Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Real-Time Adaptive Algorithm for Human Walking Pattern and Gait Event Detection

• Published in: Electronics (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 20; p. 4319
• Main Authors: Lu, Yinxiao, Zhu, Jun, Chen, Wenming, Ma, Xin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2023
• Subjects: Adaptive algorithms; Adhesives; Algorithms; Cables; Gait; Gait recognition; Inertial measurement units; Inertial platforms; Knee; Machine learning; Mathematical models; Motion perception; Orthopedic apparatus; Parameter modification; Real time; Self-help devices for the disabled; Sensors; Thigh; Time lag; Training; Velocity; Walking; China; United States > US
• ISSN: 2079-9292; 2079-9292
• DOI: 10.3390/electronics12204319

In this work, a lightweight adaptive hybrid gait detection method with two inertial measurement units (IMUs) on the foot and thigh was developed and preliminarily evaluated. An adaptive detection algorithm is used to eliminate the pre-training phase and to modify parameters according to the changes within a walking trial using an adaptive two-level architecture. The present algorithm has a two-layer structure: a real-time detection algorithm for detecting the current gait pattern and events at 100 Hz., and a short-time online training layer for updating the parameters of gait models for each gait pattern. Three typical walking patterns, including level-ground walking (LGW), stair ascent (SA), and stair descent (SD), and four events/sub-phases of each pattern, can be detected on a portable Raspberry-Pi platform with two IMUs on the thigh and foot in real-time. A preliminary algorithm test was implemented with healthy subjects in common indoor corridors and stairs. The results showed that the on-board model training and event decoding processes took 20 ms and 1 ms, respectively. Motion detection accuracy was 97.8% for LGW, 95.6% for SA, and 97.1% for SD. F1-scores for event detection were over 0.86, and the maximum time delay was steadily below 51 ± 32.4 ms. Some of the events in gait models of SA and SD seemed to be correlated with knee extension and flexion. Given the simple and convenient hardware requirements, this method is suitable for knee assistive device applications.