Parameter Identification for a 3D Heating Process by the Adjoint Method based on Experimental Data
Model-based control of systems governed by partial differential equations relies on the knowledge of the model parameters. Their determination is complicated by the spatial-temporal process dynamics. In addition the interaction of the process and the (embedded) actuation devices might be subject to...
Saved in:
Published in | IFAC-PapersOnLine Vol. 54; no. 11; pp. 103 - 108 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Elsevier Ltd
2021
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 2405-8963 2405-8971 2405-8963 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058 |
Cover
Abstract | Model-based control of systems governed by partial differential equations relies on the knowledge of the model parameters. Their determination is complicated by the spatial-temporal process dynamics. In addition the interaction of the process and the (embedded) actuation devices might be subject to uncertainties. This work applies a late-lumping approach for parameter identification given a 3-dimensional heat conduction and heat transfer problem with actuation dynamics represented by a coupled PDE-ODE model. By defining a suitable minimization problem the necessary optimality conditions in terms of adjoint PDE-ODE couplings are determined using variational calculus. In additional gradient information can be directly extracted that is used in course of the numerical evaluation by making use of sequential quadratic programming. For this the Finite-Element method is applied for the forward solution of the model equations and backward solution of the adjoint equations. Data collected at the experimental realization of 3-dimensional heating process for different actuation scenarios is used for evaluation and comparison. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Model-based control of systems governed by partial differential equations relies on the knowledge of the model parameters. Their determination is complicated by the spatial-temporal process dynamics. In addition the interaction of the process and the (embedded) actuation devices might be subject to uncertainties. This work applies a late-lumping approach for parameter identification given a 3-dimensional heat conduction and heat transfer problem with actuation dynamics represented by a coupled PDE-ODE model. By defining a suitable minimization problem the necessary optimality conditions in terms of adjoint PDE-ODE couplings are determined using variational calculus. In additional gradient information can be directly extracted that is used in course of the numerical evaluation by making use of sequential quadratic programming. For this the Finite-Element method is applied for the forward solution of the model equations and backward solution of the adjoint equations. Data collected at the experimental realization of 3-dimensional heating process for different actuation scenarios is used for evaluation and comparison. |
Author | Meurer, Thomas Wolfram, Dirk |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dirk surname: Wolfram fullname: Wolfram, Dirk email: dw@tf.uni-kiel.de – sequence: 2 givenname: Thomas surname: Meurer fullname: Meurer, Thomas email: tm@tf.uni-kiel.de |
BookMark | eNqNkMtOQjEQhhuDiYi8gYu-ANj23F2YEEAhwchC101PO5WSwylp64W3t3hcGBfqaiZ_8v0z-c5Rr7UtIHRJyZgSml9tx0YLaZsxI4zGaEyy8gT1WUqyUVnlSe_bfoaG3m8JIazK06Iq-6heCyd2EMDhpYI2GG2kCMa2WFuHBU5meAExaJ_x2lkJ3uP6gMMG8ERtrWkDvoewsQrXwoPCkZu_78GZXewSDZ6JIC7QqRaNh-HXHKCn2_njdDFaPdwtp5PVSCYZCyOasSorWVFTUhZKM0UTQlSVsUTKTKWFgKqodVFUKanj77kgRUKYBkmrFPJUJwOUdb0v7V4c3kTT8H18RLgDp4QfXfEt71zxo6tjGl1F7rrjpLPeO9BcmvDpIDhhmr_g9Af8z5s3HQZRyKsBx7000EpQxoEMXFnze8EH_jWaCA |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ifacol_2023_10_1789 |
Cites_doi | 10.1016/S1474-6670(17)67720-6 10.21105/joss.02564 10.1080/17415977.2018.1554654 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.068 10.1016/S0017-9310(00)00186-1 10.2514/3.422 10.1090/gsm/112 10.1080/104077899274859 10.1007/978-3-642-76436-3_3 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.12.024 10.1785/0120060041 10.1016/0017-9310(91)90251-9 10.1137/S0036144504446096 10.1109/THETA.2007.363408 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | 2021 |
Copyright_xml | – notice: 2021 |
DBID | AAYXX CITATION ADTOC UNPAY |
DOI | 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058 |
DatabaseName | CrossRef Unpaywall for CDI: Periodical Content Unpaywall |
DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
DatabaseTitleList | |
Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: UNPAY name: Unpaywall url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://unpaywall.org/ sourceTypes: Open Access Repository |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
EISSN | 2405-8963 |
EndPage | 108 |
ExternalDocumentID | 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058 10_1016_j_ifacol_2021_10_058 S2405896321014609 |
GroupedDBID | 0R~ 457 AAJQP AALRI AAXUO ABMAC ACGFS ADBBV ADVLN AEXQZ AFTJW AGHFR AITUG ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ ATDSJ EBS EJD FDB HX~ KQ8 O9- ROL AAYWO AAYXX CITATION ADTOC UNPAY |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c352t-15295827b1087df2d1300d9523cc5d47ae97bf77940b4796a07302fec194e64f3 |
IEDL.DBID | UNPAY |
ISSN | 2405-8963 2405-8971 |
IngestDate | Tue Aug 19 17:53:29 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:00:51 EDT 2025 Wed Oct 01 06:50:12 EDT 2025 Sat Mar 15 15:41:49 EDT 2025 |
IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
IsOpenAccess | true |
IsPeerReviewed | false |
IsScholarly | false |
Issue | 11 |
Keywords | Actuator dynamics Adjoint Method Heat equation Finite Element Method Parameter identification Optimization Partial Differential Equations Sequential Quadratic Programming |
Language | English |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c352t-15295827b1087df2d1300d9523cc5d47ae97bf77940b4796a07302fec194e64f3 |
OpenAccessLink | https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058 |
PageCount | 6 |
ParticipantIDs | unpaywall_primary_10_1016_j_ifacol_2021_10_058 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_ifacol_2021_10_058 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ifacol_2021_10_058 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_ifacol_2021_10_058 |
ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 2021 2021-00-00 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2021-01-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – year: 2021 text: 2021 |
PublicationDecade | 2020 |
PublicationTitle | IFAC-PapersOnLine |
PublicationYear | 2021 |
Publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd |
References | Abou Khachfe, Jarny (bib0001) 2001; 44 Firedrake, 2021. Software used in ‘parameter identification for a 3D heating process using the adjoint method’. Goodson, R.E., Polis, M.P., Aug. 1975. A Survey of Parameter Identification in Distributed Systems. IFAC Proceedings Volumes 8 (1, Part 1), 50–61. Barta, P., 2007. Fast identification method of the heat transfer coefficient. In: 2007 International Conference on Thermal Issues in Emerging Technologies: Theory and Application. pp. 49–53. Andrej, J., 2019. Modeling and optimal control of multi-physics problems using the finite element method. Ph.D. thesis, Kiel University. Orlande, Colaco (bib00016) 1997 Tröltzsch (bib00020) 2010 Orlande, Ozisik (bib00017) 1993; 7 Rathgeber, Ham, Mitchell, Lange, Luporini, McRae, Bercea, Markall, Kelly (bib00018) 2016; 43 Razzaghi, Kowsary, Ashjaee (bib00019) 2019; 154 Alifanov (bib0002) 1994 Gauger, Brezillon (bib0009) 2005 Yedlin, M.J., van Vorst, D.G., 2010. Tutorial on the continuous and discrete adjoint state method and basic implementation. CREWES Research Report 22, 91.1–91.11. Wu, Kenway, Mader, Jasa, Martins (bib00021) 2020; 5 Colaco, Orlande, Dulikravich (bib0006) 2006 Colaco, Orlande (bib0007) 1999; 36 Gill, Murray, Saunders (bib00010) 2005; 47 Liu, Tromp (bib00015) 2006; 96 Kater, A., 2019. Mathematical modeling, motion planning and control of elastic structures with piezoelectric elements. Ph.D. thesis, Kiel University. Jarny, Bardon, Ozisik (bib00012) 1991; 34 Cao, Lesnic, Colaco (bib0005) 2019; 27 Katti, Prabhu (bib00014) 2008; 51 Abou Khachfe (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0001) 2001; 44 Tröltzsch (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00020) 2010 Orlande (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00016) 1997 Alifanov (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0002) 1994 Cao (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0005) 2019; 27 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0008 Wu (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00021) 2020; 5 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0004 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0003 Gauger (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0009) 2005 Orlande (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00017) 1993; 7 Gill (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00010) 2005; 47 Katti (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00014) 2008; 51 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00011 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00022 Jarny (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00012) 1991; 34 Liu (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00015) 2006; 96 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00013 Razzaghi (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00019) 2019; 154 Rathgeber (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00018) 2016; 43 Colaco (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0006) 2006 Colaco (10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0007) 1999; 36 |
References_xml | – volume: 44 start-page: 1309 year: 2001 end-page: 1322 ident: bib0001 article-title: Determination of heat sources and heat transfer coefficient for two-dimensional heat flow-numerical and experimental study publication-title: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer – volume: 51 start-page: 4480 year: 2008 end-page: 4495 ident: bib00014 article-title: Experimental study and theoretical analysis of local heat transfer distribution between smooth flat surface and impinging air jet from a circular straight pipe nozzle publication-title: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer – reference: Andrej, J., 2019. Modeling and optimal control of multi-physics problems using the finite element method. Ph.D. thesis, Kiel University. – reference: Firedrake, 2021. Software used in ‘parameter identification for a 3D heating process using the adjoint method’. – volume: 34 start-page: 2911 year: 1991 end-page: 2919 ident: bib00012 article-title: A general optimization method using adjoint equation for solving multidimensional inverse heat conduction publication-title: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer – reference: Kater, A., 2019. Mathematical modeling, motion planning and control of elastic structures with piezoelectric elements. Ph.D. thesis, Kiel University. – year: 1997 ident: bib00016 publication-title: Estimation of the heat transfer coefficient in the spray cooling of continuously cast slabs – reference: Barta, P., 2007. Fast identification method of the heat transfer coefficient. In: 2007 International Conference on Thermal Issues in Emerging Technologies: Theory and Application. pp. 49–53. – volume: 47 start-page: 99 year: 2005 end-page: 131 ident: bib00010 article-title: SNOPT: An SQP algorithm for large-scale constrained optimization publication-title: SIAM Review – reference: Goodson, R.E., Polis, M.P., Aug. 1975. A Survey of Parameter Identification in Distributed Systems. IFAC Proceedings Volumes 8 (1, Part 1), 50–61. – volume: 96 start-page: 2383 year: 2006 end-page: 2397 ident: bib00015 article-title: Finite-Frequency Kernels Based on Adjoint Methods publication-title: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America – volume: 27 start-page: 1372 year: 2019 end-page: 1398 ident: bib0005 article-title: Determination of thermal conductivity of inhomogeneous orthotropic materials from temperature measurements publication-title: Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering – volume: 5 start-page: 2564 year: 2020 ident: bib00021 article-title: pyOptSparse: A Python framework for large-scale constrained nonlinear optimization of sparse systems publication-title: Journal of Open Source Software – reference: Yedlin, M.J., van Vorst, D.G., 2010. Tutorial on the continuous and discrete adjoint state method and basic implementation. CREWES Research Report 22, 91.1–91.11. – volume: 154 start-page: 63 year: 2019 end-page: 75 ident: bib00019 article-title: Derivation and application of the adjoint method for estimation of both spatially and temporally varying convective heat transfer coefficient publication-title: Applied Thermal Engineering – volume: 7 start-page: 319 year: 1993 end-page: 325 ident: bib00017 article-title: Inverse problem of estimating interface conductance between periodically contacting surfaces publication-title: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer – year: 2010 ident: bib00020 article-title: Optimal Control of Partial Differential Equations: Theory, Methods, and Applications publication-title: Graduate Studies in Mathematics – volume: 43 start-page: 24:1 year: 2016 end-page: 24:27 ident: bib00018 article-title: Firedrake: Automating the finite element method by composing abstractions publication-title: ACM Trans. Math. Softw. – volume: 36 start-page: 229 year: 1999 end-page: 249 ident: bib0007 article-title: Comparison of different versions of the conjugate gradient method of function estimation publication-title: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications – year: 1994 ident: bib0002 article-title: Inverse Heat Transfer Problems publication-title: International Series in Heat and Mass Transfer – start-page: XXVIII year: 2006 ident: bib0006 article-title: Inverse and optimisation problems in heat transfer publication-title: Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering – start-page: 181 year: 2005 end-page: 193 ident: bib0009 article-title: The Continuous Adjoint Approach in Aerodynamic Shape Optimization publication-title: MEGAFLOW-Numerical Flow Simulation for Aircraft Design – ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00011 doi: 10.1016/S1474-6670(17)67720-6 – volume: 5 start-page: 2564 issue: 54 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00021 article-title: pyOptSparse: A Python framework for large-scale constrained nonlinear optimization of sparse systems publication-title: Journal of Open Source Software doi: 10.21105/joss.02564 – start-page: XXVIII year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0006 article-title: Inverse and optimisation problems in heat transfer publication-title: Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering – volume: 27 start-page: 1372 issue: 10 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0005 article-title: Determination of thermal conductivity of inhomogeneous orthotropic materials from temperature measurements publication-title: Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering doi: 10.1080/17415977.2018.1554654 – volume: 43 start-page: 24:1 issue: 3 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00018 article-title: Firedrake: Automating the finite element method by composing abstractions publication-title: ACM Trans. Math. Softw. – ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00013 – start-page: 181 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0009 article-title: The Continuous Adjoint Approach in Aerodynamic Shape Optimization – volume: 154 start-page: 63 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00019 article-title: Derivation and application of the adjoint method for estimation of both spatially and temporally varying convective heat transfer coefficient publication-title: Applied Thermal Engineering doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.068 – volume: 44 start-page: 1309 issue: 7 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0001 article-title: Determination of heat sources and heat transfer coefficient for two-dimensional heat flow-numerical and experimental study publication-title: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer doi: 10.1016/S0017-9310(00)00186-1 – volume: 7 start-page: 319 issue: 2 year: 1993 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00017 article-title: Inverse problem of estimating interface conductance between periodically contacting surfaces publication-title: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer doi: 10.2514/3.422 – year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00020 article-title: Optimal Control of Partial Differential Equations: Theory, Methods, and Applications doi: 10.1090/gsm/112 – volume: 36 start-page: 229 issue: 2 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0007 article-title: Comparison of different versions of the conjugate gradient method of function estimation publication-title: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications doi: 10.1080/104077899274859 – year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00016 – year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0002 article-title: Inverse Heat Transfer Problems doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-76436-3_3 – ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0008 – volume: 51 start-page: 4480 issue: 17 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00014 article-title: Experimental study and theoretical analysis of local heat transfer distribution between smooth flat surface and impinging air jet from a circular straight pipe nozzle publication-title: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.12.024 – volume: 96 start-page: 2383 issue: 6 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00015 article-title: Finite-Frequency Kernels Based on Adjoint Methods publication-title: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America doi: 10.1785/0120060041 – ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0003 – volume: 34 start-page: 2911 issue: 11 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00012 article-title: A general optimization method using adjoint equation for solving multidimensional inverse heat conduction publication-title: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer doi: 10.1016/0017-9310(91)90251-9 – volume: 47 start-page: 99 issue: 1 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00010 article-title: SNOPT: An SQP algorithm for large-scale constrained optimization publication-title: SIAM Review doi: 10.1137/S0036144504446096 – ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib00022 – ident: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058_bib0004 doi: 10.1109/THETA.2007.363408 |
SSID | ssj0002964798 |
Score | 1.841913 |
Snippet | Model-based control of systems governed by partial differential equations relies on the knowledge of the model parameters. Their determination is complicated... |
SourceID | unpaywall crossref elsevier |
SourceType | Open Access Repository Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
StartPage | 103 |
SubjectTerms | Actuator dynamics Adjoint Method Finite Element Method Heat equation Optimization Parameter identification Partial Differential Equations Sequential Quadratic Programming |
Title | Parameter Identification for a 3D Heating Process by the Adjoint Method based on Experimental Data |
URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.058 |
UnpaywallVersion | publishedVersion |
Volume | 54 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAFT databaseName: Open Access Digital Library customDbUrl: eissn: 2405-8963 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002964798 issn: 2405-8963 databaseCode: KQ8 dateStart: 20150101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://grweb.coalliance.org/oadl/oadl.html providerName: Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1JS8NAFB66HDy5oGJFyxw8OiH7JMdiW4rSUsFCPYVZpbWkRVKk_nrfZClVkNZbCPOyvHmT903e8iF0F0Q6lgEsQBMGIj74WBIr1yeKaq0jJ8ccJttiFA4m_uM0mNbQfVUL8yN-n-dhzbTp3ww7OdexTB5WENVRMzThpAZqTkbjzqvhjwPcQaI4J04rj6lTVcr9cZm_PNHROl2xzSdbLHY8Tf8EDatnLBJM3q11xi3x9at946EvcYqOS8iJO4WNnKGaSs8RHzOTlgVaxUWtri5_3mFAsZhhr4sHBk6mb7isJcB8gwEt4o6cL2dphoc59zQ2blBikOvtcAXgLsvYBZr0ey8PA1LyLRABMCwjjgn6RS7ljh1RqV1pQl0yhq2qEIH0KVMx5ZrCCra5T-OQmc-Dq5VwYl-FvvYuUSNdpuoKYS00F9QNhadhtPBZGALUcG0ZgeXanLeQV-k-EWUzcsOJsUiqrLN5UugsMTozZ0FnLUS2UquiGcee8bSa1qQEFAVQSGCG9khaWys46FbX_xW4QY3sY61uAdJkvI3qT89Ru7Tnb0Tb8V4 |
linkProvider | Unpaywall |
linkToUnpaywall | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LS8NAEF5qe_DkAxUVlT14NCGPTTY5FttShJYeLNRT2Ke0lrRIitRf72yyKVUorbcQdvKYnc18m3l8CD1GiU5lBAvQhIEcAj7WSVVAHEW11olfYg6TbTGM-2PyMokmDfRU18L8it-XeVhTbfo3w04u8F2ThxUlR6gVm3BSE7XGw1H7zfDHAe5wkrQkTrPH1K8r5XZcZpcnOl7lS7b-YvP5lqfpnaJB_YxVgsmHuyq4K77_tG889CXO0ImFnLhd2cg5aqj8AvERM2lZoFVc1epq-_MOA4rFDIcd3DdwMn_HtpYA8zUGtIjbcraY5gUelNzT2LhBiUGuu8UVgDusYJdo3Ou-Pvcdy7fgCIBhheOboF8SUO57CZU6kCbUJVPYqgoRSUKZSinXFFawxwlNY2Y-D4FWwk-JiokOr1AzX-TqGmEtNBc0iEWoYbQgLI4BagSeTMByPc5vUFjrPhO2GbnhxJhnddbZLKt0lhmdmbOgsxvkbKSWVTOOPeNpPa2ZBRQVUMhghvZIuhsrOOhWt_8VuEPN4nOl7gHSFPzBWvIPogjwaQ |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parameter+Identification+for+a+3D+Heating+Process+by+the+Adjoint+Method+based+on+Experimental+Data&rft.jtitle=IFAC-PapersOnLine&rft.au=Wolfram%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Meurer%2C+Thomas&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=2405-8963&rft.eissn=2405-8963&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=11&rft.spage=103&rft.epage=108&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ifacol.2021.10.058&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1016_j_ifacol_2021_10_058 |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2405-8963&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2405-8963&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2405-8963&client=summon |