Betaine—The dark knight of the brain
The role of betaine in the liver and kidney has been well documented, even from the cellular and molecular point of view. Despite literature reporting positive effects of betaine supplementation in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and schizophrenia, the role and function of betaine in the brain ar...
Saved in:
| Published in | Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology Vol. 133; no. 5; pp. 485 - 495 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.11.2023
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1742-7835 1742-7843 1742-7843 |
| DOI | 10.1111/bcpt.13839 |
Cover
| Abstract | The role of betaine in the liver and kidney has been well documented, even from the cellular and molecular point of view. Despite literature reporting positive effects of betaine supplementation in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and schizophrenia, the role and function of betaine in the brain are little studied and reviewed. Beneficial effects of betaine in neurodegeneration, excitatory and inhibitory imbalance and against oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) have been collected and analysed to understand the main role of betaine in the brain. There are many ‘dark’ aspects needed to complete the picture. The understanding of how this osmolyte is transported across neuron and glial cells is also controversial, as the expression levels and functioning of the known protein capable to transport betaine expressed in the brain, betaine‐GABA transporter 1 (BGT‐1), is itself not well clarified. The reported actions of betaine beyond BGT‐1 related to neuronal degeneration and memory impairment are the focus of this work. With this review, we underline the scarcity of detailed molecular and cellular information about betaine action. Consequently, the requirement of detailed focus on and study of the interaction of this molecule with CNS components to sustain the therapeutic use of betaine. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The role of betaine in the liver and kidney has been well documented, even from the cellular and molecular point of view. Despite literature reporting positive effects of betaine supplementation in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and schizophrenia, the role and function of betaine in the brain are little studied and reviewed. Beneficial effects of betaine in neurodegeneration, excitatory and inhibitory imbalance and against oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) have been collected and analysed to understand the main role of betaine in the brain. There are many 'dark' aspects needed to complete the picture. The understanding of how this osmolyte is transported across neuron and glial cells is also controversial, as the expression levels and functioning of the known protein capable to transport betaine expressed in the brain, betaine-GABA transporter 1 (BGT-1), is itself not well clarified. The reported actions of betaine beyond BGT-1 related to neuronal degeneration and memory impairment are the focus of this work. With this review, we underline the scarcity of detailed molecular and cellular information about betaine action. Consequently, the requirement of detailed focus on and study of the interaction of this molecule with CNS components to sustain the therapeutic use of betaine.The role of betaine in the liver and kidney has been well documented, even from the cellular and molecular point of view. Despite literature reporting positive effects of betaine supplementation in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and schizophrenia, the role and function of betaine in the brain are little studied and reviewed. Beneficial effects of betaine in neurodegeneration, excitatory and inhibitory imbalance and against oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) have been collected and analysed to understand the main role of betaine in the brain. There are many 'dark' aspects needed to complete the picture. The understanding of how this osmolyte is transported across neuron and glial cells is also controversial, as the expression levels and functioning of the known protein capable to transport betaine expressed in the brain, betaine-GABA transporter 1 (BGT-1), is itself not well clarified. The reported actions of betaine beyond BGT-1 related to neuronal degeneration and memory impairment are the focus of this work. With this review, we underline the scarcity of detailed molecular and cellular information about betaine action. Consequently, the requirement of detailed focus on and study of the interaction of this molecule with CNS components to sustain the therapeutic use of betaine. The role of betaine in the liver and kidney has been well documented, even from the cellular and molecular point of view. Despite literature reporting positive effects of betaine supplementation in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and schizophrenia, the role and function of betaine in the brain are little studied and reviewed. Beneficial effects of betaine in neurodegeneration, excitatory and inhibitory imbalance and against oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) have been collected and analysed to understand the main role of betaine in the brain. There are many ‘dark’ aspects needed to complete the picture. The understanding of how this osmolyte is transported across neuron and glial cells is also controversial, as the expression levels and functioning of the known protein capable to transport betaine expressed in the brain, betaine‐GABA transporter 1 (BGT‐1), is itself not well clarified. The reported actions of betaine beyond BGT‐1 related to neuronal degeneration and memory impairment are the focus of this work. With this review, we underline the scarcity of detailed molecular and cellular information about betaine action. Consequently, the requirement of detailed focus on and study of the interaction of this molecule with CNS components to sustain the therapeutic use of betaine. |
| Author | Bossi, Elena Bhatt, Manan Roseti, Cristina Romanazzi, Tiziana Di Iacovo, Angela |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Manan orcidid: 0000-0002-5792-0081 surname: Bhatt fullname: Bhatt, Manan organization: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology University of Insubria Varese Italy, School of Experimental and Translational Medicine University of Insubria Varese Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Angela surname: Di Iacovo fullname: Di Iacovo, Angela organization: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology University of Insubria Varese Italy, School of Experimental and Translational Medicine University of Insubria Varese Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Tiziana orcidid: 0000-0001-5185-5015 surname: Romanazzi fullname: Romanazzi, Tiziana organization: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology University of Insubria Varese Italy, School of Experimental and Translational Medicine University of Insubria Varese Italy – sequence: 4 givenname: Cristina surname: Roseti fullname: Roseti, Cristina organization: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology University of Insubria Varese Italy, Centre for Neuroscience University of Insubria Varese Italy – sequence: 5 givenname: Elena orcidid: 0000-0002-9549-2153 surname: Bossi fullname: Bossi, Elena organization: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology University of Insubria Varese Italy, Centre for Neuroscience University of Insubria Varese Italy |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36735640$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNptkEtOwzAQhi0Eog_YcAAUCQkhpBQ_Y2cJFS-pEpuythzHpmnTpNjOgh2H4IScBJe2LCpmM6OZb37N_ANw2LSNAeAMwRGKcVPoVRghIkh-APqIU5xyQcnhX01YDwy8n0OIOUXwGPRIxgnLKOyDyzsTVNWY78-v6cwkpXKLZNFUb7OQtDYJsVW4OD8BR1bV3pxu8xC8PtxPx0_p5OXxeXw7STVhKKRMI24p5lrAnBFqhNLIkpKpwhCVwVJnuOBK4dwaBWFJFDQ2K6BmWZ4LjTEZgquN7sq1753xQS4rr01dq8a0nZeYc4IQFYRE9GIPnbeda-J1EgsBGaccs0idb6muWJpSrly1VO5D7hyIANwA2rXeO2OlroIKVduE-HgtEZRrk-XaZPlrcly53lvZqf4D_wCEiHtk |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s00018_024_05309_w crossref_primary_10_1021_acschemneuro_3c00810 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules29245893 crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci13071064 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jff_2024_106022 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ymthe_2025_01_006 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12035_024_04532_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pnpbp_2024_111067 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00210_024_03381_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12035_024_04252_y crossref_primary_10_3390_cryst14110917 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arr_2024_102538 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arr_2024_102634 crossref_primary_10_1111_jnc_16265 crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines13020512 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41398_025_03293_8 crossref_primary_10_1111_bcpt_13960 crossref_primary_10_1021_acschemneuro_4c00510 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41538_024_00348_w crossref_primary_10_1111_bcpt_13970 |
| Cites_doi | 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.02.004 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000622 10.1095/biolreprod.113.116939 10.1007/s10072‐014‐1630‐y 10.3233/JPD‐130230 10.1016/s0021‐9258(19)37067‐x 10.1186/s12970‐018‐0243‐x 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.01.004 10.3390/biology10060456 10.1111/jnc.12094 10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01438.x 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f88162 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00236 10.1046/j.1365‐2125.2003.01717.x 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.08.024 10.2165/00002018‐199921050‐00001 10.1089/can.2019.0041 10.1038/nn.3575 10.1002/jnr.20171 10.1371/journal.pone.0043448 10.1146/annurev‐pharmtox‐032320‐015420 10.1002/glia.21202 10.1002/ana.10483 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.030 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.12 10.1016/B978‐0‐12‐819092‐0.00038‐8 10.1023/b:neur.0000030698.66675.90 10.3390/nu12102939 10.1007/s00726‐014‐1748‐5 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282aaa0b4 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.009 10.1152/ajprenal.00464.2011 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.10.004 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.002 10.1007/s00702‐011‐0614‐9 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.019 10.1002/jcla.22090 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108971 10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.013 10.3389/fcvm.2022.852009 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07174.x 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.577 10.3389/fphys.2014.00159 10.1002/anie.202201390 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.062 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07208.x 10.1007/s00394‐016‐1296‐8 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.013 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.095 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.02.014 10.1007/s12576‐015‐0360‐0 10.1242/dev.026575 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.073 10.3748/wjg.v17.i32.3663 10.6091/ibj.1012.2012 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.008 10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.263 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.007 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706029 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.12.009 10.1007/s11064‐017‐2397‐3 10.33549/physiolres.931569 10.1007/s10571‐013‐9921‐z 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003524 10.1007/s00702‐006‐0442‐5 10.1152/jn.00400.2021 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.011 10.1038/s41586‐022‐04814‐x 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.037 10.1016/s0167‐4889(00)00144‐0 10.1186/1479‐5876‐11‐174 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.032 10.1007/s11064‐020‐03017‐y 10.3389/fchem.2018.00397 10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001959 10.1002/glia.22943 10.1074/jbc.M111.303255 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.037 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.015 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2023 The Authors. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society). 2023. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2023 The Authors. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society). – notice: 2023. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION NPM 7QP 7TK 7U7 C1K K9. 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1111/bcpt.13839 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef PubMed Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Toxicology Abstracts Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef PubMed ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Toxicology Abstracts Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE - Academic CrossRef PubMed ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology |
| EISSN | 1742-7843 |
| EndPage | 495 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 36735640 10_1111_bcpt_13839 |
| Genre | Journal Article Review |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: NeuroTrans Consortium under European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 grantid: 860954 |
| GroupedDBID | --- .3N .GA .GJ .Y3 05W 0R~ 10A 1OC 23N 31~ 33P 36B 3O- 3SF 4.4 50Y 50Z 51W 51X 52M 52N 52O 52P 52R 52S 52T 52U 52V 52W 52X 53G 5HH 5LA 5RE 5VS 66C 702 7PT 8-0 8-1 8-3 8-4 8-5 8UM 930 A01 A03 AAESR AAEVG AAHHS AAHQN AAIPD AAMNL AANLZ AAONW AASGY AAXRX AAYCA AAYOK AAYXX AAZKR ABCQN ABCUV ABDBF ABEML ABJNI ABPVW ABQWH ABXGK ACAHQ ACCFJ ACCZN ACGFS ACGOF ACMXC ACPOU ACPRK ACSCC ACUHS ACXBN ACXQS ADBBV ADBTR ADEOM ADIZJ ADKYN ADMGS ADOZA ADXAS ADZMN ADZOD AEEZP AEIGN AEIMD AENEX AEQDE AEUYR AEYWJ AFBPY AFEBI AFFPM AFGKR AFRAH AFWVQ AFZJQ AGHNM AGYGG AHBTC AIACR AITYG AIURR AIWBW AJBDE ALAGY ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQN ALVPJ AMBMR AMYDB ATUGU AZBYB AZVAB BAFTC BFHJK BHBCM BMXJE BROTX BRXPI BY8 C45 CAG CITATION COF CS3 D-6 D-7 D-E D-F DCZOG DPXWK DR2 DRFUL DRMAN DRSTM DU5 EAD EAP EBC EBD EBS EDH EJD EMB EMK EMOBN EST ESX EX3 F00 F01 F04 F5P FUBAC G-S G.N GODZA H.X HF~ HGLYW HZI HZ~ IHE IX1 J0M KBYEO L7B LATKE LC2 LC3 LEEKS LH4 LITHE LOXES LP6 LP7 LSO LUTES LW6 LYRES MEWTI MK0 MK4 MRFUL MRMAN MRSTM MSFUL MSMAN MSSTM MXFUL MXMAN MXSTM N04 N05 N9A NF~ O66 O9- OIG OVD P2W P2X P2Z P4B P4D Q.N Q11 QB0 R.K RJQFR ROL RX1 SUPJJ SV3 TEORI TUS UB1 W8V W99 WBKPD WHWMO WIH WIJ WIK WOHZO WOW WQJ WVDHM WXI WXSBR XG1 ~IA ~WT 24P AEUQT AFPWT GWYGA NPM WRC YCJ 1OB 7QP 7TK 7U7 AAMMB AEFGJ AGXDD AIDQK AIDYY C1K K9. 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c351t-5c17f427c809534e8ac1f3d5abe3a60dc62b7aa29fea00d3a0ef6b0c56998c223 |
| ISSN | 1742-7835 1742-7843 |
| IngestDate | Tue Aug 05 10:28:37 EDT 2025 Wed Aug 13 04:38:41 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:25:13 EST 2025 Tue Jul 01 03:18:52 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:01:28 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 5 |
| Keywords | PTSD epilepsy Parkinson's neurodegenerative disease GABA dementia schizophrenia betaine neurodevelopmental disorders oxidative stress Alzheimer's |
| Language | English |
| License | 2023 The Authors. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society). |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c351t-5c17f427c809534e8ac1f3d5abe3a60dc62b7aa29fea00d3a0ef6b0c56998c223 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5792-0081 0000-0002-9549-2153 0000-0001-5185-5015 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/bcpt.13839 |
| PMID | 36735640 |
| PQID | 2880574725 |
| PQPubID | 1026375 |
| PageCount | 11 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_2773114833 proquest_journals_2880574725 pubmed_primary_36735640 crossref_citationtrail_10_1111_bcpt_13839 crossref_primary_10_1111_bcpt_13839 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2023-11-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2023-11-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 11 year: 2023 text: 2023-11-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England – name: Oxford |
| PublicationTitle | Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol |
| PublicationYear | 2023 |
| Publisher | Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
| References | e_1_2_6_51_1 e_1_2_6_74_1 e_1_2_6_76_1 e_1_2_6_32_1 e_1_2_6_70_1 e_1_2_6_30_1 e_1_2_6_72_1 Singh S (e_1_2_6_53_1) 2012; 16 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_36_1 e_1_2_6_59_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_34_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_55_1 e_1_2_6_78_1 e_1_2_6_15_1 e_1_2_6_38_1 e_1_2_6_57_1 e_1_2_6_62_1 e_1_2_6_85_1 e_1_2_6_64_1 e_1_2_6_43_1 e_1_2_6_81_1 e_1_2_6_20_1 e_1_2_6_41_1 e_1_2_6_60_1 e_1_2_6_83_1 e_1_2_6_9_1 e_1_2_6_5_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 e_1_2_6_49_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_22_1 e_1_2_6_66_1 e_1_2_6_28_1 e_1_2_6_45_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 e_1_2_6_47_1 e_1_2_6_68_1 e_1_2_6_52_1 e_1_2_6_73_1 e_1_2_6_54_1 e_1_2_6_75_1 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 e_1_2_6_50_1 e_1_2_6_71_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_35_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_33_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_39_1 e_1_2_6_56_1 e_1_2_6_77_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 e_1_2_6_37_1 e_1_2_6_58_1 e_1_2_6_79_1 e_1_2_6_63_1 e_1_2_6_84_1 e_1_2_6_42_1 e_1_2_6_65_1 e_1_2_6_21_1 e_1_2_6_80_1 e_1_2_6_40_1 e_1_2_6_61_1 e_1_2_6_82_1 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_48_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_2_1 e_1_2_6_29_1 e_1_2_6_44_1 e_1_2_6_67_1 e_1_2_6_27_1 e_1_2_6_46_1 e_1_2_6_69_1 |
| References_xml | – ident: e_1_2_6_6_1 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070 – ident: e_1_2_6_22_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.02.004 – ident: e_1_2_6_85_1 doi: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000622 – ident: e_1_2_6_10_1 doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.116939 – ident: e_1_2_6_56_1 doi: 10.1007/s10072‐014‐1630‐y – ident: e_1_2_6_60_1 doi: 10.3233/JPD‐130230 – ident: e_1_2_6_24_1 doi: 10.1016/s0021‐9258(19)37067‐x – ident: e_1_2_6_19_1 doi: 10.1186/s12970‐018‐0243‐x – ident: e_1_2_6_12_1 doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.01.004 – ident: e_1_2_6_7_1 doi: 10.3390/biology10060456 – ident: e_1_2_6_55_1 doi: 10.1111/jnc.12094 – ident: e_1_2_6_9_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01438.x – ident: e_1_2_6_54_1 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f88162 – ident: e_1_2_6_58_1 doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00236 – ident: e_1_2_6_30_1 doi: 10.1046/j.1365‐2125.2003.01717.x – ident: e_1_2_6_15_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.08.024 – ident: e_1_2_6_63_1 doi: 10.2165/00002018‐199921050‐00001 – ident: e_1_2_6_49_1 doi: 10.1089/can.2019.0041 – ident: e_1_2_6_34_1 doi: 10.1038/nn.3575 – ident: e_1_2_6_75_1 doi: 10.1002/jnr.20171 – ident: e_1_2_6_79_1 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043448 – ident: e_1_2_6_37_1 doi: 10.1146/annurev‐pharmtox‐032320‐015420 – ident: e_1_2_6_48_1 doi: 10.1002/glia.21202 – volume: 16 start-page: 1651 issue: 12 year: 2012 ident: e_1_2_6_53_1 article-title: Current therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease publication-title: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci – ident: e_1_2_6_59_1 doi: 10.1002/ana.10483 – ident: e_1_2_6_32_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.030 – ident: e_1_2_6_45_1 doi: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.12 – ident: e_1_2_6_17_1 doi: 10.1016/B978‐0‐12‐819092‐0.00038‐8 – ident: e_1_2_6_28_1 doi: 10.1023/b:neur.0000030698.66675.90 – ident: e_1_2_6_20_1 doi: 10.3390/nu12102939 – ident: e_1_2_6_23_1 doi: 10.1007/s00726‐014‐1748‐5 – ident: e_1_2_6_64_1 doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282aaa0b4 – ident: e_1_2_6_4_1 doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.009 – ident: e_1_2_6_25_1 doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00464.2011 – ident: e_1_2_6_50_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.10.004 – ident: e_1_2_6_21_1 doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.002 – ident: e_1_2_6_62_1 doi: 10.1007/s00702‐011‐0614‐9 – ident: e_1_2_6_52_1 doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.019 – ident: e_1_2_6_57_1 doi: 10.1002/jcla.22090 – ident: e_1_2_6_72_1 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108971 – ident: e_1_2_6_74_1 doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.013 – ident: e_1_2_6_83_1 doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.852009 – ident: e_1_2_6_29_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07174.x – ident: e_1_2_6_31_1 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.577 – ident: e_1_2_6_2_1 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00159 – ident: e_1_2_6_77_1 doi: 10.1002/anie.202201390 – ident: e_1_2_6_73_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.062 – ident: e_1_2_6_26_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07208.x – ident: e_1_2_6_82_1 doi: 10.1007/s00394‐016‐1296‐8 – ident: e_1_2_6_46_1 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.013 – ident: e_1_2_6_51_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.095 – ident: e_1_2_6_27_1 doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.02.014 – ident: e_1_2_6_67_1 doi: 10.1007/s12576‐015‐0360‐0 – ident: e_1_2_6_11_1 doi: 10.1242/dev.026575 – ident: e_1_2_6_65_1 doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.073 – ident: e_1_2_6_84_1 doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i32.3663 – ident: e_1_2_6_61_1 doi: 10.6091/ibj.1012.2012 – ident: e_1_2_6_71_1 doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.008 – ident: e_1_2_6_5_1 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539 – ident: e_1_2_6_39_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.263 – ident: e_1_2_6_33_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.007 – ident: e_1_2_6_8_1 doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706029 – ident: e_1_2_6_43_1 doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.12.009 – ident: e_1_2_6_13_1 doi: 10.1007/s11064‐017‐2397‐3 – ident: e_1_2_6_14_1 doi: 10.33549/physiolres.931569 – ident: e_1_2_6_68_1 doi: 10.1007/s10571‐013‐9921‐z – ident: e_1_2_6_35_1 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003524 – ident: e_1_2_6_66_1 doi: 10.1007/s00702‐006‐0442‐5 – ident: e_1_2_6_69_1 doi: 10.1152/jn.00400.2021 – ident: e_1_2_6_78_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.011 – ident: e_1_2_6_41_1 doi: 10.1038/s41586‐022‐04814‐x – ident: e_1_2_6_76_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.037 – ident: e_1_2_6_3_1 doi: 10.1016/s0167‐4889(00)00144‐0 – ident: e_1_2_6_36_1 doi: 10.1186/1479‐5876‐11‐174 – ident: e_1_2_6_42_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.032 – ident: e_1_2_6_44_1 doi: 10.1007/s11064‐020‐03017‐y – ident: e_1_2_6_40_1 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00397 – ident: e_1_2_6_81_1 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961 – ident: e_1_2_6_18_1 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001959 – ident: e_1_2_6_47_1 doi: 10.1002/glia.22943 – ident: e_1_2_6_70_1 – ident: e_1_2_6_16_1 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.303255 – ident: e_1_2_6_38_1 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.037 – ident: e_1_2_6_80_1 doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.015 |
| SSID | ssj0027410 |
| Score | 2.5130818 |
| SecondaryResourceType | review_article |
| Snippet | The role of betaine in the liver and kidney has been well documented, even from the cellular and molecular point of view. Despite literature reporting positive... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | 485 |
| SubjectTerms | Alzheimer's disease Betaine Brain Central nervous system Degeneration Glial cells Mental disorders Movement disorders Neurodegeneration Neurodegenerative diseases Neuronal-glial interactions Oxidative stress Parkinson's disease Protein transport Schizophrenia γ-Aminobutyric acid |
| Title | Betaine—The dark knight of the brain |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36735640 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2880574725 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2773114833 |
| Volume | 133 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwELagXLig8t62ICPQSqhN5Th-ZI-0gAoSqKq2Um-R7ThiVZSsumkFe-JH9Bf2lzCOncdCKxUu0Sq2N4m_z-MZe2aM0BtbFFJpSSIlmImYtCQCE4xGxgVhTkhhOHfRyF--ioNj9vmEn_SuQ010Sa13zfLauJL_QRXuAa4uSvYfkO3-FG7Ab8AXroAwXG-F8Z7z_yxt67DAHOa5OjvdPm3yg7T7_9odA7Gye6sAmwb0LjBy3qew9j40dfVjZlbW3Pe-qeDcocqeU-9n25-g3YUPl3Eusp2gP6qcb-xyOfOkWAITB2UL6z0J9hsxE0rC-gNNQiBeLzLBuI7c-pGfUYb3fAKmTs76jBeBUHwgNVnKBxMw86du3iDbtZnXuzHY1ZN-Bmt37f-Y2Dp3w9bQcW2zpu1ddI9KULacFn1EBxZ6HCJo_SeFfLbO9at_7qoGc4NZ0qgn03X0INgV-J0nyUN0x5aP0PjQo_pzB0_7OLvFDh7jwwHej9E4MOnq1yVUxI5D2HMIVwUGDuGGQ0_Q8ccP0_2DKJygAWONx3XETSwLRqVJXVpBZlNl4iLJudI2UYLkRlAtlaKTwipC8kQRWwhNDBdghRvQHJ-itbIq7XOE09Rq0E2byHumc6GlhMEvXHYjQxVNRuht2yuZCenl3Skn37O_e3-EXnd15z6pyrW1ttrOzcKgW2QU5hsOJjDlI_SqKwaR6Pa5VGmrc6gjZeLM_ARe6pkHpXtMImTCBSMbt3qFTXS_p_wWWqvPzu0LUEJr_bIhzm_ug4Vp |
| linkProvider | Wiley-Blackwell |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Betaine%E2%80%94The+dark+knight+of+the+brain&rft.jtitle=Basic+%26+clinical+pharmacology+%26+toxicology&rft.au=Bhatt%2C+Manan&rft.au=Di+Iacovo%2C+Angela&rft.au=Romanazzi%2C+Tiziana&rft.au=Roseti%2C+Cristina&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.issn=1742-7835&rft.eissn=1742-7843&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=485&rft.epage=495&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fbcpt.13839&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1111_bcpt_13839 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1742-7835&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1742-7835&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1742-7835&client=summon |