X-ray short-time lags in the Fe-K energy band produced by scattering clouds in active galactic nuclei

Abstract X-rays illuminating the accretion disc in active galactic nuclei give rise to an iron K line and its associated reflection spectrum that are lagged behind the continuum variability by the light-travel time from the source to the disc. The measured lag time-scales in the iron band can be as...

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Published inMonthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol. 478; no. 1; pp. 971 - 982
Main Authors Mizumoto, Misaki, Done, Chris, Hagino, Kouichi, Ebisawa, Ken, Tsujimoto, Masahiro, Odaka, Hirokazu
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford University Press 21.07.2018
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ISSN0035-8711
1365-2966
DOI10.1093/mnras/sty1114

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Abstract Abstract X-rays illuminating the accretion disc in active galactic nuclei give rise to an iron K line and its associated reflection spectrum that are lagged behind the continuum variability by the light-travel time from the source to the disc. The measured lag time-scales in the iron band can be as short as ∼Rg/c, where Rg is the gravitational radius, which is often interpreted as evidence for a very small continuum source close to the event horizon of a rapidly spinning black hole. However, the short lags can also be produced by reflection from more distant material, because the primary photons with no time-delay dilute the time-lags caused by the reprocessed photons. We perform a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the dilution effect in the X-ray reverberation lags from a half-shell of neutral material placed at 100 Rg from the central source. This gives lags of ∼2 Rg/c, but the iron line is a distinctly narrow feature in the lag-energy plot, whereas the data often show a broader line. We show that both the short lag and the line broadening can be reproduced, if the scattering material is outflowing at ∼0.1c. The velocity structure in the wind can also give shifts in the line profile in the lag-energy plot calculated at different frequencies. Hence we propose that the observed broad iron reverberation lags and shifts in profile as a function of frequency of variability can arise from a disc wind at fairly large distances from the X-ray source.
AbstractList Abstract X-rays illuminating the accretion disc in active galactic nuclei give rise to an iron K line and its associated reflection spectrum that are lagged behind the continuum variability by the light-travel time from the source to the disc. The measured lag time-scales in the iron band can be as short as ∼Rg/c, where Rg is the gravitational radius, which is often interpreted as evidence for a very small continuum source close to the event horizon of a rapidly spinning black hole. However, the short lags can also be produced by reflection from more distant material, because the primary photons with no time-delay dilute the time-lags caused by the reprocessed photons. We perform a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the dilution effect in the X-ray reverberation lags from a half-shell of neutral material placed at 100 Rg from the central source. This gives lags of ∼2 Rg/c, but the iron line is a distinctly narrow feature in the lag-energy plot, whereas the data often show a broader line. We show that both the short lag and the line broadening can be reproduced, if the scattering material is outflowing at ∼0.1c. The velocity structure in the wind can also give shifts in the line profile in the lag-energy plot calculated at different frequencies. Hence we propose that the observed broad iron reverberation lags and shifts in profile as a function of frequency of variability can arise from a disc wind at fairly large distances from the X-ray source.
Author Mizumoto, Misaki
Ebisawa, Ken
Odaka, Hirokazu
Hagino, Kouichi
Done, Chris
Tsujimoto, Masahiro
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  givenname: Misaki
  surname: Mizumoto
  fullname: Mizumoto, Misaki
  email: mizumoto.misaki@gmail.com
  organization: Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan
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  givenname: Chris
  surname: Done
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  organization: Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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  givenname: Kouichi
  surname: Hagino
  fullname: Hagino, Kouichi
  organization: Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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  givenname: Ken
  surname: Ebisawa
  fullname: Ebisawa, Ken
  organization: Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan
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  givenname: Masahiro
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  surname: Tsujimoto
  fullname: Tsujimoto, Masahiro
  organization: Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan
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  givenname: Hirokazu
  surname: Odaka
  fullname: Odaka, Hirokazu
  organization: Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Issue 1
Keywords galaxies: Seyfert
black hole physics
galaxies: active
X-rays: galaxies
Language English
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