guess the true endowment, which decreased their incentive to take advantage of the aforementioned effect. Conclusions: one possible effect of stress could be an increase in risk perception, decreasing the ability to make strategic decisions. The stressful condition might have rendered our participants less capable of realizing the ‘hide behind a small cake’ potential of the game, leading them to make more conservative offers when compared to the control group.
RESUMO Objetivo: analisamos a tomada de decisão sob estresse, manipulando os níveis de cortisol salivar. Marco teórico: a literatura dedicada à relação entre estresse e tomada de decisão ainda é inconclusiva. Estudos sugerem que, ao lidar com decisões estressantes, as pessoas respondem com maior propensão ao comportamento oportunista. No entanto, o estresse também pode diminuir o potencial de engano quando a decisão requer respostas estratégicas/analíticas. Método: implementamos um experimento de laboratório utilizando o jogo do ultimato com informação assimétrica, no qual apenas o primeiro jogador tinha informação completa. Nosso experimento comparou as decisões de sujeitos que receberam um estímulo de estresse de um protocolo adaptado do ‘Trier social stress test for groups’ (TSST-G) com um grupo controle. Resultados: foi observado que, sob estresse, os jogadores proponentes transferiam mais para os respondentes. Em contraste, os jogadores não estressados eram mais propensos a tirar proveito da assimetria de informação, escolhendo ofertas estrategicamente mais baixas, o que é consistente com o chamado efeito “esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno”. A análise de regressão também indicou que ofertas maiores no jogo não estavam necessariamente associadas a motivos pró-sociais mais elevados, uma vez que os proponentes estressados tornaram-se mais confiantes sobre a capacidade do respondente de adivinhar a verdadeira dotação, o que diminuiu seu incentivo para aproveitar o efeito investigado. Conclusões: Um possível efeito do estresse pode ser o aumento na percepção de risco, diminuindo a capacidade de tomar decisões estratégicas. O tratamento na condição de estresse pode ter tornado nossos participantes menos capazes de perceberem o potencial de ganho por meio do efeito “esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno”, levando-os a proporem ofertas mais conservadoras quando comparadas as ofertas do grupo de controle. |
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AbstractList | ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will respond with a greater propensity for opportunistic behavior. However, stress might also decrease the potential for deception when the decision requires strategic/analytical responses. Method: we implemented a laboratory experiment using the ultimatum game with asymmetric information, in which only the first mover was fully informed about the size of the endowment. Our experiment compared the decisions of subjects who received a stress stimulus from an adapted Trier social stress test for groups (TSST-G) protocol with a control group. Results: we found that under stress, proposers transferred more to responders. In contrast, non-stressed players were more likely to take advantage of information asymmetry by choosing lower strategic offers, which is consistent with the so-called ‘hide behind a small cake’ effect. Regression analysis also indicated that larger offers are not necessarily associated with increased prosocial motives since stressed proposers became more confident about the responder’s ability to guess the true endowment, which decreased their incentive to take advantage of the aforementioned effect. Conclusions: one possible effect of stress could be an increase in risk perception, decreasing the ability to make strategic decisions. The stressful condition might have rendered our participants less capable of realizing the ‘hide behind a small cake’ potential of the game, leading them to make more conservative offers when compared to the control group.
RESUMO Objetivo: analisamos a tomada de decisão sob estresse, manipulando os níveis de cortisol salivar. Marco teórico: a literatura dedicada à relação entre estresse e tomada de decisão ainda é inconclusiva. Estudos sugerem que, ao lidar com decisões estressantes, as pessoas respondem com maior propensão ao comportamento oportunista. No entanto, o estresse também pode diminuir o potencial de engano quando a decisão requer respostas estratégicas/analíticas. Método: implementamos um experimento de laboratório utilizando o jogo do ultimato com informação assimétrica, no qual apenas o primeiro jogador tinha informação completa. Nosso experimento comparou as decisões de sujeitos que receberam um estímulo de estresse de um protocolo adaptado do ‘Trier social stress test for groups’ (TSST-G) com um grupo controle. Resultados: foi observado que, sob estresse, os jogadores proponentes transferiam mais para os respondentes. Em contraste, os jogadores não estressados eram mais propensos a tirar proveito da assimetria de informação, escolhendo ofertas estrategicamente mais baixas, o que é consistente com o chamado efeito “esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno”. A análise de regressão também indicou que ofertas maiores no jogo não estavam necessariamente associadas a motivos pró-sociais mais elevados, uma vez que os proponentes estressados tornaram-se mais confiantes sobre a capacidade do respondente de adivinhar a verdadeira dotação, o que diminuiu seu incentivo para aproveitar o efeito investigado. Conclusões: Um possível efeito do estresse pode ser o aumento na percepção de risco, diminuindo a capacidade de tomar decisões estratégicas. O tratamento na condição de estresse pode ter tornado nossos participantes menos capazes de perceberem o potencial de ganho por meio do efeito “esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno”, levando-os a proporem ofertas mais conservadoras quando comparadas as ofertas do grupo de controle. Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will respond with a greater propensity for opportunistic behavior. However, stress might also decrease the potential for deception when the decision requires strategic/analytical responses. Method: we implemented a laboratory experiment using the ultimatum game with asymmetric information, in which only the first mover was fully informed about the size of the endowment. Our experiment compared the decisions of subjects who received a stress stimulus from an adapted Trier social stress test for groups (TSST-G) protocol with a control group. Results: we found that under stress, proposers transferred more to responders. In contrast, non-stressed players were more likely to take advantage of information asymmetry by choosing lower strategic offers, which is consistent with the so-called ‘hide behind a small cake’ effect. Regression analysis also indicated that larger offers are not necessarily associated with increased prosocial motives since stressed proposers became more confident about the responder’s ability to guess the true endowment, which decreased their incentive to take advantage of the aforementioned effect. Conclusions: one possible effect of stress could be an increase in risk perception, decreasing the ability to make strategic decisions. The stressful condition might have rendered our participants less capable of realizing the ‘hide behind a small cake’ potential of the game, leading them to make more conservative offers when compared to the control group. Objetivo: analisamos a tomada de decisão sob estresse, manipulando os níveis de cortisol salivar. Marco teórico: a literatura dedicada à relação entre estresse e tomada de decisão ainda é inconclusiva. Estudos sugerem que, ao lidar com decisões estressantes, as pessoas respondem com maior propensão ao comportamento oportunista. No entanto, o estresse também pode diminuir o potencial de engano quando a decisão requer respostas estratégicas/analíticas. Método: implementamos um experimento de laboratório utilizando o jogo do ultimato com informação assimétrica, no qual apenas o primeiro jogador tinha informação completa. Nosso experimento comparou as decisões de sujeitos que receberam um estímulo de estresse de um protocolo adaptado do 'Trier social stress test for groups' (TSST-G) com um grupo controle. Resultados: foi observado que, sob estresse, os jogadores proponentes transferiam mais para os respondentes. Em contraste, os jogadores não estressados eram mais propensos a tirar proveito da assimetria de informação, escolhendo ofertas estrategicamente mais baixas, o que é consistente com o chamado efeito "esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno". A análise de regressão também indicou que ofertas maiores no jogo não estavam necessariamente associadas a motivos pró-sociais mais elevados, uma vez que os proponentes estressados tornaram-se mais confiantes sobre a capacidade do respondente de adivinhar a verdadeira dotação, o que diminuiu seu incentivo para aproveitar o efeito investigado. Conclusões: Um possível efeito do estresse pode ser o aumento na percepção de risco, diminuindo a capacidade de tomar decisões estratégicas. O tratamento na condição de estresse pode ter tornado nossos participantes menos capazes de perceberem o potencial de ganho por meio do efeito "esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno", levando-os a proporem ofertas mais conservadoras quando comparadas as ofertas do grupo de controle. ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will respond with a greater propensity for opportunistic behavior. However, stress might also decrease the potential for deception when the decision requires strategic/analytical responses. Method: we implemented a laboratory experiment using the ultimatum game with asymmetric information, in which only the first mover was fully informed about the size of the endowment. Our experiment compared the decisions of subjects who received a stress stimulus from an adapted Trier social stress test for groups (TSST-G) protocol with a control group. Results: we found that under stress, proposers transferred more to responders. In contrast, non-stressed players were more likely to take advantage of information asymmetry by choosing lower strategic offers, which is consistent with the so-called ‘hide behind a small cake’ effect. Regression analysis also indicated that larger offers are not necessarily associated with increased prosocial motives since stressed proposers became more confident about the responder’s ability to guess the true endowment, which decreased their incentive to take advantage of the aforementioned effect. Conclusions: one possible effect of stress could be an increase in risk perception, decreasing the ability to make strategic decisions. The stressful condition might have rendered our participants less capable of realizing the ‘hide behind a small cake’ potential of the game, leading them to make more conservative offers when compared to the control group. |
Author | Póvoa, Angela Cristiane Santos Nogas, Erika Mirian Pech, Wesley |
AuthorAffiliation | Tennessee Tech University Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – name: Tennessee Tech University |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Erika Mirian orcidid: 0000-0002-1850-2418 surname: Nogas fullname: Nogas, Erika Mirian organization: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: Angela Cristiane Santos orcidid: 0000-0002-6878-9517 surname: Póvoa fullname: Póvoa, Angela Cristiane Santos organization: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: Wesley orcidid: 0000-0003-3962-3398 surname: Pech fullname: Pech, Wesley organization: Tennessee Tech University, USA |
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Keywords | informação assimétrica stress decision-making estresse asymmetric information tomada de decisão jogo de ultimato ultimatum game |
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during multi-stage decision-making publication-title: Scientific Reports – volume: 142 start-page: 909 issue: 9 year: 2016 end-page: 933 article-title: Effects of stress on decisions under uncertainty: A meta-analysis publication-title: Psychological Bulletin – volume: 14 start-page: 33 year: 2017 end-page: 39 article-title: Stress and decision making: Effects on valuation, learning, and risk-taking publication-title: Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences – volume: 82 start-page: 82 issue: 1 year: 2012 end-page: 85 article-title: Hiding behind a small cake in a newspaper dictator game” publication-title: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization – volume: 45 start-page: 633 issue: 6 year: 2008 end-page: 644 article-title: The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance publication-title: Journal of Marketing Research – volume: 18 start-page: 773 issue: 3 year: 2017 end-page: 788 article-title: Cortisol capilar como medida de análise do estresse crônico” publication-title: Psicologia, Saúde e Doenças – volume: 3 start-page: 367 issue: 4 year: 1982 end-page: 388 article-title: An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining publication-title: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization – volume: 12 start-page: 578293 year: 2021 end-page: 578293 article-title: Stress makes the difference: Social stress and social anxiety in decision-making under uncertainty publication-title: Frontiers in Psychology – volume: 28 start-page: 76 issue: 1-2 year: 1993 end-page: 81 article-title: The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’-a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting publication-title: Neuropsychobiology – volume: 24 start-page: 173 issue: 3-4 year: 2003 end-page: 180 article-title: The effects of music and visual stress on testosterone and cortisol in men and women publication-title: Neuro Endocrinology Letters – volume: 7 start-page: 586 issue: 5 year: 2007 end-page: 598 article-title: Positive and negative deviant workplace behaviors: causes, impacts, and solutions publication-title: Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society – volume: 8 start-page: 331 issue: 5 year: 1994 end-page: 333 article-title: Job stress, predisposition to steal, and employee theft publication-title: American Journal of Health Promotion |
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Snippet | ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the... Objetivo: analisamos a tomada de decisão sob estresse, manipulando os níveis de cortisol salivar. Marco teórico: a literatura dedicada à relação entre estresse... Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship... |
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SubjectTerms | Asymmetric information Cognition & reasoning Cortisol Deception Decision making Endowment Games Hormones MANAGEMENT Prosocial behavior Risk perception Salivary cortisol Social stress Stimulus Stress Tornadoes ultimatum game |
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Title | Decision-Making under Stress: The Hiding behind a Small Cake Effect |
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