Rapid eye movement sleep cycle, clock time and sleep onset
The phase of the REM sleep rhythm was studied in 10 normal subjects each of whom was sleep studied for 4 consecutive nights. For analysis, each night of sleep was aligned according to clock time and each minute was scored as REM or non-REM. With these data, REM probability was found as a function of...
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Published in | Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology Vol. 45; no. 2; pp. 178 - 185 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Ireland
Elsevier Ireland Ltd
01.08.1978
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 0013-4694 1872-6380 |
DOI | 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0 |
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Abstract | The phase of the REM sleep rhythm was studied in 10 normal subjects each of whom was sleep studied for 4 consecutive nights. For analysis, each night of sleep was aligned according to clock time and each minute was scored as REM or non-REM. With these data, REM probability was found as a function of clock time. Fractional harmonic analysis indicates a 90 min periodicity. The REM probability curve shows peaks occurring at 1:30 a.m., 3:15 a.m., 4:30 a.m., 5:45 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. Statistical measures comparing the time of REM sleep across subjects suggests that subjects tend to have REM sleep at the same time of the night as each other. The influence of elapsed time after sleep onset on REM sleep is also reestablished. Results indicate that the time of REM sleep is determined by both clock time and time of sleep onset, suggesting two clocks, one sleep dependent and the other related to the basic rest activity cycle (BRAC), which are responsible for driving REM sleep. Furthermore, the similarity of REM times across subjects indicates the possible existence of an extra-personae REM driving force linked to clock time and possibly the BRAC.
:a phase du rythme de sommeil avec mouvements oculaires rapides (REM) a étéétudiée chez 10 sujets normaux dont chacun a été enregistré pendant 4 nuits consécutives. Pour l'analyse, chaque nuit de sommeil a été alignée suivant le temps réel et chaque minute a été scorée comme sommeil avec et sans mouvements oculaires rapides. A partir de ces données, la probabilité du sommeil REM s'est révélée être fonction du temps réel. Une analyse harmonique fractionnée indique une périodicité de 90 min. La courbe de probabilité du sommeil REM montre des pics survenant à: 1 h 30, 3 h 15, 4 h 30, 5 h 45, et 7 h. Des mesures statistiques comparant le moment du sommeil REM d'un sujet à l'autre suggèrent que les sujets tendent à avoir du sommeil REM aux mêmes moments de la nuit. L'influence du temps écoulé après l'endormissement sur le sommeil avec mouvements oculaires rapides est également réétablie. Les résultats indiquent que les moments de sommeil REM sont déterminés à la fois par le temps réel et le temps horloges, l'une dépendent dy somemeil et deux horloges, l'une dépendant du sommeil et l'autre liée au BRAC, sont responsables de la survenue du sommeil REM. En outre, la similarité des temps de REM entre sujets indique l'existence possible d'un facteur extrapersoneel lié au temps réel et possiblement au BRAC. |
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AbstractList | The phase of the REM sleep rhythm was studied in 10 normal subjects each of whom was sleep studied for 4 consecutive nights. For analysis, each night of sleep was aligned according to clock time and each minute was scored as REM or non-REM. With these data, REM probability was found as a function of clock time. Fractional harmonic analysis indicates a 90 min periodicity. The REM probability curve shows peaks occurring at 1:30 a.m., 3:15 a.m., 4:30 a.m., 5:45 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. Statistical measures comparing the time of REM sleep across subjects suggests that subjects tend to have REM sleep at the same time of the night as each other. The influence of elapsed time after sleep onset on REM sleep is also reestablished. Results indicate that the time of REM sleep is determined by both clock time and time of sleep onset, suggesting two clocks, one sleep dependent and the other related to the basic rest activity cycle (BRAC), which are responsible for driving REM sleep. Furthermore, the similarity of REM times across subjects indicates the possible existence of an extra-personae REM driving force linked to clock time and possibly the BRAC. The phase of the REM sleep rhythm was studied in 10 normal subjects each of whom was sleep studied for 4 consecutive nights. For analysis, each night of sleep was aligned according to clock time and each minute was scored as REM or non-REM. With these data, REM probability was found as a function of clock time. Fractional harmonic analysis indicates a 90 min periodicity. The REM probability curve shows peaks occurring at 1:30 a.m., 3:15 a.m., 4:30 a.m., 5:45 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. Statistical measures comparing the time of REM sleep across subjects suggests that subjects tend to have REM sleep at the same time of the night as each other. The influence of elapsed time after sleep onset on REM sleep is also reestablished. Results indicate that the time of REM sleep is determined by both clock time and time of sleep onset, suggesting two clocks, one sleep dependent and the other related to the basic rest activity cycle (BRAC), which are responsible for driving REM sleep. Furthermore, the similarity of REM times across subjects indicates the possible existence of an extra-personae REM driving force linked to clock time and possibly the BRAC. :a phase du rythme de sommeil avec mouvements oculaires rapides (REM) a étéétudiée chez 10 sujets normaux dont chacun a été enregistré pendant 4 nuits consécutives. Pour l'analyse, chaque nuit de sommeil a été alignée suivant le temps réel et chaque minute a été scorée comme sommeil avec et sans mouvements oculaires rapides. A partir de ces données, la probabilité du sommeil REM s'est révélée être fonction du temps réel. Une analyse harmonique fractionnée indique une périodicité de 90 min. La courbe de probabilité du sommeil REM montre des pics survenant à: 1 h 30, 3 h 15, 4 h 30, 5 h 45, et 7 h. Des mesures statistiques comparant le moment du sommeil REM d'un sujet à l'autre suggèrent que les sujets tendent à avoir du sommeil REM aux mêmes moments de la nuit. L'influence du temps écoulé après l'endormissement sur le sommeil avec mouvements oculaires rapides est également réétablie. Les résultats indiquent que les moments de sommeil REM sont déterminés à la fois par le temps réel et le temps horloges, l'une dépendent dy somemeil et deux horloges, l'une dépendant du sommeil et l'autre liée au BRAC, sont responsables de la survenue du sommeil REM. En outre, la similarité des temps de REM entre sujets indique l'existence possible d'un facteur extrapersoneel lié au temps réel et possiblement au BRAC. The phase of the REM sleep rhythm was studied in 10 normal subjects each of whom was sleep studied for 4 consecutive nights. For analysis, each night of sleep was aligned according to clock time and each minute was scored as REM or non-REM. With these data, REM probability was found as a function of clock time. Fractional harmonic analysis indicates a 90 min periodicity. The REM probability curve shows peaks occurring at 1:30 a.m., 3:15 a.m., 4:30 a.m., 5:45 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. Statistical measures comparing the time of REM sleep across subjects suggests that subjects tend to have REM sleep at the same time of the night as each other. The influence of elapsed time after sleep onset on REM sleep is also reestablished. Results indicate that the time of REM sleep is determined by both clock time and time of sleep onset, suggesting two clocks, one sleep dependent and the other related to the basic rest activity cycle (BRAC), which are responsible for driving REM sleep. Furthermore, the similarity of REM times across subjects indicates the possible existence of an extra-personae REM driving force linked to clock time and possibly the BRAC.The phase of the REM sleep rhythm was studied in 10 normal subjects each of whom was sleep studied for 4 consecutive nights. For analysis, each night of sleep was aligned according to clock time and each minute was scored as REM or non-REM. With these data, REM probability was found as a function of clock time. Fractional harmonic analysis indicates a 90 min periodicity. The REM probability curve shows peaks occurring at 1:30 a.m., 3:15 a.m., 4:30 a.m., 5:45 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. Statistical measures comparing the time of REM sleep across subjects suggests that subjects tend to have REM sleep at the same time of the night as each other. The influence of elapsed time after sleep onset on REM sleep is also reestablished. Results indicate that the time of REM sleep is determined by both clock time and time of sleep onset, suggesting two clocks, one sleep dependent and the other related to the basic rest activity cycle (BRAC), which are responsible for driving REM sleep. Furthermore, the similarity of REM times across subjects indicates the possible existence of an extra-personae REM driving force linked to clock time and possibly the BRAC. |
Author | Kupfer, David J McPartland, Richard J |
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Cites_doi | 10.1001/archpsyc.1966.01730180094012 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92090-9 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1977.tb01309.x 10.1038/265360a0 10.1007/BF00587217 10.1210/jcem-38-6-1018 |
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References | Armstrong (BIB1) 1973; 24 Kupfer, Foster (BIB5) 1972; ii Dewey (BIB2) 1971; 22 Weitzman, Nogeire, Perlow, Fukushima, Assin, McGregor, Gallagher, Hellman (BIB12) 1974; 38 (BIB7) 1968 Vaux (BIB9) 1965; 16 Kleitman (BIB4) 1969 Webb, Agnew (BIB10) 1977; 14 Webb, Agnew, Williams (BIB11) 1971; 42 Moses, Lubin, Johnson, Naitoh (BIB6) 1977; 265 Schulz, Dirlich, Zulley (BIB8) 1975; 358 Globus (BIB3) 1966; 15 Kupfer (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB5) 1972; ii Globus (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB3) 1966; 15 Moses (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB6) 1977; 265 Webb (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB11) 1971; 42 Weitzman (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB12) 1974; 38 Kleitman (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB4) 1969 Armstrong (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB1) 1973; 24 (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB7) 1968 Schulz (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB8) 1975; 358 Dewey (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB2) 1971; 22 Vaux (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB9) 1965; 16 Webb (10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB10) 1977; 14 |
References_xml | – volume: 15 start-page: 654 year: 1966 end-page: 659 ident: BIB3 article-title: Rapid-eye-movement cycle in real time publication-title: Arch. gen. Psychiat. – volume: 14 start-page: 445 year: 1977 end-page: 449 ident: BIB10 article-title: Analysis of the sleep stages in sleep-wakefulness regimens of varied lengths publication-title: Psychophysiology – volume: 22 start-page: 297 year: 1971 end-page: 318 ident: BIB2 article-title: Cycle analysis — a case study, part 9: the moving lineage publication-title: Cycles – volume: ii start-page: 684 year: 1972 end-page: 686 ident: BIB5 article-title: Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep as an indicator of depression publication-title: Lancet – volume: 24 start-page: 231 year: 1973 end-page: 236 ident: BIB1 article-title: Cycle analysis — a case study, part 25: testing cycles for statistical significance publication-title: Cycles – year: 1968 ident: BIB7 publication-title: A Manual of Standard Terminology, Techniques of Scoring Systems for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects – volume: 265 start-page: 360 year: 1977 end-page: 361 ident: BIB6 article-title: The rapid-eye-movement cycle is a sleep dependent rhythm publication-title: Nature (Lond.) – volume: 38 start-page: 1018 year: 1974 end-page: 1030 ident: BIB12 article-title: Effects of a prolonged 3 hour sleepwake cycle on sleep stages, plasma cortisol, growth hormone and body temperature in man publication-title: J. clin. Endocr. – volume: 16 start-page: 301 year: 1965 end-page: 310 ident: BIB9 article-title: Technical bulletin 1964–1965 fractional harmonic analysis program publication-title: Cycles – start-page: 33 year: 1969 end-page: 38 ident: BIB4 article-title: Basic rest activity cycle in relation to sleep and wakefulness publication-title: Sleep Physiology and Pathology – volume: 358 start-page: 203 year: 1975 end-page: 212 ident: BIB8 article-title: Phase shift in the REM sleep rhythm publication-title: Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. – volume: 42 start-page: 152 year: 1971 end-page: 155 ident: BIB11 article-title: Effect on sleep-wake cycles of varied length publication-title: Psychophysiology – volume: 15 start-page: 654 year: 1966 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB3 article-title: Rapid-eye-movement cycle in real time publication-title: Arch. gen. Psychiat. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1966.01730180094012 – volume: ii start-page: 684 year: 1972 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB5 article-title: Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep as an indicator of depression publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92090-9 – year: 1968 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB7 – volume: 22 start-page: 297 year: 1971 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB2 article-title: Cycle analysis — a case study, part 9: the moving lineage publication-title: Cycles – volume: 16 start-page: 301 year: 1965 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB9 article-title: Technical bulletin 1964–1965 fractional harmonic analysis program publication-title: Cycles – volume: 14 start-page: 445 year: 1977 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB10 article-title: Analysis of the sleep stages in sleep-wakefulness regimens of varied lengths publication-title: Psychophysiology doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1977.tb01309.x – volume: 42 start-page: 152 year: 1971 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB11 article-title: Effect on sleep-wake cycles of varied length publication-title: Psychophysiology – volume: 265 start-page: 360 year: 1977 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB6 article-title: The rapid-eye-movement cycle is a sleep dependent rhythm publication-title: Nature (Lond.) doi: 10.1038/265360a0 – volume: 358 start-page: 203 year: 1975 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB8 article-title: Phase shift in the REM sleep rhythm publication-title: Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. doi: 10.1007/BF00587217 – volume: 24 start-page: 231 year: 1973 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB1 article-title: Cycle analysis — a case study, part 25: testing cycles for statistical significance publication-title: Cycles – start-page: 33 year: 1969 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB4 article-title: Basic rest activity cycle in relation to sleep and wakefulness – volume: 38 start-page: 1018 year: 1974 ident: 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90002-0_BIB12 article-title: Effects of a prolonged 3 hour sleepwake cycle on sleep stages, plasma cortisol, growth hormone and body temperature in man publication-title: J. clin. Endocr. doi: 10.1210/jcem-38-6-1018 |
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Title | Rapid eye movement sleep cycle, clock time and sleep onset |
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