Gradient Descent on Multilevel Spin–Orbit Synapses with Tunable Variations

• Published in: Advanced intelligent systems Vol. 3; no. 6
• Main Authors: Lan, Xiukai, Cao, Yi, Liu, Xiangyu, Xu, Kaijia, Liu, Chuan, Zheng, Houzhi, Wang, Kaiyou
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Weinheim John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2021; Wiley
• Subjects: Algorithms; Arrays; Artificial intelligence; Computation; cycle-to-cycle variations; gradient descents; Linearity; linearity deviation; linearity ranges; Machine learning; Magnetic fields; Multilevel; multilevel magnetization switching; Neural networks; Neuromorphic computing; pattern classifications; Random access memory; spin–orbit torques; Synapses; Transistors; Trends
• ISSN: 2640-4567; 2640-4567
• DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202000182

Neuromorphic computing using multilevel nonvolatile memories as synapses offers opportunities for future energy‐ and area‐efficient artificial intelligence. Among these memories, artificial synapses based on current‐induced magnetization switching driven by spin–orbit torques (SOTs) have attracted great attention recently. Herein, the gradient descent algorithm, a primary learning algorithm, implemented on a 2 × 1 SOT synaptic array is reported. Successful pattern classifications are experimentally realized through the tuning of cycle‐to‐cycle variation, linearity range, and linearity deviation of the multilevel SOT synapse. Also, a larger m × n SOT synaptic array with m controlling transistors is proposed and it is found that the classification accuracies can be improved dramatically by decreasing the cycle‐to‐cycle variation. A way for the application of spin–orbit device arrays in neuromorphic computing is paved and the crucial importance of the cycle‐to‐cycle variation for a multilevel SOT synapse is suggested. Herein, the pattern classification dependence on the cycle‐to‐cycle variation, the linearity range, and the linearity deviation for multilevel spin–orbit torque synaptic arrays are investigated. The classification accuracies can be significantly improved by decreasing variation and linearity deviation, and widening linearity range. The study is an important step towards applications of spin–orbit synaptic arrays for neuromorphic computing.