Greedy Weighted Stacking of Machine Learning Models for Optimizing Dam Deformation Prediction

• Published in: Water (Basel) Vol. 16; no. 9; p. 1235
• Main Authors: Alocén, Patricia, Fernández-Centeno, Miguel Á., Toledo, Miguel Á.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.05.2024
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; Analysis; Artificial intelligence; Dams; Decision trees; Deformation; infrastructure; linear models; Machine learning; Methods; monitoring; Neural networks; Optimization algorithms; prediction; Regression analysis; Support vector machines; Time series; water
• ISSN: 2073-4441; 2073-4441
• DOI: 10.3390/w16091235

Dam safety monitoring is critical due to its social, environmental, and economic implications. Although conventional statistical approaches have been used for surveillance, advancements in technology, particularly in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), offer promising avenues for enhancing predictive capabilities. We investigate the application of ML algorithms, including Boosted Regression Trees (BRT), Random Forest (RF), and Neural Networks (NN), focussing on their combination by Stacking to improve prediction accuracy on concrete dam deformation using radial displacement data from three dams. The methodology involves training first-level models (experts) using those algorithms, and a second-level meta-learner that combines their predictions using BRT, a Linear Model (LM) and the Greedy Weighted Algorithm (GWA). A comparative analysis demonstrates the superiority of Stacking over traditional methods. The GWA emerged as the most suitable meta-learner, enhancing the optimal expert in all cases, with improvement rates reaching up to 16.12% over the optimal expert. Our study addresses critical questions regarding the GWA’s expert weighting and its impact on prediction precision. The results indicate that the combination of accurate experts using the GWA improves model reliability by reducing error dispersion. However, variations in optimal weights over time necessitate robust error estimation using cross-validation by blocks. Furthermore, the assignment of weights to experts closely correlates with their precision: the more accurate a model is, the more weight that is assigned to it. The GWA improves on the optimal expert in most cases, including at extreme values of error, with improvement rates up to 41.74%. Our findings suggest that the proposed methodology significantly advances AI applications in infrastructure monitoring, with implications for dam safety.