Potential tensions and synergies between DDR and transitional justice in relation to pro-government militias: the case of the PMF in Post-IS Iraq
The disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) poses an intractable and thorny political-security dilemma. Besides prevailing uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of the adopted DDR measures, their ramifications on the interconnected fr...
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| Published in | Conflict, security & development Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 1 - 36 |
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| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Abingdon
Routledge
02.01.2025
Taylor & Francis Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1467-8802 1478-1174 1478-1174 |
| DOI | 10.1080/14678802.2024.2436551 |
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| Abstract | The disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) poses an intractable and thorny political-security dilemma. Besides prevailing uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of the adopted DDR measures, their ramifications on the interconnected framework of transitional justice (TJ) introduce yet another layer of complexity. Based on a literature review and a limited number of expert interviews, this paper explores what DDR initiatives are in place for PMF members, and what challenges they present for transitional justice in Iraq's post-IS landscape, to reflect on the often overlooked tensions between DDR and TJ. Such tensions are especially intricate in Iraq, as the PMF are pro-government militias (PGMs), who are themselves key actors in Iraq's post-conflict governance and have a de facto role in formulating and implementing TJ initiatives on the ground. The paper demonstrates that the limited Iraqi DDR initiatives in place have a negative impact on TJ initiatives aimed at accountability, reparations, and reconciliation. This leads us to critically reflect on the viability of any conventional DDR programme for PGMs like the PMF. |
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| AbstractList | The disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) poses an intractable and thorny political-security dilemma. Besides prevailing uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of the adopted DDR measures, their ramifications on the interconnected framework of transitional justice (TJ) introduce yet another layer of complexity. Based on a literature review and a limited number of expert interviews, this paper explores what DDR initiatives are in place for PMF members, and what challenges they present for transitional justice in Iraq’s post-IS landscape, to reflect on the often overlooked tensions between DDR and TJ. Such tensions are especially intricate in Iraq, as the PMF are pro-government militias (PGMs), who are themselves key actors in Iraq’s post-conflict governance and have a de facto role in formulating and implementing TJ initiatives on the ground. The paper demonstrates that the limited Iraqi DDR initiatives in place have a negative impact on TJ initiatives aimed at accountability, reparations, and reconciliation. This leads us to critically reflect on the viability of any conventional DDR programme for PGMs like the PMF. |
| Author | Bolhuis, Maarten P. Mojtahedi, Mohammad Hossein van Wijk, Joris |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mohammad Hossein orcidid: 0000-0002-2569-9773 surname: Mojtahedi fullname: Mojtahedi, Mohammad Hossein email: m.h.mojtahedi@vu.nl organization: VU University Amsterdam – sequence: 2 givenname: Maarten P. orcidid: 0000-0001-8926-3146 surname: Bolhuis fullname: Bolhuis, Maarten P. organization: VU University Amsterdam – sequence: 3 givenname: Joris orcidid: 0000-0001-9325-2925 surname: van Wijk fullname: van Wijk, Joris organization: VU University Amsterdam |
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| Cites_doi | 10.21810/jicw.v2i2.1062 10.1080/1057610X.2022.2161136 10.24042/as-siyasi.v2i2.14290 10.1525/can.2004.19.3.429 10.18356/f10ee185-en 10.25062/1900-8325.238 10.1007/978-3-540-85754-9_7 10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.33 10.1080/01436597.2021.1981762 10.1080/14678800903395999 10.1093/jrs/fet051 10.1080/13533312.2020.1850281 10.1146/annurev-polisci-051915-045433 10.55317/9781784135812 10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_9 10.1177/0022343318800524 10.1080/03050629.2014.932783 10.1080/17502977.2022.2104437 10.1093/ijtj/ijab012 10.1515/9780804777407 10.1057/s41311-021-00321-4 10.1017/S1816383106000543 10.1177/0010414017699204 10.1093/jhuman/huac030 10.1080/21647259.2021.1940434 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178425.003.0014 10.1080/00358530500082684 10.1111/japp.12105 10.1093/isq/sqad013 10.1177/1354066102008003003 10.5334/bby |
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| SubjectTerms | Accountability Arms control & disarmament DDR Governance Government Iraq Justice Literature reviews Militia groups Militias Mobilization Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) pro-government militias (PGMs) Rehabilitation Reparations Transitional justice Uncertainty |
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| Title | Potential tensions and synergies between DDR and transitional justice in relation to pro-government militias: the case of the PMF in Post-IS Iraq |
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