Hybrid non-destructive evaluation methods for characterizing chloride-induced corrosion in concrete
This paper aims to describe a GPR-based phase characterization model for characterizing various phases of invisible chloride contamination, active corrosion and cracks/delamination in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The works are divided into two parts: (1) fieldworks of two 30+ year old RC sla...
Saved in:
| Published in | NDT & E international : independent nondestructive testing and evaluation Vol. 107; p. 102123 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Elsevier Ltd
01.10.2019
|
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0963-8695 1879-1174 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008 |
Cover
| Abstract | This paper aims to describe a GPR-based phase characterization model for characterizing various phases of invisible chloride contamination, active corrosion and cracks/delamination in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The works are divided into two parts: (1) fieldworks of two 30+ year old RC slab exposed to abrasive tidal seawater, and (2) laboratory specimens of 4 exposure conditions subject to accelerated corrosion in 94 days. The very different spatial amplitude distribution of the former is verified by the temporal and continuous measurement of the latter. Results show that abnormally low or high amplitude of radar signals are indications of chloride contamination or delamination phase of a corrosion model, respectively. The analysis proves that RC deterioration can be imaged and modelled via GPR by identifying the highest (cracks/delamination) and lowest amplitude (chloride contamination) through certain thresholds established in this paper. The thresholds in both field works and lab’s RC specimens were further collectively used to convert the amplitude values to health indicators of the RC structure in the fieldwork. The methodology, analysis and the corrosion phase characterization will pave the way for large-scale, completely noninvasive, and efficient imaging and diagnosis of RC structures. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | This paper aims to describe a GPR-based phase characterization model for characterizing various phases of invisible chloride contamination, active corrosion and cracks/delamination in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The works are divided into two parts: (1) fieldworks of two 30+ year old RC slab exposed to abrasive tidal seawater, and (2) laboratory specimens of 4 exposure conditions subject to accelerated corrosion in 94 days. The very different spatial amplitude distribution of the former is verified by the temporal and continuous measurement of the latter. Results show that abnormally low or high amplitude of radar signals are indications of chloride contamination or delamination phase of a corrosion model, respectively. The analysis proves that RC deterioration can be imaged and modelled via GPR by identifying the highest (cracks/delamination) and lowest amplitude (chloride contamination) through certain thresholds established in this paper. The thresholds in both field works and lab’s RC specimens were further collectively used to convert the amplitude values to health indicators of the RC structure in the fieldwork. The methodology, analysis and the corrosion phase characterization will pave the way for large-scale, completely noninvasive, and efficient imaging and diagnosis of RC structures. |
| ArticleNumber | 102123 |
| Author | Poon, Chi-sun Lai, Wallace W.L. Wong, Phoebe T.W. Sham, Janet F.C. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Phoebe T.W. surname: Wong fullname: Wong, Phoebe T.W. email: phoebe.tw.wong@connect.polyu.hk organization: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong – sequence: 2 givenname: Wallace W.L. surname: Lai fullname: Lai, Wallace W.L. email: wllai@polyu.edu.hk organization: Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong – sequence: 3 givenname: Janet F.C. surname: Sham fullname: Sham, Janet F.C. email: janet.sham@polyu.edu.hk organization: Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong – sequence: 4 givenname: Chi-sun surname: Poon fullname: Poon, Chi-sun email: cecspoon@polyu.edu.hk organization: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong |
| BookMark | eNqFkMFKAzEQhoMo2FYfQdgX2HWyu8lu8CBS1AoFL3oO6WTWprRZyaaF-vSmticvvczwH76fmW_MLn3vibE7DgUHLu9XhbeRnI9FCVwVIAqA9oKNeNuonPOmvmQjULLKW6nENRsPwwoAyrpqRgxn-0VwNkuVuaUhhi1Gt6OMdma9NdH1PttQXPZ2yLo-ZLg0wWCk4H6c_0px3SeacuftFslm2IfQDwfK-RQ8Bop0w646sx7o9rQn7PPl-WM6y-fvr2_Tp3mOFaiYl2nKFmXJZataELUkURGgrDouGlO3iAuwqDoramutqsmgXchGQtvZDppqwh6OvZhuGAJ1Gl38-yEG49aagz740it98qUPvjQInXwlWvyjv4PbmLA_yz0eOUqv7RwFPaAjn2y4QBi17d2Zhl_IG43n |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tust_2024_105633 crossref_primary_10_14359_51734822 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20195607 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10921_021_00836_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2025_e42641 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dibe_2023_100302 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10921_023_01043_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autcon_2022_104627 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cemconcomp_2023_105253 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10921_023_01004_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autcon_2022_104548 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs13091846 crossref_primary_10_3724_SP_J_1249_2023_04463 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jksus_2023_102916 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_marstruc_2022_103276 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2021_125913 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41062_022_00840_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autcon_2023_105130 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jobe_2024_108760 crossref_primary_10_3390_ma14040975 crossref_primary_10_3390_ndt2010004 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs15082206 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2020_119238 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2024_3383496 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2023_132594 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2021_122432 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jappgeo_2022_104713 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10921_024_01076_7 crossref_primary_10_20964_2019_12_25 crossref_primary_10_3390_su142315768 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.019 10.1016/j.ndteint.2017.03.006 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.03.014 10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000083 10.1080/15732479.2013.879321 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(1996)2:2(94) 10.1016/S0963-8695(00)00038-4 10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.06.004 10.1021/la00078a031 10.1617/s11527-007-9282-5 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.11.003 10.1016/S0963-8695(98)00011-5 10.1016/j.ndteint.2013.03.003 10.1246/bcsj.48.1764 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2019 Elsevier Ltd |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2019 Elsevier Ltd |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1879-1174 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1016_j_ndteint_2019_05_008 S0963869519300611 |
| GroupedDBID | --K --M .DC .~1 0R~ 123 1B1 1~. 1~5 29M 4.4 457 4G. 5VS 6TJ 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JN AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAIAV AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAQXK AAXUO ABFNM ABJNI ABMAC ABXDB ABYKQ ACDAQ ACGFS ACNNM ACRLP ADBBV ADEZE ADMUD ADTZH AEBSH AECPX AEKER AENEX AFKWA AFTJW AGHFR AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AHJVU AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AJBFU AJOXV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ ASPBG AVWKF AXJTR AZFZN BJAXD BKOJK BLXMC CS3 DU5 EBS EFJIC EFLBG EJD EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 F5P FDB FEDTE FGOYB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-2 G-Q GBLVA HVGLF HZ~ IHE J1W JJJVA KOM LY7 M41 MO0 N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OZT P-8 P-9 PC. Q38 R2- RIG ROL RPZ SDF SDG SES SET SEW SPC SPCBC SST SSZ T5K T9H WH7 WUQ XPP XSW ZMT ~G- AATTM AAXKI AAYWO AAYXX ABWVN ACRPL ACVFH ADCNI ADNMO AEIPS AEUPX AFJKZ AFPUW AFXIZ AGCQF AGQPQ AGRNS AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP ANKPU APXCP BNPGV CITATION SSH |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c309t-230968c62168980546e53e0c63f157a48ccb0dc9fd54ddd94eacdb67608fdf073 |
| IEDL.DBID | .~1 |
| ISSN | 0963-8695 |
| IngestDate | Thu Apr 24 22:51:04 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 02:04:39 EDT 2025 Fri Feb 23 02:28:22 EST 2024 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c309t-230968c62168980546e53e0c63f157a48ccb0dc9fd54ddd94eacdb67608fdf073 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_ndteint_2019_05_008 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ndteint_2019_05_008 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_ndteint_2019_05_008 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | October 2019 2019-10-00 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2019-10-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 10 year: 2019 text: October 2019 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationTitle | NDT & E international : independent nondestructive testing and evaluation |
| PublicationYear | 2019 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd |
| References | Malhotra, Carino (bib9) 2004 Lai, Kind, Stoppel, Wiggenhauser (bib25) Jun 2013; 19 Kalogeropoulos, Van Der Kruk, Hugenschmidt, Bikowski, Brühwiler (bib19) 2013; 57 Funk, Leipold, Borchardt (bib3) 1997 (bib26) 1998 Bungey, S.G.Shaw (bib2) 1997 Arce, Hoboken, Hoboken (bib23) 2005 Daniels (bib12) 2004 Lai, Kind, Stoppel, Wiggenhauser (bib14) 2013; 19 Maser (bib6) 1996; 2 Maierhofer J (bib7) 1998; 31 Hubbard, Zhang, Monteiro, Peterson, Rubin (bib13) 2003 Hong, Lai, Wilsch, Helmerich, Helmerich, Gunther (bib15) Sep 2014; 66 Kuwabara, Iwaki, Morimoto (bib30) 1987; 3 Derobert, Lataste, Balayssac, Laurens (bib17) 2017; 89 Hong, Lai, Helmerich (bib16) 2015; 11 Maierhofer S (bib5) 2001; 34 Villain, Sbartaï, Dérobert, Garnier, Balayssac (bib18) 2012; 37 Hugenschmidt, Loser (bib20) 2008; 41 Neville (bib10) 2010 Maierhofer, Reinhardt, Dobmann (bib8) 2010 Annan (bib28) 2004 ASTM C876-2015 (bib1) 2015 Hong, Wiggenhauser, Helmerich, Dong, Dong, Xing (bib27) 2017; 114 Sham, Lai (bib24) 2017 Kaneko, Serizawa, Ishikawa, Inouye (bib29) 1975; 48 Jol (bib21) 2009 Kong (bib4) 2000 Dinh, Gucunski, Kim, Duong (bib22) 2016; 83 Neville (bib11) 1995 Neville (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib11) 1995 Neville (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib10) 2010 Hubbard (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib13) 2003 Kong (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib4) 2000 Maser (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib6) 1996; 2 Kuwabara (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib30) 1987; 3 Annan (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib28) 2004 Bungey (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib2) 1997 Daniels (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib12) 2004 Villain (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib18) 2012; 37 Hugenschmidt (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib20) 2008; 41 Sham (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib24) 2017 Kalogeropoulos (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib19) 2013; 57 Hong (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib15) 2014; 66 Hong (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib27) 2017; 114 Lai (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib14) 2013; 19 Maierhofer J (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib7) 1998; 31 Funk (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib3) 1997 Maierhofer S (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib5) 2001; 34 Lai (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib25) 2013; 19 Maierhofer (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib8) 2010 Dinh (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib22) 2016; 83 ASTM C876-2015 (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib1) 2015 Arce (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib23) 2005 Derobert (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib17) 2017; 89 (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib26) 1998 Kaneko (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib29) 1975; 48 Hong (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib16) 2015; 11 Malhotra (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib9) 2004 Jol (10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib21) 2009 |
| References_xml | – year: 2000 ident: bib4 article-title: Choice of antenna type and frequency range for testing concrete structures publication-title: 8th int. Conf. On ground penetrating radar – volume: 114 start-page: 123 year: 2017 end-page: 132 ident: bib27 article-title: Long-term monitoring of reinforcement corrosion in concrete using ground penetrating radar publication-title: Corros Sci – volume: 66 start-page: 671 year: Sep 2014 end-page: 684 ident: bib15 article-title: Periodic mapping of reinforcement corrosion in intrusive chloride contaminated concrete with GPR publication-title: Constr Build Mater – year: 2017 ident: bib24 article-title: Diagnosis of reinforced concrete structures by ground penetrating radar survey - case study publication-title: 9th international workshop on advanced ground penetrating radar (IWAGPR), Edinburgh, Scotland – year: 1997 ident: bib3 article-title: Nondestructive location of tendon ducts in concrete for the installation of noise insulating walls using impulse radar publication-title: 7th int. Conf. On structural faults and repair, Edinburgh, UK – year: 1995 ident: bib11 article-title: Properties of concrete – year: 2010 ident: bib10 article-title: Concrete technology – start-page: 501 year: 2003 end-page: 510 ident: bib13 article-title: Experimental detection of reinforcing bar corrosion using nondestructive geophysical techniques publication-title: ACI Mater J – year: 2004 ident: bib9 article-title: Handbook on nondestructive testing of concrete – volume: 83 start-page: 48 year: 2016 end-page: 58 ident: bib22 article-title: Understanding depth-amplitude effects in assessment of GPR data from concrete bridge decks publication-title: NDT E Int – volume: 89 start-page: 19 year: 2017 end-page: 29 ident: bib17 article-title: Evaluation of chloride contamination in concrete using electromagnetic non-destructive testing methods publication-title: NDT E Int – volume: 48 start-page: 1764 year: 1975 end-page: 1769 ident: bib29 article-title: Dielectric behavior of water molecules adsorbed on iron(III) oxide hydroxides publication-title: Bull Chem Soc Jpn – volume: 2 start-page: 94 year: 1996 end-page: 101 ident: bib6 article-title: Condition assessment of transportation infrastructure using ground-penetrating radar publication-title: J Infrastruct Syst – volume: 31 start-page: 259 year: 1998 end-page: 263 ident: bib7 article-title: Investigation of dielectric properties of brick materials as a function of moisture and salt content using a microwave impulse technique at very high frequencies publication-title: NDT E Int – volume: 57 start-page: 74 year: 2013 end-page: 84 ident: bib19 article-title: Full-waveform GPR inversion to assess chloride gradients in concrete publication-title: NDT E Int – volume: 37 start-page: 893 year: 2012 end-page: 903 ident: bib18 article-title: Durability diagnosis of a concrete structure in a tidal zone by combining NDT methods: laboratory tests and case study publication-title: Constr Build Mater – year: 2004 ident: bib12 article-title: Ground penetrating radar – year: 2004 ident: bib28 article-title: Ground penetrating radar applications, principles, procedures – volume: 3 start-page: 1059 year: 1987 end-page: 1062 ident: bib30 article-title: Dielectric behavior of adsorbed water. 5. Measurement at room temperature on .alpha.-ferric oxide publication-title: Langmuir – year: 1998 ident: bib26 publication-title: Interim technical guidelines on the inspection, assessment and repair of Buildings for the building safety inspection scheme – year: 2009 ident: bib21 article-title: Ground penetrating radar theory and applications – volume: 19 start-page: 205 year: 2013 end-page: 220 ident: bib14 article-title: Measurement of accelerated steel corrosion in concrete using ground-penetrating radar and a modified half-cell potential method publication-title: J Infrastruct Syst – volume: 41 start-page: 785 year: 2008 end-page: 792 ident: bib20 article-title: Detection of chlorides and moisture in concrete structures with ground penetrating radar publication-title: Mater Struct – year: 2005 ident: bib23 article-title: Nonlinear signal processing : a statistical approach – year: 2010 ident: bib8 article-title: Non-destructive evaluation of reinforced concrete structures – year: 1997 ident: bib2 article-title: Radar assessment of post-tensioned concrete publication-title: 7th int. Conf. On structural faults and repair, Edinburgh, UK – volume: 11 start-page: 15 year: 2015 end-page: 26 ident: bib16 article-title: Experimental monitoring of chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion and chloride contamination in concrete with ground-penetrating radar publication-title: Struct Infrastruct Eng – year: 2015 ident: bib1 article-title: Standard test method for corrosion potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete – volume: 34 start-page: 139 year: 2001 end-page: 147 ident: bib5 article-title: Radar investigation of masonry structures publication-title: NDT&E International – volume: 19 start-page: 205 year: Jun 2013 end-page: 220 ident: bib25 article-title: Measurement of accelerated steel corrosion in concrete using ground-penetrating radar and a modified half-cell potential method publication-title: J Infrastruct Syst – year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib8 – year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib9 – year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib11 – volume: 66 start-page: 671 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib15 article-title: Periodic mapping of reinforcement corrosion in intrusive chloride contaminated concrete with GPR publication-title: Constr Build Mater doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.019 – volume: 89 start-page: 19 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib17 article-title: Evaluation of chloride contamination in concrete using electromagnetic non-destructive testing methods publication-title: NDT E Int doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2017.03.006 – volume: 37 start-page: 893 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib18 article-title: Durability diagnosis of a concrete structure in a tidal zone by combining NDT methods: laboratory tests and case study publication-title: Constr Build Mater doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.03.014 – volume: 19 start-page: 205 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib14 article-title: Measurement of accelerated steel corrosion in concrete using ground-penetrating radar and a modified half-cell potential method publication-title: J Infrastruct Syst doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000083 – volume: 11 start-page: 15 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib16 article-title: Experimental monitoring of chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion and chloride contamination in concrete with ground-penetrating radar publication-title: Struct Infrastruct Eng doi: 10.1080/15732479.2013.879321 – volume: 2 start-page: 94 year: 1996 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib6 article-title: Condition assessment of transportation infrastructure using ground-penetrating radar publication-title: J Infrastruct Syst doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(1996)2:2(94) – year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib4 article-title: Choice of antenna type and frequency range for testing concrete structures – volume: 34 start-page: 139 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib5 article-title: Radar investigation of masonry structures publication-title: NDT&E International doi: 10.1016/S0963-8695(00)00038-4 – year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib21 – volume: 19 start-page: 205 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib25 article-title: Measurement of accelerated steel corrosion in concrete using ground-penetrating radar and a modified half-cell potential method publication-title: J Infrastruct Syst doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000083 – year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib26 – year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib3 article-title: Nondestructive location of tendon ducts in concrete for the installation of noise insulating walls using impulse radar – volume: 83 start-page: 48 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib22 article-title: Understanding depth-amplitude effects in assessment of GPR data from concrete bridge decks publication-title: NDT E Int doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.06.004 – start-page: 501 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib13 article-title: Experimental detection of reinforcing bar corrosion using nondestructive geophysical techniques publication-title: ACI Mater J – year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib1 – volume: 3 start-page: 1059 year: 1987 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib30 article-title: Dielectric behavior of adsorbed water. 5. Measurement at room temperature on .alpha.-ferric oxide publication-title: Langmuir doi: 10.1021/la00078a031 – volume: 41 start-page: 785 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib20 article-title: Detection of chlorides and moisture in concrete structures with ground penetrating radar publication-title: Mater Struct doi: 10.1617/s11527-007-9282-5 – volume: 114 start-page: 123 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib27 article-title: Long-term monitoring of reinforcement corrosion in concrete using ground penetrating radar publication-title: Corros Sci doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.11.003 – year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib12 – year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib10 – year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib23 – volume: 31 start-page: 259 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib7 article-title: Investigation of dielectric properties of brick materials as a function of moisture and salt content using a microwave impulse technique at very high frequencies publication-title: NDT E Int doi: 10.1016/S0963-8695(98)00011-5 – year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib24 article-title: Diagnosis of reinforced concrete structures by ground penetrating radar survey - case study – volume: 57 start-page: 74 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib19 article-title: Full-waveform GPR inversion to assess chloride gradients in concrete publication-title: NDT E Int doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2013.03.003 – volume: 48 start-page: 1764 year: 1975 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib29 article-title: Dielectric behavior of water molecules adsorbed on iron(III) oxide hydroxides publication-title: Bull Chem Soc Jpn doi: 10.1246/bcsj.48.1764 – year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib28 – year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008_bib2 article-title: Radar assessment of post-tensioned concrete |
| SSID | ssj0002437 |
| Score | 2.4178963 |
| Snippet | This paper aims to describe a GPR-based phase characterization model for characterizing various phases of invisible chloride contamination, active corrosion... |
| SourceID | crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 102123 |
| Title | Hybrid non-destructive evaluation methods for characterizing chloride-induced corrosion in concrete |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.05.008 |
| Volume | 107 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Baden-Württemberg Complete Freedom Collection (Elsevier) customDbUrl: eissn: 1879-1174 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002437 issn: 0963-8695 databaseCode: GBLVA dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Complete Freedom Collection [SCCMFC] customDbUrl: eissn: 1879-1174 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002437 issn: 0963-8695 databaseCode: ACRLP dateStart: 19950201 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1879-1174 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002437 issn: 0963-8695 databaseCode: .~1 dateStart: 19950101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: ScienceDirect Freedom Collection Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1879-1174 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002437 issn: 0963-8695 databaseCode: AIKHN dateStart: 19950201 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier – providerCode: PRVLSH databaseName: Elsevier Journals customDbUrl: mediaType: online eissn: 1879-1174 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0002437 issn: 0963-8695 databaseCode: AKRWK dateStart: 19910201 isFulltext: true providerName: Library Specific Holdings |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LS8NAEF5KvehBfGJ9lD143SbpPrJ7LEWJir1oobeQ7G4gRUrBIujB3-5MHm0FUfC4IQPD7Ow84JtvCLnOTGSR541JKTlDym6mczlkTsrYQo-tfUXH8DhRyVTcz-SsQ8btLAzCKpvYX8f0Klo3X4LGmsGyLIOnEH1HGSxBMBFXE-xCIaxv8LmBeSDhXsW3pzjDvzdTPMF8gIj5coGQyshUBJ64ZfKn_LSVc24PyH5TLNJRrc8h6fjFEdnbohA8JjZ5x5krCl08c75hg33zdMPiTesl0a8UylNq1_zMHyAORwTgOc-gM4c7dhR6UVALpcoFHBZQU678CZne3jyPE9YsTmCWh2bFoK0wSls1jJQ2Gooy5SX3oVW8iGScCW1tHjprCieFc84IiL4uV7EKdeEKePSnpAtq-zNCeeh4JqNMKclFXlgT-wxaIC1yEWdDF_eIaM2V2oZVHJdbvKQtfGyeNlZO0cppKFOwco8M1mLLmlbjLwHd3kX6zT9SCP2_i57_X_SC7OKpBu9dki5cor-CImSV9ysv65Od0d1DMvkCPzLeHA |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LSwMxEA6lPagH8Yn1uQevaXe7STY5lmLZ2sfFFnoLu0kWWqQULIL-eme66UMQBY_Z5YMwSb7MB5NvCHnMVGTQ541yzmOKlt1U5rxFLeeJAY0t3dqOYTgS6YQ9T_m0QjqbtzBYVum5v-T0NVv7L00fzeZyNmu-hLh3hMIUBC9ikEA1xoGTq6TW7vXT0ZaQ0XNvbbknYoqA3UOe5ryBRfOzBVZVRmrt4YmNJn-6ovaune4JOfb5YtAup3RKKm5xRo72XATPiUk_8NlVAEKeWucNYd9dsDPyDso-0W8BZKiB2Vo0fwIchliDZx0FcQ7LbAOQozAtRM0WMFhAWrlyF2TSfRp3Uup7J1ATh2pFQVkoIY1oRUIqCXmZcDx2oRFxEfEkY9KYPLRGFZYza61iQMA2F4kIZWELOPeXpArTdlckiEMbZzzKhOAxywujEpeBCpIsZ0nWskmdsE24tPHG4tjf4lVvKsjm2kdZY5R1yDVEuU4aW9iydNb4CyA3a6G_bREN7P879Pr_0AdykI6HAz3ojfo35BD_lLV8t6QKC-ruICdZ5fd-z30Bzq3gxw |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hybrid+non-destructive+evaluation+methods+for+characterizing+chloride-induced+corrosion+in+concrete&rft.jtitle=NDT+%26+E+international+%3A+independent+nondestructive+testing+and+evaluation&rft.au=Wong%2C+Phoebe+T.W.&rft.au=Lai%2C+Wallace+W.L.&rft.au=Sham%2C+Janet+F.C.&rft.au=Poon%2C+Chi-sun&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.issn=0963-8695&rft.volume=107&rft.spage=102123&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ndteint.2019.05.008&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1016_j_ndteint_2019_05_008 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0963-8695&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0963-8695&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0963-8695&client=summon |