Emoji and rapport management in Spanish WhatsApp chats

• Published in: Journal of pragmatics Vol. 143; pp. 109 - 120
• Main Author: Sampietro, Agnese
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01.04.2019; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Computer mediated communication; Computerized corpora; Corpus analysis; Cultural factors; Emoji; Facial expressions; Illocutionary force; Linguistics; Negotiation; Orthographic symbols; Politeness; Pragmatics; Punctuation; Rapport management; Spanish; Spanish language; Speech acts; WhatsApp; Writing systems; Emoji; Spanish; Politeness; Computer-mediated communication; WhatsApp; Rapport management
• ISSN: 0378-2166; 1879-1387
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2019.02.009

Emoji are a set of pictographs available on several electronic platforms and applications, which are gradually replacing emoticons (sequences of punctuation marks representing facial expressions). Over the last decade, researchers have proposed that emoticons not only convey emotional content in computer-mediated communication, but they may also perform pragmatic functions, such as signaling the illocutionary force of the utterance (Dresner and Herring, 2010), mitigating threatening formulations (Wilson, 1993), or strengthening expressive speech acts (Skovholt et al., 2014). Despite their growing popularity, little pragmatic research to date specifically addresses emoji. The present paper bridges this gap by exploring the functions of emoji in a corpus of WhatsApp chats written in Spanish. Drawing on Spencer-Oatey's (2000, 2005) rapport management framework, the analysis shows that emoji are used across different domains in the corpus: they not only upgrade or downgrade different speech acts (illocutionary domain), as pointed out by previous research, but they also contribute to achieving a successful interaction by signaling closing sections or by helping to negotiate openings (discourse domain), as well as serving as a way to frame playful interactions (stylistic domain). This study also shows that some practices related to the use of emoji may be influenced by Spanish culture. •Analysis of some of the functions of emoji in WhatsApp chats written in Spanish.•Emoji upgrade or downgrade different speech acts.•Emoji help to manage the conversation, e.g. in openings and closings.•Emoji are also a stylistic choice.