Probabilistic Evolving Meal Detection and Estimation of Meal Total Glucose Appearance

• Published in: Journal of diabetes science and technology Vol. 3; no. 5; pp. 1022 - 1030
• Main Authors: Cameron, Fraser, Niemeyer, Günter, Buckingham, Bruce A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Diabetes Technology Society 01.09.2009
• Series: Artificial Pancreas Systems
• Subjects: Algorithms; Blood Glucose - drug effects; Blood Glucose - metabolism; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring - instrumentation; Computer Simulation; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - blood; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - diagnosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - drug therapy; Diagnostic Equipment; Dietary Carbohydrates - administration & dosage; Dietary Carbohydrates - metabolism; Feasibility Studies; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents - administration & dosage; Insulin - administration & dosage; Insulin Infusion Systems; Models, Biological; Models, Statistical; Predictive Value of Tests; Probability; Reproducibility of Results; Symposium; Time Factors; Uncertainty
• ISSN: 1932-2968; 1932-3107
• DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300505

Automatic compensation of meals for type 1 diabetes patients will require meal detection from continuous glucose monitor (CGM) readings. This is challenged by the uncertainty and variability inherent to the digestion process and glucose dynamics as well as the lag and noise associated with CGM sensors. Thus any estimation of meal start time, size, and shape is fundamentally uncertain. This uncertainty can be reduced, but not eliminated, by estimating total glucose appearance and using new readings as they become available. In this article, we propose a probabilistic, evolving method to detect the presence and estimate the shape and total glucose appearance of a meal. The method is unique in continually evolving its estimates and simultaneously providing uncertainty measures to monitor their convergence. The algorithm operates in three phases. First, it compares the CGM signal to no-meal predictions made by a simple insulin-glucose model. Second, it fits the residuals to potential, assumed meal shapes. Finally, it compares and combines these fits to detect any meals and estimate the meal total glucose appearance, shape, and total glucose appearance uncertainty. We validate the performance of this meal detection and total glucose appearance estimation algorithm both separately and in cooperation with a controller on the Food and Drug Administration-approved University of Virginia/Padova Type I Diabetes Simulator. In cooperation with a controller, the algorithm reduced the mean blood glucose from 137 to 132 mg/dl over 1.5 days of control without any increased hypoglycemia. This novel, extensible meal detection and total glucose appearance estimation method shows the feasibility, relevance, and performance of evolving estimates with explicit uncertainty measures for use in closed-loop control of type 1 diabetes.