Research on the traceability and treatment of nitrate pollution in groundwater: a comprehensive review

The preservation of groundwater quality is essential for maintaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. The preservation of groundwater quality is crucial for sustaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. Nitrate (NO 3 − ) has emerged as a pervasive contaminant in groundwater, at...

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Published inEnvironmental geochemistry and health Vol. 47; no. 4; p. 107
Main Authors Liu, Yuhao, Zhang, Yu, Lv, Haiyang, Zhao, Lei, Wang, Xinyi, Yang, Ziyan, Li, Ruihua, Chen, Weisheng, Song, Gangfu, Gu, Haiping
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.04.2025
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Contaminants
Control methods
Earth and Environmental Science
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental Monitoring
Fertilizers
Geochemistry
Groundwater
Groundwater - analysis
Groundwater - chemistry
Groundwater pollution
Groundwater quality
Household wastes
hydrochemistry
Industrial wastes
Industrial wastewater
Integrity
landfill leachates
Landfills
Leachates
Mathematical models
Microorganisms
Nitrates
Nitrates - analysis
Nitrogen
Organic nitrogen
Origins
Oxygen isotopes
Permeable reactive barriers
Pollution
Pollution detection
Pollution prevention
Pollution sources
Preservation
Public Health
Remediation
Review Paper
Sewage
soil organic nitrogen
Soil permeability
Soil pollution
Soil Science & Conservation
Terrestrial Pollution
traceability
Tracers
Waste disposal sites
Wastewater
Wastewater treatment
Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis
Water quality
Nitrate pollution
Source identification
Remediation
Groundwater
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0269-4042
1573-2983
1573-2983
DOI10.1007/s10653-025-02412-0

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Abstract The preservation of groundwater quality is essential for maintaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. The preservation of groundwater quality is crucial for sustaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. Nitrate (NO 3 − ) has emerged as a pervasive contaminant in groundwater, attracting significant research attention due to its extensive distribution and the potential environmental consequences it poses. The primary sources of NO 3 − pollution include soil organic nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, landfill leachate, as well as organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and manure. A comprehensive understanding of these sources is imperative for devising effective strategies to mitigate NO 3 − contamination. Technologies for tracing NO 3 − -polluted groundwater include hydrochemical analysis, nitrogen and oxygen isotope techniques, microbial tracers, and numerical simulations. Quantitative isotope analysis frequently necessitates the application of mathematical models such as IsoSource, IsoError, IsoConc, MixSIR, SIAR, and MixSIAR to deduce the origins of pollution. This study provides a summary of the application scenarios, as well as the strengths and limitations of these models. In terms of remediation, pump and treat and permeable reactive barrier are predominant technologies currently employed. These approaches are designed to remove or reduce NO 3 − concentrations in groundwater, thereby restoring its quality. The study offers a systematic examination of NO 3 − pollution, encompassing its origins, detection methodologies, and remediation approaches, highlighting the role of numerical simulations and integrating multidisciplinary knowledge. Additionally, this review delves into technological advancements and future trends concerning the detection and treatment of NO 3 − pollution in groundwater. It proposes methods to control the spread of pollution and acts as a guide for identifying and preventing pollution sources.
AbstractList The preservation of groundwater quality is essential for maintaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. The preservation of groundwater quality is crucial for sustaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. Nitrate (NO₃⁻) has emerged as a pervasive contaminant in groundwater, attracting significant research attention due to its extensive distribution and the potential environmental consequences it poses. The primary sources of NO₃⁻ pollution include soil organic nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, landfill leachate, as well as organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and manure. A comprehensive understanding of these sources is imperative for devising effective strategies to mitigate NO₃⁻ contamination. Technologies for tracing NO₃⁻-polluted groundwater include hydrochemical analysis, nitrogen and oxygen isotope techniques, microbial tracers, and numerical simulations. Quantitative isotope analysis frequently necessitates the application of mathematical models such as IsoSource, IsoError, IsoConc, MixSIR, SIAR, and MixSIAR to deduce the origins of pollution. This study provides a summary of the application scenarios, as well as the strengths and limitations of these models. In terms of remediation, pump and treat and permeable reactive barrier are predominant technologies currently employed. These approaches are designed to remove or reduce NO₃⁻ concentrations in groundwater, thereby restoring its quality. The study offers a systematic examination of NO₃⁻ pollution, encompassing its origins, detection methodologies, and remediation approaches, highlighting the role of numerical simulations and integrating multidisciplinary knowledge. Additionally, this review delves into technological advancements and future trends concerning the detection and treatment of NO₃⁻ pollution in groundwater. It proposes methods to control the spread of pollution and acts as a guide for identifying and preventing pollution sources.
The preservation of groundwater quality is essential for maintaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. The preservation of groundwater quality is crucial for sustaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. Nitrate (NO ) has emerged as a pervasive contaminant in groundwater, attracting significant research attention due to its extensive distribution and the potential environmental consequences it poses. The primary sources of NO pollution include soil organic nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, landfill leachate, as well as organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and manure. A comprehensive understanding of these sources is imperative for devising effective strategies to mitigate NO contamination. Technologies for tracing NO -polluted groundwater include hydrochemical analysis, nitrogen and oxygen isotope techniques, microbial tracers, and numerical simulations. Quantitative isotope analysis frequently necessitates the application of mathematical models such as IsoSource, IsoError, IsoConc, MixSIR, SIAR, and MixSIAR to deduce the origins of pollution. This study provides a summary of the application scenarios, as well as the strengths and limitations of these models. In terms of remediation, pump and treat and permeable reactive barrier are predominant technologies currently employed. These approaches are designed to remove or reduce NO concentrations in groundwater, thereby restoring its quality. The study offers a systematic examination of NO pollution, encompassing its origins, detection methodologies, and remediation approaches, highlighting the role of numerical simulations and integrating multidisciplinary knowledge. Additionally, this review delves into technological advancements and future trends concerning the detection and treatment of NO pollution in groundwater. It proposes methods to control the spread of pollution and acts as a guide for identifying and preventing pollution sources.
The preservation of groundwater quality is essential for maintaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. The preservation of groundwater quality is crucial for sustaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. Nitrate (NO 3 − ) has emerged as a pervasive contaminant in groundwater, attracting significant research attention due to its extensive distribution and the potential environmental consequences it poses. The primary sources of NO 3 − pollution include soil organic nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, landfill leachate, as well as organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and manure. A comprehensive understanding of these sources is imperative for devising effective strategies to mitigate NO 3 − contamination. Technologies for tracing NO 3 − -polluted groundwater include hydrochemical analysis, nitrogen and oxygen isotope techniques, microbial tracers, and numerical simulations. Quantitative isotope analysis frequently necessitates the application of mathematical models such as IsoSource, IsoError, IsoConc, MixSIR, SIAR, and MixSIAR to deduce the origins of pollution. This study provides a summary of the application scenarios, as well as the strengths and limitations of these models. In terms of remediation, pump and treat and permeable reactive barrier are predominant technologies currently employed. These approaches are designed to remove or reduce NO 3 − concentrations in groundwater, thereby restoring its quality. The study offers a systematic examination of NO 3 − pollution, encompassing its origins, detection methodologies, and remediation approaches, highlighting the role of numerical simulations and integrating multidisciplinary knowledge. Additionally, this review delves into technological advancements and future trends concerning the detection and treatment of NO 3 − pollution in groundwater. It proposes methods to control the spread of pollution and acts as a guide for identifying and preventing pollution sources.
The preservation of groundwater quality is essential for maintaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. The preservation of groundwater quality is crucial for sustaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. Nitrate (NO3−) has emerged as a pervasive contaminant in groundwater, attracting significant research attention due to its extensive distribution and the potential environmental consequences it poses. The primary sources of NO3− pollution include soil organic nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, landfill leachate, as well as organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and manure. A comprehensive understanding of these sources is imperative for devising effective strategies to mitigate NO3− contamination. Technologies for tracing NO3−-polluted groundwater include hydrochemical analysis, nitrogen and oxygen isotope techniques, microbial tracers, and numerical simulations. Quantitative isotope analysis frequently necessitates the application of mathematical models such as IsoSource, IsoError, IsoConc, MixSIR, SIAR, and MixSIAR to deduce the origins of pollution. This study provides a summary of the application scenarios, as well as the strengths and limitations of these models. In terms of remediation, pump and treat and permeable reactive barrier are predominant technologies currently employed. These approaches are designed to remove or reduce NO3− concentrations in groundwater, thereby restoring its quality. The study offers a systematic examination of NO3− pollution, encompassing its origins, detection methodologies, and remediation approaches, highlighting the role of numerical simulations and integrating multidisciplinary knowledge. Additionally, this review delves into technological advancements and future trends concerning the detection and treatment of NO3− pollution in groundwater. It proposes methods to control the spread of pollution and acts as a guide for identifying and preventing pollution sources.
The preservation of groundwater quality is essential for maintaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. The preservation of groundwater quality is crucial for sustaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. Nitrate (NO3-) has emerged as a pervasive contaminant in groundwater, attracting significant research attention due to its extensive distribution and the potential environmental consequences it poses. The primary sources of NO3- pollution include soil organic nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, landfill leachate, as well as organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and manure. A comprehensive understanding of these sources is imperative for devising effective strategies to mitigate NO3- contamination. Technologies for tracing NO3--polluted groundwater include hydrochemical analysis, nitrogen and oxygen isotope techniques, microbial tracers, and numerical simulations. Quantitative isotope analysis frequently necessitates the application of mathematical models such as IsoSource, IsoError, IsoConc, MixSIR, SIAR, and MixSIAR to deduce the origins of pollution. This study provides a summary of the application scenarios, as well as the strengths and limitations of these models. In terms of remediation, pump and treat and permeable reactive barrier are predominant technologies currently employed. These approaches are designed to remove or reduce NO3- concentrations in groundwater, thereby restoring its quality. The study offers a systematic examination of NO3- pollution, encompassing its origins, detection methodologies, and remediation approaches, highlighting the role of numerical simulations and integrating multidisciplinary knowledge. Additionally, this review delves into technological advancements and future trends concerning the detection and treatment of NO3- pollution in groundwater. It proposes methods to control the spread of pollution and acts as a guide for identifying and preventing pollution sources.The preservation of groundwater quality is essential for maintaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. The preservation of groundwater quality is crucial for sustaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. Nitrate (NO3-) has emerged as a pervasive contaminant in groundwater, attracting significant research attention due to its extensive distribution and the potential environmental consequences it poses. The primary sources of NO3- pollution include soil organic nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, landfill leachate, as well as organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and manure. A comprehensive understanding of these sources is imperative for devising effective strategies to mitigate NO3- contamination. Technologies for tracing NO3--polluted groundwater include hydrochemical analysis, nitrogen and oxygen isotope techniques, microbial tracers, and numerical simulations. Quantitative isotope analysis frequently necessitates the application of mathematical models such as IsoSource, IsoError, IsoConc, MixSIR, SIAR, and MixSIAR to deduce the origins of pollution. This study provides a summary of the application scenarios, as well as the strengths and limitations of these models. In terms of remediation, pump and treat and permeable reactive barrier are predominant technologies currently employed. These approaches are designed to remove or reduce NO3- concentrations in groundwater, thereby restoring its quality. The study offers a systematic examination of NO3- pollution, encompassing its origins, detection methodologies, and remediation approaches, highlighting the role of numerical simulations and integrating multidisciplinary knowledge. Additionally, this review delves into technological advancements and future trends concerning the detection and treatment of NO3- pollution in groundwater. It proposes methods to control the spread of pollution and acts as a guide for identifying and preventing pollution sources.
ArticleNumber 107
Author Wang, Xinyi
Zhang, Yu
Li, Ruihua
Gu, Haiping
Zhao, Lei
Yang, Ziyan
Liu, Yuhao
Chen, Weisheng
Song, Gangfu
Lv, Haiyang
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  organization: Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power
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  organization: Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power
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  fullname: Zhao, Lei
  organization: Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power
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Thu Oct 02 05:33:25 EDT 2025
Tue Oct 07 05:51:16 EDT 2025
Mon Jul 21 05:22:24 EDT 2025
Wed Oct 01 06:36:29 EDT 2025
Wed Apr 02 01:29:09 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
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Issue 4
Keywords Nitrate pollution
Source identification
Remediation
Groundwater
Language English
License 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
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Snippet The preservation of groundwater quality is essential for maintaining the integrity of the water ecological cycle. The preservation of groundwater quality is...
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SubjectTerms Contaminants
Control methods
Earth and Environmental Science
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental Monitoring
Fertilizers
Geochemistry
Groundwater
Groundwater - analysis
Groundwater - chemistry
Groundwater pollution
Groundwater quality
Household wastes
hydrochemistry
Industrial wastes
Industrial wastewater
Integrity
landfill leachates
Landfills
Leachates
Mathematical models
Microorganisms
Nitrates
Nitrates - analysis
Nitrogen
Organic nitrogen
Origins
Oxygen isotopes
Permeable reactive barriers
Pollution
Pollution detection
Pollution prevention
Pollution sources
Preservation
Public Health
Remediation
Review Paper
Sewage
soil organic nitrogen
Soil permeability
Soil pollution
Soil Science & Conservation
Terrestrial Pollution
traceability
Tracers
Waste disposal sites
Wastewater
Wastewater treatment
Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis
Water quality
Title Research on the traceability and treatment of nitrate pollution in groundwater: a comprehensive review
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10653-025-02412-0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40053144
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https://www.proquest.com/docview/3174819068
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3200287114
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