Comparison of high flow nasal cannula therapy to nasal oxygen as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in infants

• Published in: Pediatric pulmonology Vol. 59; no. 10; pp. 2635 - 2640
• Main Authors: Gurbani, Neepa, Ehsan, Zarmina, Boh, Melodie, Schuler, Christine L., Simakajornboon, Narong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.10.2024
• Subjects: Cannula; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure - methods; Female; high flow nasal cannula; Humans; Infant; infants; Male; obstructive sleep apnea; Oxygen - administration & dosage; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy - instrumentation; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy - methods; Pilot Projects; Polysomnography; Prospective Studies; Sleep apnea; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive - therapy; Treatment Outcome; obstructive sleep apnea; infants; high flow nasal cannula; polysomnography
• ISSN: 8755-6863; 1099-0496; 1099-0496
• DOI: 10.1002/ppul.27109

Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants is treated with low flow oxygen via nasal cannula (NC), CPAP (continous positive airway pressure), or surgery. Literature supports the use of high flow NC (HFNC) in children in the outpatient setting, however there is limited data on the use of HFNC in infants. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare HFNC and low‐flow oxygen as treatments for OSA in infants. Methods A prospective pilot study was performed at two institutions. Infants with primarily OSA underwent a 3–4 h sleep study with HFNC titration at 6−14 lpm for OSA, followed by clinical polysomnography (PSG) for oxygen titration (1/8−1 lpm). Infants with primarily central apnea were excluded. Results Nine infants were enrolled, with a mean age of 1.3 ± 1.7 months. Average apnea hypopnea index (AHI), average obstructive apnea hypopnea index (OAHI) and average central apnea index during the diagnostic PSG was 17.2 ± 7/h, 13.4 ± 5.4/h and 3.7 ± 4.8/h respectively. OSA improved in 44.4% of subjects with HFNC; the mean AHI and OAHI decreased from 15.6 ± 5.65/h and 12.8 ± 4.4/h on diagnostic PSG to 5.12 ± 2.5/h and 4.25 ± 2.5/h on titration PSG. OSA improved universally with low flow oxygen; the mean AHI decreased from 17.2 ± 7/h on diagnostic PSG to 4.44 ± 3.6/h on titration PSG. Conclusion HFNC reduced OSA in some infants, though low flow oxygen reduced OSA in all subjects. Respiratory instability (high loop gain) in infants may explain why infants responded to low flow oxygen. More studies are needed to determine if HFNC is beneficial in selected groups of infants with OSA.