Decision-Making under Stress: The Hiding behind a Small Cake Effect

ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will...

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Published inRevista de administração contemporânea Vol. 27; no. 6; pp. 1 - 12
Main Authors Nogas, Erika Mirian, Póvoa, Angela Cristiane Santos, Pech, Wesley
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Rio de Janeiro Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração 01.11.2023
Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (ANPAD)
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ISSN1415-6555
1982-7849
1982-7849
DOI10.1590/1982-7849rac2023230023.en

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Abstract ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will respond with a greater propensity for opportunistic behavior. However, stress might also decrease the potential for deception when the decision requires strategic/analytical responses. Method: we implemented a laboratory experiment using the ultimatum game with asymmetric information, in which only the first mover was fully informed about the size of the endowment. Our experiment compared the decisions of subjects who received a stress stimulus from an adapted Trier social stress test for groups (TSST-G) protocol with a control group. Results: we found that under stress, proposers transferred more to responders. In contrast, non-stressed players were more likely to take advantage of information asymmetry by choosing lower strategic offers, which is consistent with the so-called ‘hide behind a small cake’ effect. Regression analysis also indicated that larger offers are not necessarily associated with increased prosocial motives since stressed proposers became more confident about the responder’s ability to guess the true endowment, which decreased their incentive to take advantage of the aforementioned effect. Conclusions: one possible effect of stress could be an increase in risk perception, decreasing the ability to make strategic decisions. The stressful condition might have rendered our participants less capable of realizing the ‘hide behind a small cake’ potential of the game, leading them to make more conservative offers when compared to the control group. RESUMO Objetivo: analisamos a tomada de decisão sob estresse, manipulando os níveis de cortisol salivar. Marco teórico: a literatura dedicada à relação entre estresse e tomada de decisão ainda é inconclusiva. Estudos sugerem que, ao lidar com decisões estressantes, as pessoas respondem com maior propensão ao comportamento oportunista. No entanto, o estresse também pode diminuir o potencial de engano quando a decisão requer respostas estratégicas/analíticas. Método: implementamos um experimento de laboratório utilizando o jogo do ultimato com informação assimétrica, no qual apenas o primeiro jogador tinha informação completa. Nosso experimento comparou as decisões de sujeitos que receberam um estímulo de estresse de um protocolo adaptado do ‘Trier social stress test for groups’ (TSST-G) com um grupo controle. Resultados: foi observado que, sob estresse, os jogadores proponentes transferiam mais para os respondentes. Em contraste, os jogadores não estressados eram mais propensos a tirar proveito da assimetria de informação, escolhendo ofertas estrategicamente mais baixas, o que é consistente com o chamado efeito “esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno”. A análise de regressão também indicou que ofertas maiores no jogo não estavam necessariamente associadas a motivos pró-sociais mais elevados, uma vez que os proponentes estressados tornaram-se mais confiantes sobre a capacidade do respondente de adivinhar a verdadeira dotação, o que diminuiu seu incentivo para aproveitar o efeito investigado. Conclusões: Um possível efeito do estresse pode ser o aumento na percepção de risco, diminuindo a capacidade de tomar decisões estratégicas. O tratamento na condição de estresse pode ter tornado nossos participantes menos capazes de perceberem o potencial de ganho por meio do efeito “esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno”, levando-os a proporem ofertas mais conservadoras quando comparadas as ofertas do grupo de controle.
AbstractList ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will respond with a greater propensity for opportunistic behavior. However, stress might also decrease the potential for deception when the decision requires strategic/analytical responses. Method: we implemented a laboratory experiment using the ultimatum game with asymmetric information, in which only the first mover was fully informed about the size of the endowment. Our experiment compared the decisions of subjects who received a stress stimulus from an adapted Trier social stress test for groups (TSST-G) protocol with a control group. Results: we found that under stress, proposers transferred more to responders. In contrast, non-stressed players were more likely to take advantage of information asymmetry by choosing lower strategic offers, which is consistent with the so-called ‘hide behind a small cake’ effect. Regression analysis also indicated that larger offers are not necessarily associated with increased prosocial motives since stressed proposers became more confident about the responder’s ability to guess the true endowment, which decreased their incentive to take advantage of the aforementioned effect. Conclusions: one possible effect of stress could be an increase in risk perception, decreasing the ability to make strategic decisions. The stressful condition might have rendered our participants less capable of realizing the ‘hide behind a small cake’ potential of the game, leading them to make more conservative offers when compared to the control group. RESUMO Objetivo: analisamos a tomada de decisão sob estresse, manipulando os níveis de cortisol salivar. Marco teórico: a literatura dedicada à relação entre estresse e tomada de decisão ainda é inconclusiva. Estudos sugerem que, ao lidar com decisões estressantes, as pessoas respondem com maior propensão ao comportamento oportunista. No entanto, o estresse também pode diminuir o potencial de engano quando a decisão requer respostas estratégicas/analíticas. Método: implementamos um experimento de laboratório utilizando o jogo do ultimato com informação assimétrica, no qual apenas o primeiro jogador tinha informação completa. Nosso experimento comparou as decisões de sujeitos que receberam um estímulo de estresse de um protocolo adaptado do ‘Trier social stress test for groups’ (TSST-G) com um grupo controle. Resultados: foi observado que, sob estresse, os jogadores proponentes transferiam mais para os respondentes. Em contraste, os jogadores não estressados eram mais propensos a tirar proveito da assimetria de informação, escolhendo ofertas estrategicamente mais baixas, o que é consistente com o chamado efeito “esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno”. A análise de regressão também indicou que ofertas maiores no jogo não estavam necessariamente associadas a motivos pró-sociais mais elevados, uma vez que os proponentes estressados tornaram-se mais confiantes sobre a capacidade do respondente de adivinhar a verdadeira dotação, o que diminuiu seu incentivo para aproveitar o efeito investigado. Conclusões: Um possível efeito do estresse pode ser o aumento na percepção de risco, diminuindo a capacidade de tomar decisões estratégicas. O tratamento na condição de estresse pode ter tornado nossos participantes menos capazes de perceberem o potencial de ganho por meio do efeito “esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno”, levando-os a proporem ofertas mais conservadoras quando comparadas as ofertas do grupo de controle.
Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will respond with a greater propensity for opportunistic behavior. However, stress might also decrease the potential for deception when the decision requires strategic/analytical responses. Method: we implemented a laboratory experiment using the ultimatum game with asymmetric information, in which only the first mover was fully informed about the size of the endowment. Our experiment compared the decisions of subjects who received a stress stimulus from an adapted Trier social stress test for groups (TSST-G) protocol with a control group. Results: we found that under stress, proposers transferred more to responders. In contrast, non-stressed players were more likely to take advantage of information asymmetry by choosing lower strategic offers, which is consistent with the so-called ‘hide behind a small cake’ effect. Regression analysis also indicated that larger offers are not necessarily associated with increased prosocial motives since stressed proposers became more confident about the responder’s ability to guess the true endowment, which decreased their incentive to take advantage of the aforementioned effect. Conclusions: one possible effect of stress could be an increase in risk perception, decreasing the ability to make strategic decisions. The stressful condition might have rendered our participants less capable of realizing the ‘hide behind a small cake’ potential of the game, leading them to make more conservative offers when compared to the control group.
Objetivo: analisamos a tomada de decisão sob estresse, manipulando os níveis de cortisol salivar. Marco teórico: a literatura dedicada à relação entre estresse e tomada de decisão ainda é inconclusiva. Estudos sugerem que, ao lidar com decisões estressantes, as pessoas respondem com maior propensão ao comportamento oportunista. No entanto, o estresse também pode diminuir o potencial de engano quando a decisão requer respostas estratégicas/analíticas. Método: implementamos um experimento de laboratório utilizando o jogo do ultimato com informação assimétrica, no qual apenas o primeiro jogador tinha informação completa. Nosso experimento comparou as decisões de sujeitos que receberam um estímulo de estresse de um protocolo adaptado do 'Trier social stress test for groups' (TSST-G) com um grupo controle. Resultados: foi observado que, sob estresse, os jogadores proponentes transferiam mais para os respondentes. Em contraste, os jogadores não estressados eram mais propensos a tirar proveito da assimetria de informação, escolhendo ofertas estrategicamente mais baixas, o que é consistente com o chamado efeito "esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno". A análise de regressão também indicou que ofertas maiores no jogo não estavam necessariamente associadas a motivos pró-sociais mais elevados, uma vez que os proponentes estressados tornaram-se mais confiantes sobre a capacidade do respondente de adivinhar a verdadeira dotação, o que diminuiu seu incentivo para aproveitar o efeito investigado. Conclusões: Um possível efeito do estresse pode ser o aumento na percepção de risco, diminuindo a capacidade de tomar decisões estratégicas. O tratamento na condição de estresse pode ter tornado nossos participantes menos capazes de perceberem o potencial de ganho por meio do efeito "esconder-se atrás de um bolo pequeno", levando-os a proporem ofertas mais conservadoras quando comparadas as ofertas do grupo de controle.
ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship between stress and decision-making is still inconclusive. Studies have found that when dealing with stressful decisions, people will respond with a greater propensity for opportunistic behavior. However, stress might also decrease the potential for deception when the decision requires strategic/analytical responses. Method: we implemented a laboratory experiment using the ultimatum game with asymmetric information, in which only the first mover was fully informed about the size of the endowment. Our experiment compared the decisions of subjects who received a stress stimulus from an adapted Trier social stress test for groups (TSST-G) protocol with a control group. Results: we found that under stress, proposers transferred more to responders. In contrast, non-stressed players were more likely to take advantage of information asymmetry by choosing lower strategic offers, which is consistent with the so-called ‘hide behind a small cake’ effect. Regression analysis also indicated that larger offers are not necessarily associated with increased prosocial motives since stressed proposers became more confident about the responder’s ability to guess the true endowment, which decreased their incentive to take advantage of the aforementioned effect. Conclusions: one possible effect of stress could be an increase in risk perception, decreasing the ability to make strategic decisions. The stressful condition might have rendered our participants less capable of realizing the ‘hide behind a small cake’ potential of the game, leading them to make more conservative offers when compared to the control group.
Author Póvoa, Angela Cristiane Santos
Nogas, Erika Mirian
Pech, Wesley
AuthorAffiliation Tennessee Tech University
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná
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  fullname: Pech, Wesley
  organization: Tennessee Tech University, USA
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Issue 6
Keywords informação assimétrica
stress
decision-making
estresse
asymmetric information
tomada de decisão
jogo de ultimato
ultimatum game
Language English
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Snippet ABSTRACT Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the...
Objetivo: analisamos a tomada de decisão sob estresse, manipulando os níveis de cortisol salivar. Marco teórico: a literatura dedicada à relação entre estresse...
Objective: we analyzed decision-making under stress by manipulating salivary cortisol levels. Theoretical background: literature dedicated to the relationship...
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SubjectTerms Asymmetric information
Cognition & reasoning
Cortisol
Deception
Decision making
Endowment
Games
Hormones
MANAGEMENT
Prosocial behavior
Risk perception
Salivary cortisol
Social stress
Stimulus
Stress
Tornadoes
ultimatum game
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Title Decision-Making under Stress: The Hiding behind a Small Cake Effect
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