Maintaining a Reputation for Consistently Beating Earnings Expectations and the Slippery Slope to Earnings Manipulation

ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether maintaining a reputation for consistently beating analysts' earnings expectations can motivate executives to move from “within GAAP” earnings management to “outside of GAAP” earnings manipulation. We analyze firms subject to SEC enforcement actions and f...

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Published inContemporary accounting research Vol. 36; no. 4; pp. 1966 - 1998
Main Authors Chu, Jenny, Dechow, Patricia M., Hui, Kai Wai, Wang, Annika Yu
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.12.2019
Canadian Academic Accounting Association
Subjects
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ISSN0823-9150
1911-3846
DOI10.1111/1911-3846.12492

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Abstract ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether maintaining a reputation for consistently beating analysts' earnings expectations can motivate executives to move from “within GAAP” earnings management to “outside of GAAP” earnings manipulation. We analyze firms subject to SEC enforcement actions and find that these firms consistently beat analysts' quarterly earnings forecasts in the three years prior to the manipulation period and continue to do so by smaller “beats” during the manipulation period. We find that manipulating firms beat expectations around 86 percent of the time in the 12 quarters prior to the manipulation period (versus 75 percent for control firms) and that manipulation often ends with a miss in expectations. We document that executives of manipulating firms face strong stock market and CEO pressure to perform. Prior to the manipulation period, these firms have high analyst optimism, growing institutional interest, and high market valuations, along with powerful CEOs. Further, we find that maintaining a reputation for beating expectations is more important than CEO overconfidence and is incremental to CEO equity incentives for explaining manipulation. Our results suggest that pressure to maintain a reputation for beating analysts' expectations can encourage aggressive accounting and, ultimately, earnings manipulation. RÉSUMÉ Maintien d'une réputation de dépassement constant des attentes de résultats et pente glissante vers la manipulation des résultats Les auteurs se demandent si le maintien d'une réputation de dépassement constant des attentes de résultats des analystes peut motiver les dirigeants à passer de la gestion des résultats « conformément aux PCGR » à la manipulation des résultats « hors PCGR ». Leur analyse de sociétés sujettes aux mesures de mise en application de la SEC révèle que ces entreprises dépassent systématiquement les prévisions de résultats trimestriels des analystes dans les trois années précédant la période de manipulation et continuent d'enregistrer des dépassements, quoique plus modestes, au cours de la période de manipulation. Les auteurs constatent que les sociétés de l’échantillon qui se livrent à la manipulation dépassent les attentes dans environ 86 pour cent des cas au cours des douze trimestres précédant la période de manipulation (comparativement à 75 pour cent chez les sociétés témoins) et que des résultats inférieurs aux attentes suivent souvent la fin de la période de manipulation. Les données recueillies par les auteurs indiquent que les dirigeants de sociétés qui se livrent à la manipulation sont exposés à un marché des actions robuste et soumis aux pressions exercées par les chefs de la direction en matière de performance. Avant la période de manipulation, ces sociétés inspirent aux analystes un degré élevé d'optimisme, suscitent l'intérêt croissant des institutions et affichent de fortes évaluations du marché, de même qu'elles ont à leur tête des chefs de la direction puissants. En outre, les auteurs constatent que le maintien d'une réputation de dépassement des attentes est plus important que l'excès de confiance des chefs de la direction et s'ajoute aux incitatifs qui leur sont offerts sous forme d'actions dans l'explication de la manipulation. Les résultats de l’étude laissent croire que les exigences relatives au maintien d'une réputation de dépassement des attentes des analystes peuvent encourager les pratiques comptables audacieuses et, en définitive, la manipulation des résultats.
AbstractList This paper investigates whether maintaining a reputation for consistently beating analysts' earnings expectations can motivate executives to move from “within GAAP” earnings management to “outside of GAAP” earnings manipulation. We analyze firms subject to SEC enforcement actions and find that these firms consistently beat analysts' quarterly earnings forecasts in the three years prior to the manipulation period and continue to do so by smaller “beats” during the manipulation period. We find that manipulating firms beat expectations around 86 percent of the time in the 12 quarters prior to the manipulation period (versus 75 percent for control firms) and that manipulation often ends with a miss in expectations. We document that executives of manipulating firms face strong stock market and CEO pressure to perform. Prior to the manipulation period, these firms have high analyst optimism, growing institutional interest, and high market valuations, along with powerful CEOs. Further, we find that maintaining a reputation for beating expectations is more important than CEO overconfidence and is incremental to CEO equity incentives for explaining manipulation. Our results suggest that pressure to maintain a reputation for beating analysts' expectations can encourage aggressive accounting and, ultimately, earnings manipulation.
ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether maintaining a reputation for consistently beating analysts' earnings expectations can motivate executives to move from “within GAAP” earnings management to “outside of GAAP” earnings manipulation. We analyze firms subject to SEC enforcement actions and find that these firms consistently beat analysts' quarterly earnings forecasts in the three years prior to the manipulation period and continue to do so by smaller “beats” during the manipulation period. We find that manipulating firms beat expectations around 86 percent of the time in the 12 quarters prior to the manipulation period (versus 75 percent for control firms) and that manipulation often ends with a miss in expectations. We document that executives of manipulating firms face strong stock market and CEO pressure to perform. Prior to the manipulation period, these firms have high analyst optimism, growing institutional interest, and high market valuations, along with powerful CEOs. Further, we find that maintaining a reputation for beating expectations is more important than CEO overconfidence and is incremental to CEO equity incentives for explaining manipulation. Our results suggest that pressure to maintain a reputation for beating analysts' expectations can encourage aggressive accounting and, ultimately, earnings manipulation. RÉSUMÉ Maintien d'une réputation de dépassement constant des attentes de résultats et pente glissante vers la manipulation des résultats Les auteurs se demandent si le maintien d'une réputation de dépassement constant des attentes de résultats des analystes peut motiver les dirigeants à passer de la gestion des résultats « conformément aux PCGR » à la manipulation des résultats « hors PCGR ». Leur analyse de sociétés sujettes aux mesures de mise en application de la SEC révèle que ces entreprises dépassent systématiquement les prévisions de résultats trimestriels des analystes dans les trois années précédant la période de manipulation et continuent d'enregistrer des dépassements, quoique plus modestes, au cours de la période de manipulation. Les auteurs constatent que les sociétés de l’échantillon qui se livrent à la manipulation dépassent les attentes dans environ 86 pour cent des cas au cours des douze trimestres précédant la période de manipulation (comparativement à 75 pour cent chez les sociétés témoins) et que des résultats inférieurs aux attentes suivent souvent la fin de la période de manipulation. Les données recueillies par les auteurs indiquent que les dirigeants de sociétés qui se livrent à la manipulation sont exposés à un marché des actions robuste et soumis aux pressions exercées par les chefs de la direction en matière de performance. Avant la période de manipulation, ces sociétés inspirent aux analystes un degré élevé d'optimisme, suscitent l'intérêt croissant des institutions et affichent de fortes évaluations du marché, de même qu'elles ont à leur tête des chefs de la direction puissants. En outre, les auteurs constatent que le maintien d'une réputation de dépassement des attentes est plus important que l'excès de confiance des chefs de la direction et s'ajoute aux incitatifs qui leur sont offerts sous forme d'actions dans l'explication de la manipulation. Les résultats de l’étude laissent croire que les exigences relatives au maintien d'une réputation de dépassement des attentes des analystes peuvent encourager les pratiques comptables audacieuses et, en définitive, la manipulation des résultats.
This paper investigates whether maintaining a reputation for consistently beating analysts' earnings expectations can motivate executives to move from “within GAAP” earnings management to “outside of GAAP” earnings manipulation. We analyze firms subject to SEC enforcement actions and find that these firms consistently beat analysts' quarterly earnings forecasts in the three years prior to the manipulation period and continue to do so by smaller “beats” during the manipulation period. We find that manipulating firms beat expectations around 86 percent of the time in the 12 quarters prior to the manipulation period (versus 75 percent for control firms) and that manipulation often ends with a miss in expectations. We document that executives of manipulating firms face strong stock market and CEO pressure to perform. Prior to the manipulation period, these firms have high analyst optimism, growing institutional interest, and high market valuations, along with powerful CEOs. Further, we find that maintaining a reputation for beating expectations is more important than CEO overconfidence and is incremental to CEO equity incentives for explaining manipulation. Our results suggest that pressure to maintain a reputation for beating analysts' expectations can encourage aggressive accounting and, ultimately, earnings manipulation. Maintien d'une réputation de dépassement constant des attentes de résultats et pente glissante vers la manipulation des résultats Les auteurs se demandent si le maintien d'une réputation de dépassement constant des attentes de résultats des analystes peut motiver les dirigeants à passer de la gestion des résultats « conformément aux PCGR » à la manipulation des résultats « hors PCGR ». Leur analyse de sociétés sujettes aux mesures de mise en application de la SEC révèle que ces entreprises dépassent systématiquement les prévisions de résultats trimestriels des analystes dans les trois années précédant la période de manipulation et continuent d'enregistrer des dépassements, quoique plus modestes, au cours de la période de manipulation. Les auteurs constatent que les sociétés de l’échantillon qui se livrent à la manipulation dépassent les attentes dans environ 86 pour cent des cas au cours des douze trimestres précédant la période de manipulation (comparativement à 75 pour cent chez les sociétés témoins) et que des résultats inférieurs aux attentes suivent souvent la fin de la période de manipulation. Les données recueillies par les auteurs indiquent que les dirigeants de sociétés qui se livrent à la manipulation sont exposés à un marché des actions robuste et soumis aux pressions exercées par les chefs de la direction en matière de performance. Avant la période de manipulation, ces sociétés inspirent aux analystes un degré élevé d'optimisme, suscitent l'intérêt croissant des institutions et affichent de fortes évaluations du marché, de même qu'elles ont à leur tête des chefs de la direction puissants. En outre, les auteurs constatent que le maintien d'une réputation de dépassement des attentes est plus important que l'excès de confiance des chefs de la direction et s'ajoute aux incitatifs qui leur sont offerts sous forme d'actions dans l'explication de la manipulation. Les résultats de l’étude laissent croire que les exigences relatives au maintien d'une réputation de dépassement des attentes des analystes peuvent encourager les pratiques comptables audacieuses et, en définitive, la manipulation des résultats.
Author Dechow, Patricia M.
Chu, Jenny
Wang, Annika Yu
Hui, Kai Wai
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  surname: Chu
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  surname: Dechow
  fullname: Dechow, Patricia M.
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  givenname: Kai Wai
  surname: Hui
  fullname: Hui, Kai Wai
  email: kaiwai@hku.hk
  organization: University of Hong Kong
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Annika Yu
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Annika Yu
  email: annikawang@bauer.uh.edu
  organization: University of Houston
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Snippet ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether maintaining a reputation for consistently beating analysts' earnings expectations can motivate executives to move from...
This paper investigates whether maintaining a reputation for consistently beating analysts' earnings expectations can motivate executives to move from “within...
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StartPage 1966
SubjectTerms Analysts
Chief executives
Companies
Earnings
Earnings forecasting
Earnings management
Enforcement
Incentives
Manipulation
Optimism
Reputations
Securities markets
Title Maintaining a Reputation for Consistently Beating Earnings Expectations and the Slippery Slope to Earnings Manipulation
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2F1911-3846.12492
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2327693629
Volume 36
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