Evolution of the force chain structure of partially saturated granular material under triaxial compression conditions

Saturation conditions play a significant role in the mechanical behavior of granular material and the evolution of an interparticle contact system during the loading process. Using data derived from discrete element simulations of granular assemblies subject to triaxial compression loading with diff...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inComputers and geotechnics Vol. 157; p. 105335
Main Authors Jiang, Xiao-Qiong, Liu, En-Long
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2023
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0266-352X
1873-7633
DOI10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335

Cover

Abstract Saturation conditions play a significant role in the mechanical behavior of granular material and the evolution of an interparticle contact system during the loading process. Using data derived from discrete element simulations of granular assemblies subject to triaxial compression loading with different suctions, we examine the properties of an interparticle contact network and force chain structure to provide a comprehensive picture of the evolution of a particle-scale contact system. The study focuses on the evolution of the topological statistic features (including degree and triangles) and the force chain structure characteristics influenced by suction conditions. To comprehensively evaluate the characteristics of the force chain system, combined statistical parameters are proposed for describing the linearization and intensity of the force chain structure, which account for multiple features of force chains. Accordingly, a novel expression combined with multiscale properties is proposed for strength prediction that convincingly explains data results in the studied suction range. This study illustrates the consistency of the evolving force chain structure features with mechanical behavior that provides new insights for understanding the particle-scale force chain structure evolution from which these properties dominate the macroscopic response.
AbstractList Saturation conditions play a significant role in the mechanical behavior of granular material and the evolution of an interparticle contact system during the loading process. Using data derived from discrete element simulations of granular assemblies subject to triaxial compression loading with different suctions, we examine the properties of an interparticle contact network and force chain structure to provide a comprehensive picture of the evolution of a particle-scale contact system. The study focuses on the evolution of the topological statistic features (including degree and triangles) and the force chain structure characteristics influenced by suction conditions. To comprehensively evaluate the characteristics of the force chain system, combined statistical parameters are proposed for describing the linearization and intensity of the force chain structure, which account for multiple features of force chains. Accordingly, a novel expression combined with multiscale properties is proposed for strength prediction that convincingly explains data results in the studied suction range. This study illustrates the consistency of the evolving force chain structure features with mechanical behavior that provides new insights for understanding the particle-scale force chain structure evolution from which these properties dominate the macroscopic response.
ArticleNumber 105335
Author Liu, En-Long
Jiang, Xiao-Qiong
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Xiao-Qiong
  surname: Jiang
  fullname: Jiang, Xiao-Qiong
– sequence: 2
  givenname: En-Long
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, En-Long
  email: liuenlong@scu.edu.cn
BookMark eNqFkMlKA0EQhhuJYBJ9BKFfYGIvmQ0PIiEuIHhR8NaUNTWmw2Q6dPeIeXt7SE5ePNXy89Xyz9ikdz0xdi3FQgpZ3GwX6Hb7L3ILJZROvVzr_IxNZVXqrCy0nrCpUEWR6Vx9XLBZCFuRuLqqp2xYf7tuiNb13LU8boi3ziNx3IDteYh-wDh4GsU9-Gih6w48QOpBpIZ_eeiHDjzfpdInlQ99Q57HlP-M5XiZpxDGBej6xo6rwiU7b6ELdHWKc_b-sH5bPWUvr4_Pq_uXDLWoYwZSUi0VVqrEElq5FFihIKWXCI3O4bNuKeVC5HkFpUqqalpMjy3LAj6LRs9ZfpyL3oXgqTV7b3fgD0YKM3pntubknRm9M0fvEnf7h0MbYTw9erDdv_Tdkab02rclbwJa6pEa6wmjaZz9Z8IviomURw
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_3390_polym15061493
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2024_136750
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cplett_2024_141109
crossref_primary_10_1002_nag_3903
crossref_primary_10_1080_02726351_2023_2263380
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40571_024_00851_7
crossref_primary_10_1002_wcms_1729
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jobe_2024_108450
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jobe_2024_109092
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10035_024_01430_6
Cites_doi 10.1142/S0218127409023056
10.1139/t78-029
10.1002/nag.206
10.2136/vzj2015.10.0136
10.1016/j.cma.2017.02.024
10.1088/1742-5468/2006/09/P09003
10.3208/sandf1972.12.1
10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.10.025
10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47
10.1007/s11440-020-01049-w
10.1093/comnet/cny005
10.1016/S0032-5910(99)00236-3
10.1016/j.sandf.2013.02.001
10.1680/geot.2003.53.9.809
10.1002/nag.2198
10.1139/T07-117
10.1007/s10035-020-01033-x
10.1016/S0020-7225(99)00132-9
10.1016/0021-9797(69)90379-8
10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001555
10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104530
10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002042
10.1007/s11242-012-0057-2
10.1007/s11440-016-0465-5
10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000937
10.1016/S0167-6636(01)00092-8
10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103551
10.1680/geot.1972.22.1.115
10.1103/PhysRevE.72.021309
10.3208/sandf1972.22.4_96
10.3208/sandf1960.12.17
10.3208/sandf1972.25.3_85
10.1155/2020/1270761
10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104257
10.1080/14786430701594848
10.1680/geot.8.P.002
10.1139/T10-060
10.1139/t94-061
10.1016/0095-8522(65)90061-9
10.1139/t11-082
10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.09.008
10.1016/j.sandf.2016.01.013
10.1002/nag.579
10.1103/PhysRevE.87.022203
10.1103/PhysRevE.81.011302
10.1002/nag.304
10.1103/PhysRevE.86.041306
10.1139/t05-002
10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.018
10.1016/0021-9797(69)90403-2
10.1016/0021-9797(70)90167-0
10.1039/C4SM01821D
10.1680/jgeot.17.P.108
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2023 Elsevier Ltd
Copyright_xml – notice: 2023 Elsevier Ltd
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
DOI 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335
DatabaseName CrossRef
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 1873-7633
ExternalDocumentID 10_1016_j_compgeo_2023_105335
S0266352X23000927
GroupedDBID --K
--M
.~1
0R~
1B1
1~.
1~5
29F
4.4
457
4G.
5GY
5VS
7-5
71M
8P~
9JN
AACTN
AAEDT
AAEDW
AAIAV
AAIKJ
AAKOC
AALRI
AAOAW
AAQFI
AAQXK
AAXUO
AAYFN
ABBOA
ABJNI
ABMAC
ABQEM
ABQYD
ABTAH
ABXDB
ABYKQ
ACDAQ
ACGFS
ACIWK
ACLVX
ACNNM
ACRLP
ACSBN
ACZNC
ADBBV
ADEZE
ADJOM
ADMUD
ADTZH
AEBSH
AECPX
AEKER
AENEX
AFKWA
AFRAH
AFTJW
AGHFR
AGUBO
AGYEJ
AHHHB
AHJVU
AHZHX
AIALX
AIEXJ
AIKHN
AITUG
AJBFU
AJOXV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMFUW
AMRAJ
AOUOD
ASPBG
ATOGT
AVWKF
AXJTR
AZFZN
BJAXD
BKOJK
BLXMC
CS3
EBS
EFJIC
EFLBG
EJD
EO8
EO9
EP2
EP3
FDB
FEDTE
FGOYB
FIRID
FNPLU
FYGXN
G-2
G-Q
GBLVA
GBOLZ
HLZ
HVGLF
HZ~
IHE
IMUCA
J1W
JJJVA
KOM
LG9
LY7
M41
MO0
N9A
O-L
O9-
OAUVE
OZT
P-8
P-9
P2P
PC.
PQQKQ
Q38
R2-
RIG
ROL
RPZ
SBC
SDF
SDG
SES
SET
SEW
SPC
SPCBC
SSE
SST
SSV
SSZ
T5K
TN5
WH7
WUQ
ZMT
ZY4
~02
~G-
AATTM
AAXKI
AAYWO
AAYXX
ABWVN
ACLOT
ACRPL
ACVFH
ADCNI
ADNMO
AEIPS
AEUPX
AFJKZ
AFPUW
AGQPQ
AIGII
AIIUN
AKBMS
AKRWK
AKYEP
ANKPU
APXCP
CITATION
EFKBS
~HD
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c309t-a11e912c827c7af140c8c0e234cad35ab9fe34c00558a720c82dfc698476ab6d3
IEDL.DBID .~1
ISSN 0266-352X
IngestDate Thu Apr 24 23:01:30 EDT 2025
Thu Oct 09 00:28:21 EDT 2025
Fri Feb 23 02:38:05 EST 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Keywords Discrete element method (DEM) simulation
Contact network
Unsaturated soil
Strength
Force chain
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c309t-a11e912c827c7af140c8c0e234cad35ab9fe34c00558a720c82dfc698476ab6d3
ParticipantIDs crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compgeo_2023_105335
crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_compgeo_2023_105335
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_compgeo_2023_105335
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate May 2023
2023-05-00
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2023-05-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 05
  year: 2023
  text: May 2023
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationTitle Computers and geotechnics
PublicationYear 2023
Publisher Elsevier Ltd
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier Ltd
References Muthuswamy, Tordesillas (bb0190) 2006; 2006
Simms, Yanful (bb0280) 2005; 42
Da Cruz, Emam, Prochnow, Roux, Chevoir (bb0070) 2005; 72
Perez, Kwok, O’Sullivan, Huang, Hanley (bb0235) 2016; 56
Iwashita, Oda (bb0125) 2000; 109
Chiu, Ng (bb0060) 2003; 53
Arévalo, Pugnaloni, Zuriguel, Maza (bb0015) 2013; 87
Fredlund, Xing (bb0085) 1994; 31
Kim, Park (bb0140) 2020; 122
Papadopoulos, Porter, Daniels, Bassett (bb0230) 2018; 6
Melnikov, Wittel, Herrmann (bb0185) 2016; 11
Oda (bb0205) 1982; 22
Liu, Zhou, Ma, Yang, Chang (bb0155) 2020; 366
Kido, Higo (bb0130) 2020; 15
Oda, Nemat-Nasser, Konishi (bb0215) 1985; 25
Walker, Tordesillas (bb0320) 2010; 47
Sun, Sheng, Cui, Sloan (bb0290) 2007; 31
Lin, Zhou, Liu, Ma, Cao (bb0150) 2022; 141
Tordesillas, Walker, Lin (bb0300) 2010; 81
Yuan, Chareyre (bb0330) 2017; 318
Satyanaga, Rahardjo, Leong, Wang (bb0275) 2013; 48
O’Sullivan, Bray, Li (bb0220) 2003; 27
Higo, Oka, Sato, Matsushima, Kimoto (bb0120) 2013; 53
Gao, Sun, Zhou, Li (bb0105) 2020; 20
Walker, Tordesillas, Kuhn (bb0325) 2017; 143
Giusti, Papadopoulos, Owens, Daniels, Bassett (bb0115) 2016; 94
Chareyre, Cortis, Catalano, Barthélemy (bb0050) 2012; 94
Cundall, Strack (bb0065) 1979; 29
Tordesillas (bb0295) 2007; 87
Gili, Alonso (bb0110) 2002; 26
Princen (bb0250) 1969; 30
Oda (bb0195) 1972; 12
Oda, Iwashita (bb0210) 2000; 38
Arthur, Menzies (bb0025) 1972; 22
Bassett, Owens, Porter, Manning, Daniels (bb0035) 2015; 11
Satyanaga, Rahardjo (bb0270) 2018; 69
Fredlund, Morgenstern, Widger (bb0090) 1978; 15
Donald (bb0075) 1956
Loret, Khalili (bb0165) 2002; 34
Arévalo, Zuriguel, Maza (bb0010) 2009; 19
Vanapalli (bb0310) 2009
Leśniewska, Nitka, Tejchman, Pietrzak (bb0145) 2020; 22
Zhao, Zhang, Fredlund (bb0335) 2013; 139
Manahiloh Kalehiwot, Muhunthan, Likos William (bb0175) 2016; 16
Oda (bb0200) 1972; 12
Satake (bb0265) 1982
Fredlund, Sheng, Zhao (bb0095) 2011; 48
Tordesillas, Pucilowski, Walker, Peters, Hopkins (bb0305) 2011
Alonso, Pereira, Vaunat, Olivella (bb0005) 2010; 60
Princen (bb0260) 1970; 34
Peters, Muthuswamy, Wibowo, Tordesillas (bb0240) 2005; 72
Catalano, Chareyre, Barthélémy (bb0045) 2014; 38
Kim, Borden (bb0135) 2011; 48
Fu, Hu, Yang, Wang, Zhou (bb0100) 2021; 137
Mahmoodlu, Raoof, Sweijen, Van Genuchten (bb0170) 2016; 15
Papadopoulos, Puckett, Daniels, Bassett (bb0225) 2016; 94
Bassett, Owens, Daniels, Porter (bb0030) 2012; 86
Mayer, Stowe (bb0180) 1965; 20
Šmilauer, Catalano, Chareyre, Dorofeenko, Duriez, Gladky, Kozicki, Modenese, Scholtès, Sibille, Others (bb0285) 2021
Vanapalli, Fredlund (bb0315) 2000
Pham, Fredlund (bb0245) 2008; 45
Liu, Yin, Chen, Feng, Yin (bb0160) 2021; 21
Bishop (bb0040) 1959; 106
Princen (bb0255) 1969; 30
Chen, Qin, Wu (bb0055) 2020; 2020
Fredlund, Rahardjo (bb0080) 1993
Arthur, Carrillo (bb0020) 1944
Chareyre (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0050) 2012; 94
Kido (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0130) 2020; 15
Princen (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0260) 1970; 34
Liu (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0155) 2020; 366
Fredlund (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0085) 1994; 31
Higo (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0120) 2013; 53
O’Sullivan (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0220) 2003; 27
Vanapalli (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0315) 2000
Gao (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0105) 2020; 20
Lin (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0150) 2022; 141
Tordesillas (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0295) 2007; 87
Simms (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0280) 2005; 42
Da Cruz (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0070) 2005; 72
Fredlund (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0095) 2011; 48
Fu (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0100) 2021; 137
Kim (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0140) 2020; 122
Arévalo (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0015) 2013; 87
Oda (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0205) 1982; 22
Princen (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0250) 1969; 30
Arévalo (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0010) 2009; 19
Zhao (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0335) 2013; 139
Mayer (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0180) 1965; 20
Satyanaga (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0275) 2013; 48
Arthur (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0025) 1972; 22
Peters (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0240) 2005; 72
Satake (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0265) 1982
Yuan (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0330) 2017; 318
Bishop (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0040) 1959; 106
Gili (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0110) 2002; 26
Giusti (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0115) 2016; 94
Papadopoulos (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0230) 2018; 6
Muthuswamy (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0190) 2006; 2006
Walker (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0320) 2010; 47
Papadopoulos (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0225) 2016; 94
Cundall (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0065) 1979; 29
Oda (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0200) 1972; 12
Princen (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0255) 1969; 30
Leśniewska (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0145) 2020; 22
Melnikov (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0185) 2016; 11
Vanapalli (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0310) 2009
Liu (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0160) 2021; 21
Walker (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0325) 2017; 143
Iwashita (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0125) 2000; 109
Satyanaga (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0270) 2018; 69
Manahiloh Kalehiwot (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0175) 2016; 16
Pham (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0245) 2008; 45
Arthur (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0020) 1944
Tordesillas (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0300) 2010; 81
Tordesillas (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0305) 2011
Chiu (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0060) 2003; 53
Kim (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0135) 2011; 48
Šmilauer (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0285) 2021
Chen (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0055) 2020; 2020
Oda (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0215) 1985; 25
Bassett (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0035) 2015; 11
Oda (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0195) 1972; 12
Loret (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0165) 2002; 34
Perez (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0235) 2016; 56
Sun (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0290) 2007; 31
Fredlund (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0080) 1993
Bassett (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0030) 2012; 86
Catalano (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0045) 2014; 38
Mahmoodlu (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0170) 2016; 15
Alonso (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0005) 2010; 60
Oda (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0210) 2000; 38
Donald (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0075) 1956
Fredlund (10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0090) 1978; 15
References_xml – volume: 72
  year: 2005
  ident: bb0240
  article-title: Characterization of force chains in granular material
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys.
– volume: 141
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0150
  article-title: A topological view on microscopic structural evolution for granular material under loading and unloading path
  publication-title: Comput. Geotech.
– volume: 109
  start-page: 192
  year: 2000
  end-page: 205
  ident: bb0125
  article-title: Micro-deformation mechanism of shear banding process based on modified distinct element method
  publication-title: Powder Technol.
– volume: 27
  start-page: 859
  year: 2003
  end-page: 877
  ident: bb0220
  article-title: A new approach for calculating strain for particulate media
  publication-title: Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.
– volume: 318
  start-page: 1066
  year: 2017
  end-page: 1079
  ident: bb0330
  article-title: A pore-scale method for hydromechanical coupling in deformable granular media
  publication-title: Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.
– volume: 53
  start-page: 181
  year: 2013
  end-page: 198
  ident: bb0120
  article-title: Investigation of localized deformation in partially saturated sand under triaxial compression using microfocus X-ray CT with digital image correlation
  publication-title: Soils Found.
– volume: 15
  year: 2016
  ident: bb0170
  article-title: Effects of sand compaction and mixing on pore structure and the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties
  publication-title: Vadose Zone J.
– volume: 20
  start-page: 04019175
  year: 2020
  ident: bb0105
  article-title: Predicting shear strength of unsaturated soils over wide suction range
  publication-title: Int. J. Geomech.
– volume: 139
  start-page: 2070
  year: 2013
  end-page: 2081
  ident: bb0335
  article-title: Bimodal shear-strength behavior of unsaturated coarse-grained soils
  publication-title: J. Geotech. Geoenviron.
– volume: 143
  year: 2017
  ident: bb0325
  article-title: Spatial connectivity of force chains in a simple shear 3d simulation exhibiting shear bands
  publication-title: J. Eng. Mech.
– volume: 94
  year: 2016
  ident: bb0225
  article-title: Evolution of network architecture in a granular material under compression
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
– start-page: 63
  year: 1982
  end-page: 68
  ident: bb0265
  article-title: Fabric tensor in granular materials
  publication-title: Proceedings of IUTAM symposium on deformation and failure of granular materials
– volume: 366
  start-page: 747
  year: 2020
  end-page: 760
  ident: bb0155
  article-title: Strong contacts, connectivity and fabric anisotropy in granular materials: A 3D perspective
  publication-title: Powder Technol.
– volume: 25
  start-page: 85
  year: 1985
  end-page: 97
  ident: bb0215
  article-title: Stress-induced anisotropy in granular masses
  publication-title: Soils Found.
– volume: 12
  start-page: 17
  year: 1972
  end-page: 36
  ident: bb0195
  article-title: Initial fabrics and their relations to mechanical properties of granular material
  publication-title: Soils Found.
– volume: 48
  start-page: 51
  year: 2013
  end-page: 61
  ident: bb0275
  article-title: Water characteristic curve of soil with bimodal grain-size distribution
  publication-title: Comput. Geotech.
– volume: 34
  start-page: 97
  year: 2002
  end-page: 116
  ident: bb0165
  article-title: An effective stress elastic–plastic model for unsaturated porous media
  publication-title: Mech. Mater.
– volume: 2006
  year: 2006
  ident: bb0190
  article-title: How do interparticle contact friction, packing density and degree of polydispersity affect force propagation in particulate assemblies?
  publication-title: J. Stat. Mech. Theor. Exp.
– volume: 31
  start-page: 1257
  year: 2007
  end-page: 1279
  ident: bb0290
  article-title: A density-dependent elastoplastic hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated compacted soils
  publication-title: Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.
– volume: 42
  start-page: 499
  year: 2005
  end-page: 514
  ident: bb0280
  article-title: A pore-network model for hydromechanical coupling in unsaturated compacted clayey soils
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 3055
  year: 2020
  end-page: 3073
  ident: bb0130
  article-title: Microscopic characteristics of partially saturated dense sand and their link to macroscopic responses under triaxial compression conditions
  publication-title: Acta Geotech.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 313
  year: 1978
  end-page: 321
  ident: bb0090
  article-title: The shear strength of unsaturated soils
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
– volume: 87
  start-page: 4987
  year: 2007
  end-page: 5016
  ident: bb0295
  article-title: Force chain buckling, unjamming transitions and shear banding in dense granular assemblies
  publication-title: Philos. Mag.
– volume: 22
  start-page: 96
  year: 1982
  end-page: 108
  ident: bb0205
  article-title: Fabric tensor for discontinuous geological materials
  publication-title: Soils Found.
– volume: 106
  start-page: 859
  year: 1959
  end-page: 863
  ident: bb0040
  article-title: The principle of effective stress. Lecture delivered in Oslo, Norway, 1955
  publication-title: Tech. Ukeblad
– volume: 47
  start-page: 624
  year: 2010
  end-page: 639
  ident: bb0320
  article-title: Topological evolution in dense granular materials: A complex networks perspective
  publication-title: Int. J. Solids Struct.
– start-page: 200
  year: 1956
  end-page: 204
  ident: bb0075
  article-title: Shear strength measurements in unsaturated non-cohesive soils with negative pore pressures
  publication-title: Proceedings of Proceedings of the 2nd Australia–New Zealand Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand
– volume: 30
  start-page: 69
  year: 1969
  end-page: 75
  ident: bb0250
  article-title: Capillary phenomena in assemblies of parallel cylinders. I. Capillary rise between two cylinders
  publication-title: J. Colloid Interface Sci.
– volume: 122
  year: 2020
  ident: bb0140
  article-title: DEM simulation for shear behavior in unsaturated granular materials at low-stress state
  publication-title: Comput. Geotech.
– volume: 34
  start-page: 171
  year: 1970
  end-page: 184
  ident: bb0260
  article-title: Capillary phenomena in assemblies of parallel cylinders. III. Liquid Columns between Horizontal Parallel Cylinders
  publication-title: J. Colloid Interface Sci.
– volume: 87
  year: 2013
  ident: bb0015
  article-title: Contact network topology in tapped granular media
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
– volume: 21
  start-page: 04021103
  year: 2021
  ident: bb0160
  article-title: Nonlinear model for the stress–strain–strength behavior of unsaturated granular materials
  publication-title: Int. J. Geomech.
– volume: 22
  start-page: 115
  year: 1972
  end-page: 128
  ident: bb0025
  article-title: Inherent anisotropy in a sand
  publication-title: Geotechnique
– volume: 31
  start-page: 521
  year: 1994
  end-page: 532
  ident: bb0085
  article-title: Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
– volume: 38
  start-page: 51
  year: 2014
  end-page: 71
  ident: bb0045
  article-title: Pore-scale modeling of fluid-particles interaction and emerging poromechanical effects
  publication-title: Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.
– volume: 38
  start-page: 1713
  year: 2000
  end-page: 1740
  ident: bb0210
  article-title: Study on couple stress and shear band development in granular media based on numerical simulation analyses
  publication-title: Int. J. Eng. Sci.
– start-page: 195
  year: 2000
  end-page: 209
  ident: bb0315
  article-title: Comparison of different procedures to predict unsaturated soil shear strength
  publication-title: Geotechnical special publication
– volume: 19
  start-page: 695
  year: 2009
  end-page: 702
  ident: bb0010
  article-title: Topological properties of the contact network of granular materials
  publication-title: Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos
– volume: 86
  year: 2012
  ident: bb0030
  article-title: Influence of network topology on sound propagation in granular materials
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
– volume: 81
  year: 2010
  ident: bb0300
  article-title: Force cycles and force chains
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
– volume: 94
  start-page: 595
  year: 2012
  end-page: 615
  ident: bb0050
  article-title: Pore-scale modeling of viscous flow and induced forces in dense sphere packings
  publication-title: Transp. Porous Media
– volume: 48
  start-page: 1886
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1900
  ident: bb0135
  article-title: Influence of soil type and stress state on predicting shear strength of unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
– year: 1993
  ident: bb0080
  article-title: An overview of unsaturated soil behavior
  publication-title: Geotechnical special publication
– volume: 53
  start-page: 809
  year: 2003
  end-page: 829
  ident: bb0060
  article-title: A state-dependent elasto-plastic model for saturated and unsaturated soils
  publication-title: Geotechnique
– volume: 2020
  year: 2020
  ident: bb0055
  article-title: Quantitative study on the contact force and force chain characteristics of ore particle systems during ore drawing from a single drawpoint under the influence of a flexible barrier
  publication-title: Geofluids
– volume: 11
  start-page: 2731
  year: 2015
  end-page: 2744
  ident: bb0035
  article-title: Extraction of force-chain network architecture in granular materials using community detection
  publication-title: Soft Matter
– volume: 56
  start-page: 152
  year: 2016
  end-page: 159
  ident: bb0235
  article-title: Assessing the quasi-static conditions for shearing in granular media within the critical state soil mechanics framework
  publication-title: Soils Found.
– volume: 94
  year: 2016
  ident: bb0115
  article-title: Topological and geometric measurements of force-chain structure
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
– year: 2011
  ident: bb0305
  article-title: A Complex Network Analysis of Granular Fabric Evolution in Three-Dimensions
– volume: 20
  start-page: 893
  year: 1965
  end-page: 911
  ident: bb0180
  article-title: Mercury porosimetry—breakthrough pressure for penetration between packed spheres
  publication-title: J. Colloid Sci.
– volume: 29
  start-page: 47
  year: 1979
  end-page: 65
  ident: bb0065
  article-title: A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies
  publication-title: Geotechnique
– volume: 137
  year: 2021
  ident: bb0100
  article-title: An insight into the meso-scale topological structure nature of granular materials subjected to quasi-static shearing
  publication-title: Comput. Geotech.
– volume: 11
  start-page: 539
  year: 2016
  end-page: 548
  ident: bb0185
  article-title: Micro-mechanical failure analysis of wet granular matter
  publication-title: Acta Geotech.
– volume: 6
  start-page: 485
  year: 2018
  end-page: 565
  ident: bb0230
  article-title: Network analysis of particles and grains
  publication-title: J. Complex Netw.
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1
  year: 2020
  end-page: 31
  ident: bb0145
  article-title: Contact force network evolution in active earth pressure state of granular materials: photo-elastic tests and DEM
  publication-title: Granul. Matter
– volume: 48
  start-page: 186
  year: 2011
  end-page: 198
  ident: bb0095
  article-title: Estimation of soil suction from the soil-water characteristic curve
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
– volume: 30
  start-page: 359
  year: 1969
  end-page: 371
  ident: bb0255
  article-title: Capillary phenomena in assemblies of parallel cylinders: II. Capillary rise between two cylinders
  publication-title: J. Colloid Interface Sci.
– start-page: 579
  year: 2009
  end-page: 598
  ident: bb0310
  article-title: Shear strength of unsaturated soils and its applications in geotechnical engineering practice
  publication-title: Keynote Address. Proc. 4th Asia-Pacific Conf. on Unsaturated Soils. New Castle, Australia
– volume: 16
  year: 2016
  ident: bb0175
  article-title: Microstructure-based effective stress formulation for unsaturated granular soils
  publication-title: Int. J. Geomech.
– volume: 12
  start-page: 1
  year: 1972
  end-page: 18
  ident: bb0200
  article-title: The mechanism of fabric changes during compressional deformation of sand
  publication-title: Soils Found.
– volume: 69
  start-page: 828
  year: 2018
  end-page: 832
  ident: bb0270
  article-title: Unsaturated shear strength of soil with bimodal soil-water characteristic curve
  publication-title: Geotechnique
– volume: 60
  start-page: 913
  year: 2010
  end-page: 925
  ident: bb0005
  article-title: A microstructurally based effective stress for unsaturated soils
  publication-title: Geotechnique
– year: 1944
  ident: bb0020
  article-title: Shear Failure of Anisotropic Materials
– volume: 26
  start-page: 433
  year: 2002
  end-page: 468
  ident: bb0110
  article-title: Microstructural deformation mechanisms of unsaturated granular soils
  publication-title: Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.
– year: 2021
  ident: bb0285
  article-title: Yade Documentation
– volume: 72
  year: 2005
  ident: bb0070
  article-title: Rheophysics of dense granular materials: discrete simulation of plane shear flows
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
– volume: 45
  start-page: 443
  year: 2008
  end-page: 453
  ident: bb0245
  article-title: Equations for the entire soil-water characteristic curve of a volume change soil
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
– volume: 19
  start-page: 695
  issue: 02
  year: 2009
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0010
  article-title: Topological properties of the contact network of granular materials
  publication-title: Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos
  doi: 10.1142/S0218127409023056
– volume: 143
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0325
  article-title: Spatial connectivity of force chains in a simple shear 3d simulation exhibiting shear bands
  publication-title: J. Eng. Mech.
– start-page: 579
  year: 2009
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0310
  article-title: Shear strength of unsaturated soils and its applications in geotechnical engineering practice
– volume: 15
  start-page: 313
  issue: 3
  year: 1978
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0090
  article-title: The shear strength of unsaturated soils
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
  doi: 10.1139/t78-029
– volume: 26
  start-page: 433
  issue: 5
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0110
  article-title: Microstructural deformation mechanisms of unsaturated granular soils
  publication-title: Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.
  doi: 10.1002/nag.206
– volume: 15
  issue: 8
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0170
  article-title: Effects of sand compaction and mixing on pore structure and the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties
  publication-title: Vadose Zone J.
  doi: 10.2136/vzj2015.10.0136
– volume: 318
  start-page: 1066
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0330
  article-title: A pore-scale method for hydromechanical coupling in deformable granular media
  publication-title: Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2017.02.024
– volume: 16
  issue: 6
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0175
  article-title: Microstructure-based effective stress formulation for unsaturated granular soils
  publication-title: Int. J. Geomech.
– volume: 2006
  issue: 09
  year: 2006
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0190
  article-title: How do interparticle contact friction, packing density and degree of polydispersity affect force propagation in particulate assemblies?
  publication-title: J. Stat. Mech. Theor. Exp.
  doi: 10.1088/1742-5468/2006/09/P09003
– volume: 12
  start-page: 1
  issue: 2
  year: 1972
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0200
  article-title: The mechanism of fabric changes during compressional deformation of sand
  publication-title: Soils Found.
  doi: 10.3208/sandf1972.12.1
– volume: 47
  start-page: 624
  issue: 5
  year: 2010
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0320
  article-title: Topological evolution in dense granular materials: A complex networks perspective
  publication-title: Int. J. Solids Struct.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.10.025
– volume: 29
  start-page: 47
  issue: 1
  year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0065
  article-title: A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies
  publication-title: Geotechnique
  doi: 10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47
– volume: 15
  start-page: 3055
  issue: 11
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0130
  article-title: Microscopic characteristics of partially saturated dense sand and their link to macroscopic responses under triaxial compression conditions
  publication-title: Acta Geotech.
  doi: 10.1007/s11440-020-01049-w
– volume: 6
  start-page: 485
  issue: 4
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0230
  article-title: Network analysis of particles and grains
  publication-title: J. Complex Netw.
  doi: 10.1093/comnet/cny005
– volume: 109
  start-page: 192
  issue: 1
  year: 2000
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0125
  article-title: Micro-deformation mechanism of shear banding process based on modified distinct element method
  publication-title: Powder Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/S0032-5910(99)00236-3
– start-page: 195
  year: 2000
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0315
  article-title: Comparison of different procedures to predict unsaturated soil shear strength
– volume: 53
  start-page: 181
  issue: 2
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0120
  article-title: Investigation of localized deformation in partially saturated sand under triaxial compression using microfocus X-ray CT with digital image correlation
  publication-title: Soils Found.
  doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2013.02.001
– volume: 53
  start-page: 809
  issue: 9
  year: 2003
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0060
  article-title: A state-dependent elasto-plastic model for saturated and unsaturated soils
  publication-title: Geotechnique
  doi: 10.1680/geot.2003.53.9.809
– volume: 38
  start-page: 51
  issue: 1
  year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0045
  article-title: Pore-scale modeling of fluid-particles interaction and emerging poromechanical effects
  publication-title: Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.
  doi: 10.1002/nag.2198
– volume: 94
  issue: 3–1
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0115
  article-title: Topological and geometric measurements of force-chain structure
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
– volume: 45
  start-page: 443
  issue: 4
  year: 2008
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0245
  article-title: Equations for the entire soil-water characteristic curve of a volume change soil
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
  doi: 10.1139/T07-117
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1
  issue: 3
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0145
  article-title: Contact force network evolution in active earth pressure state of granular materials: photo-elastic tests and DEM
  publication-title: Granul. Matter
  doi: 10.1007/s10035-020-01033-x
– volume: 38
  start-page: 1713
  issue: 15
  year: 2000
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0210
  article-title: Study on couple stress and shear band development in granular media based on numerical simulation analyses
  publication-title: Int. J. Eng. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/S0020-7225(99)00132-9
– volume: 30
  start-page: 69
  issue: 1
  year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0250
  article-title: Capillary phenomena in assemblies of parallel cylinders. I. Capillary rise between two cylinders
  publication-title: J. Colloid Interface Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/0021-9797(69)90379-8
– year: 1993
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0080
  article-title: An overview of unsaturated soil behavior
– volume: 20
  start-page: 04019175
  issue: 2
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0105
  article-title: Predicting shear strength of unsaturated soils over wide suction range
  publication-title: Int. J. Geomech.
  doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001555
– volume: 141
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0150
  article-title: A topological view on microscopic structural evolution for granular material under loading and unloading path
  publication-title: Comput. Geotech.
  doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104530
– volume: 21
  start-page: 04021103
  issue: 7
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0160
  article-title: Nonlinear model for the stress–strain–strength behavior of unsaturated granular materials
  publication-title: Int. J. Geomech.
  doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002042
– volume: 94
  start-page: 595
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0050
  article-title: Pore-scale modeling of viscous flow and induced forces in dense sphere packings
  publication-title: Transp. Porous Media
  doi: 10.1007/s11242-012-0057-2
– volume: 11
  start-page: 539
  issue: 3
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0185
  article-title: Micro-mechanical failure analysis of wet granular matter
  publication-title: Acta Geotech.
  doi: 10.1007/s11440-016-0465-5
– volume: 139
  start-page: 2070
  issue: 12
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0335
  article-title: Bimodal shear-strength behavior of unsaturated coarse-grained soils
  publication-title: J. Geotech. Geoenviron.
  doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000937
– volume: 34
  start-page: 97
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0165
  article-title: An effective stress elastic–plastic model for unsaturated porous media
  publication-title: Mech. Mater.
  doi: 10.1016/S0167-6636(01)00092-8
– volume: 122
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0140
  article-title: DEM simulation for shear behavior in unsaturated granular materials at low-stress state
  publication-title: Comput. Geotech.
  doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103551
– volume: 22
  start-page: 115
  issue: 1
  year: 1972
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0025
  article-title: Inherent anisotropy in a sand
  publication-title: Geotechnique
  doi: 10.1680/geot.1972.22.1.115
– volume: 72
  issue: 2
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0070
  article-title: Rheophysics of dense granular materials: discrete simulation of plane shear flows
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.021309
– volume: 22
  start-page: 96
  issue: 4
  year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0205
  article-title: Fabric tensor for discontinuous geological materials
  publication-title: Soils Found.
  doi: 10.3208/sandf1972.22.4_96
– volume: 12
  start-page: 17
  issue: 1
  year: 1972
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0195
  article-title: Initial fabrics and their relations to mechanical properties of granular material
  publication-title: Soils Found.
  doi: 10.3208/sandf1960.12.17
– year: 2011
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0305
– volume: 25
  start-page: 85
  issue: 3
  year: 1985
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0215
  article-title: Stress-induced anisotropy in granular masses
  publication-title: Soils Found.
  doi: 10.3208/sandf1972.25.3_85
– volume: 2020
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0055
  article-title: Quantitative study on the contact force and force chain characteristics of ore particle systems during ore drawing from a single drawpoint under the influence of a flexible barrier
  publication-title: Geofluids
  doi: 10.1155/2020/1270761
– volume: 137
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0100
  article-title: An insight into the meso-scale topological structure nature of granular materials subjected to quasi-static shearing
  publication-title: Comput. Geotech.
  doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104257
– volume: 87
  start-page: 4987
  issue: 32
  year: 2007
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0295
  article-title: Force chain buckling, unjamming transitions and shear banding in dense granular assemblies
  publication-title: Philos. Mag.
  doi: 10.1080/14786430701594848
– volume: 60
  start-page: 913
  issue: 12
  year: 2010
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0005
  article-title: A microstructurally based effective stress for unsaturated soils
  publication-title: Geotechnique
  doi: 10.1680/geot.8.P.002
– volume: 48
  start-page: 186
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0095
  article-title: Estimation of soil suction from the soil-water characteristic curve
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
  doi: 10.1139/T10-060
– volume: 72
  issue: 4 Pt 1
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0240
  article-title: Characterization of force chains in granular material
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys.
– start-page: 63
  year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0265
  article-title: Fabric tensor in granular materials
– volume: 31
  start-page: 521
  issue: 4
  year: 1994
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0085
  article-title: Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
  doi: 10.1139/t94-061
– volume: 20
  start-page: 893
  issue: 8
  year: 1965
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0180
  article-title: Mercury porosimetry—breakthrough pressure for penetration between packed spheres
  publication-title: J. Colloid Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/0095-8522(65)90061-9
– volume: 48
  start-page: 1886
  issue: 12
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0135
  article-title: Influence of soil type and stress state on predicting shear strength of unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
  doi: 10.1139/t11-082
– volume: 48
  start-page: 51
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0275
  article-title: Water characteristic curve of soil with bimodal grain-size distribution
  publication-title: Comput. Geotech.
  doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.09.008
– year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0285
– start-page: 200
  year: 1956
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0075
  article-title: Shear strength measurements in unsaturated non-cohesive soils with negative pore pressures
– volume: 56
  start-page: 152
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0235
  article-title: Assessing the quasi-static conditions for shearing in granular media within the critical state soil mechanics framework
  publication-title: Soils Found.
  doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2016.01.013
– volume: 94
  issue: 3–1
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0225
  article-title: Evolution of network architecture in a granular material under compression
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
– volume: 31
  start-page: 1257
  issue: 11
  year: 2007
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0290
  article-title: A density-dependent elastoplastic hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated compacted soils
  publication-title: Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.
  doi: 10.1002/nag.579
– volume: 87
  issue: 2
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0015
  article-title: Contact network topology in tapped granular media
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.87.022203
– volume: 81
  issue: 1
  year: 2010
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0300
  article-title: Force cycles and force chains
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.81.011302
– volume: 27
  start-page: 859
  issue: 10
  year: 2003
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0220
  article-title: A new approach for calculating strain for particulate media
  publication-title: Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.
  doi: 10.1002/nag.304
– volume: 86
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0030
  article-title: Influence of network topology on sound propagation in granular materials
  publication-title: Phys. Rev. E
  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.86.041306
– volume: 42
  start-page: 499
  issue: 2
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0280
  article-title: A pore-network model for hydromechanical coupling in unsaturated compacted clayey soils
  publication-title: Can. Geotech. J.
  doi: 10.1139/t05-002
– year: 1944
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0020
– volume: 366
  start-page: 747
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0155
  article-title: Strong contacts, connectivity and fabric anisotropy in granular materials: A 3D perspective
  publication-title: Powder Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.018
– volume: 106
  start-page: 859
  issue: 39
  year: 1959
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0040
  article-title: The principle of effective stress. Lecture delivered in Oslo, Norway, 1955
  publication-title: Tech. Ukeblad
– volume: 30
  start-page: 359
  issue: 3
  year: 1969
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0255
  article-title: Capillary phenomena in assemblies of parallel cylinders: II. Capillary rise between two cylinders
  publication-title: J. Colloid Interface Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/0021-9797(69)90403-2
– volume: 34
  start-page: 171
  issue: 2
  year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0260
  article-title: Capillary phenomena in assemblies of parallel cylinders. III. Liquid Columns between Horizontal Parallel Cylinders
  publication-title: J. Colloid Interface Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/0021-9797(70)90167-0
– volume: 11
  start-page: 2731
  issue: 14
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0035
  article-title: Extraction of force-chain network architecture in granular materials using community detection
  publication-title: Soft Matter
  doi: 10.1039/C4SM01821D
– volume: 69
  start-page: 828
  issue: 9
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335_bb0270
  article-title: Unsaturated shear strength of soil with bimodal soil-water characteristic curve
  publication-title: Geotechnique
  doi: 10.1680/jgeot.17.P.108
SSID ssj0016989
Score 2.434789
Snippet Saturation conditions play a significant role in the mechanical behavior of granular material and the evolution of an interparticle contact system during the...
SourceID crossref
elsevier
SourceType Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 105335
SubjectTerms Contact network
Discrete element method (DEM) simulation
Force chain
Strength
Unsaturated soil
Title Evolution of the force chain structure of partially saturated granular material under triaxial compression conditions
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105335
Volume 157
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: Baden-Württemberg Complete Freedom Collection (Elsevier)
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1873-7633
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0016989
  issn: 0266-352X
  databaseCode: GBLVA
  dateStart: 20110101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: Elsevier SD Complete Freedom Collection [SCCMFC]
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1873-7633
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0016989
  issn: 0266-352X
  databaseCode: ACRLP
  dateStart: 19950101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals [SCFCJ] - access via UTK
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1873-7633
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0016989
  issn: 0266-352X
  databaseCode: AIKHN
  dateStart: 19950101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: Science Direct
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1873-7633
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0016989
  issn: 0266-352X
  databaseCode: .~1
  dateStart: 19950101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVLSH
  databaseName: Elsevier Journals
  customDbUrl:
  mediaType: online
  eissn: 1873-7633
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0016989
  issn: 0266-352X
  databaseCode: AKRWK
  dateStart: 19850101
  isFulltext: true
  providerName: Library Specific Holdings
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3dT8IwEG8IvuiD8TN-kj74Oti6bu0eCYGgRl6UhLel9AMhBBYEoy_-7d5tAzExmvjWrrumu156d9397gi5CSMXxCaSnogT5XHDlCcTZjxnfCWtlZEziEZ-6MXdPr8bRIMKaa2xMBhWWZ79xZmen9blk0bJzUY2HjcewXsAbckGYERj5iBElHMusIpB_WMT5hFggcTiniX28O0vFE9jgnNnoxwDyEKseBvmVd9-0E9bOqdzQPZLY5E2i_UckoqdHZG9rRSCx2TVfi2Fh84dBWuOghWqLdXP4PLTIjvsamFxMMPvUtPpO33BbJ5gZBo6AlWFgagUDNdcFimCyhYUi3m8YRfXXoTKzqCN_7dRTk9Iv9N-anW9spSCp0M_WXoqCGwSMC2Z0EI58Kq01L5lIdfKhJEaJs5CGzNySSUYjDLjNPCOi1gNYxOekupsPrNnhGonJLfCaKsQR69k6EsHswvF_SG4P-eErxmY6jLPOJa7mKbrgLJJWvI9Rb6nBd_PSX1DlhWJNv4ikOvdSb9JTArK4HfSi_-TXpJd7BUhj1ekCttor8EsWQ5rudzVyE7z9r7b-wRwtOYj
linkProvider Elsevier
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LT8JAEN4gHtSD8RnxuQevhXb72O3REAgqcBESbs2yD4QQIAhGL_52Z9qCmBhNvG07nc12drIz0858Q8itH1ov0qFweBRLJ9BMOiJm2rHalcIYEVqN1citdtToBg-9sFcg1VUtDKZV5md_dqanp3V-p5JLszIbDitPED2AtWQ9cKIROYhvke0gZBwjsPLHOs_Dww6J2YeWyMHHv8p4KiOcfDZIiwCZjy1v_bTt2w8GasPo1A_Ifu4t0rtsQYekYCZHZG8DQ_CYLGuvufbQqaXgzlFwQ5Wh6hlifprBwy7nBokzfDE5Hr_TF4TzBC9T0wHYKsxEpeC5pspIsapsTrGbxxte4tqzXNkJjPEHNyrqCenWa51qw8l7KTjKd-OFIz3PxB5TgnHFpYWwSgnlGuYHSmo_lP3YGhgjJJeQnAGVaatAdgGPZD_S_ikpTqYTc0aoslwEhmtlJBbSS-G7wsLsXAZuH-KfEglWAkxUDjSO_S7GySqjbJTkck9Q7kkm9xIpr9lmGdLGXwxitTvJN5VJwBr8znr-f9YbstPotJpJ8779eEF2kZLlP16SImypuQIfZdG_TnXwE9R757g
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+force+chain+structure+of+partially+saturated+granular+material+under+triaxial+compression+conditions&rft.jtitle=Computers+and+geotechnics&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Xiao-Qiong&rft.au=Liu%2C+En-Long&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd&rft.issn=0266-352X&rft.eissn=1873-7633&rft.volume=157&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.compgeo.2023.105335&rft.externalDocID=S0266352X23000927
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0266-352X&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0266-352X&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0266-352X&client=summon